Heating the Atmosphere. Dr. Michael J Passow
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1 Heating the Atmosphere Dr. Michael J Passow
2 Heat vs. Temperature Heat refers to energy transferred from one object to another Temperature measures the average kinetic energy in a substance. When heat energy is transferred to a substance, its atoms or molecules move faster and the temperature rises When a substance loses energy, its atoms or molecules slow down and the temperature falls
3 3 ways to transfer energy CONDUCTION CONVECTION RADIATION
4 Conduction Conduction is the transfer of energy through matter, from hotter toward colder Energy is transferred by collisions from the warmer substance toward the cooler one
5 Convection Convection is the transfer of heat by circulation within a fluid liquid or gas Warm air rises and cool air sinks
6 Radiation Radiation is the transfer of energy outward in all directions from its source Radiation does not need to move through a substance it can even travel through the vacuum (emptiness) of space
7 Different Kinds of Energy make up the Electromagnetic (EM) Spectrum
8 Understanding the EM Spectrum Wavelength energy behaves like a wave, and different types of energies have different distances between their crests/wavelengths Your eyes can detect waves in the visible range Your skin can detect waves in the infrared (heat) range We have created receivers that detect all wavelengths of energy (radios, TV, cell phones) Frequency is another way to describe waves (radio stations are identified by their frequency number)
9 4 Rules of Radiation All objects, at any temperature, emit radiant energy. Hotter objects radiate more energy per unit area than colder objects do. The hottest radiating bodies produce the shortest wavelengths of maximum radiation. [Sun/6000 C radiates visible light; Earth/25 C radiates heat energy] Objects that are good radiators/emitters are good absorbers.
10 Energy and the Atmosphere Before we study what happens to energy in the atmosphere, we need to learn some key terms Emit = radiate, give off from the source Absorb = receive, take in the sink Reflect = bounce off an object (like a mirror) Scatter = spread out energy in all directions Transparent = all energy passes through Opaque = no energy passes through
11 Earth s Energy Budget There are many ways to represent what happens when solar energy reaches Earth. Here are some:
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15 Going back to the first, we see that, of the 100% of incoming solar radiation (insolation): -- about 30% is reflected back to space (albedo) -- about 19% is absorbed by clouds and the atmosphere -- about 51% is absorbed by land and oceans
16 What s Absorbed is then Re-Radiated That 51% of the insolation provides all the energy involved in photosynthesis and respiration, which keeps living things alive But eventually all of the 51% that is absorbed is re-radiated back to the atmosphere and, eventually, into space There are short-term imbalances when Earth warms up or cools down, but over long time periods, the Earth Energy Budget is balanced
17 The Greenhouse Effect Based only on Earth s distance from the Sun, temperatures on the surface would be about -18 o C/0 o F But gases in Earth s atmosphere especially H 2 O (g), CO 2, and CH 4 absorbs heat energy that makes our planet inhabitable These are called the greenhouse gases
18 It s like why your car gets hot in the summer In a plant greenhouse or your car, visible light passes through the transparent glass Visible rays are absorbed and reradiated as heat (infrared) waves Glass is opaque to the IR radiation
19 What happens in the atmosphere? In a similar, but not identical, way, air is transparent to visible light When IR energy is re-radiated from the surface, certain gases H 2 O (g), CO 2, and CH 4 absorb much of this energy to warm up our planet s surface to an average of about 20 o Without this greenhouse warming, Life on Earth would not be possible The next slide shows this in more detail.
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