Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids
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1 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids Synergies and Distinctions Peter Vary RWTH Aachen University Institute of Communication Systems WASPAA, October 23, 2013 Mohonk Mountain House
2 Mobile Phone in Noisy Environment far end near end At both ends of the communication link increased listening effort decreased intelligibility due to 3.4 khz frequency limitation and acoustic background noise Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 2
3 Hearing Aid in Noisy Environment Hearing area of normal and impaired hearing SPL/dB Uncomfortable level Sound pressure Hearing surface of normal hearing Hz 200Hz Hearing surface of impaired hearing Music Speech Sprache Hearing loss 2kHz Frequency Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 3 Hearing threshold 20kHz Source: H. Puder, Siemens]
4 Hearing Aid in Noisy Environment Normal and impaired frequency resolution and masking Normal hearing Inner ear hearing loss (damage of the outer hair cells) Excitation masking threshold Excitation wider masking thresholds 0.5 khz 1 khz Frequency 0.5 khz 1 khz Frequency Limited dynamic range (raised hearing threshold) and stronger masking increased listening effort decreased intelligibility Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 4 Source: H. Puder, Siemens]
5 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids 1. Introduction 2. Acoustical Distinctions 3. Signal Processing & Coding 4. Selected Algorithms 5. Conclusions
6 2. Acoustical Distinctions Dual- and multi-microphones signal processing capabilities Hearing aids Mobile Phones - monaural monoral Microphone 2 2 Microphones - bilateral Microphone 1 2 x 2 Microphones Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 6
7 2. Acoustical Distinctions Dual- and multi-microphones signal processing capabilities Hearing aids Mobile Phones - monaural monoral Microphone 2 2 Microphones - binaural Data-Link Microphone 1 2 x 2 Microphones Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 7
8 2. Acoustical Distinctions Dual- and multi-microphones signal processing capabilities Hearing aids Mobile phones - monaural / bilateral - monaural Auxiliary microphone 2 Microphones - binaural Data-Link Primary microphone 2 x 2 Microphones Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 8
9 Coherence: Theory d = 1 cm Microphones MSC: (diffuse noise) Magnitude Squared Coherence Function d = 10 cm Auxiliary microphone Primary microphone Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 9
10 Coherence: Theory & Measurement (1) Mobile phone in hands-free / loudspeaking mode Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 10
11 Coherence: Theory & Measurement (2) MSC for d mic = 17 cm Head-related (binaural) noise field coherence Magnitude squared coherence (MSC) Frequency (Hz) Measurement without head Theory without head Measurement with head Theory with head model [Dörbecker 1998], [Jeub, Dörbecker 2011] Speech, theory Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 11
12 Power Level Differences (1) Mobile phone in handset mode PSD of noise PSD of speech 8-10dB Noise: Diffuse field coherence and small power differences Speech: Large power differences between the microphones Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 12
13 Power Level Differences (2) Hearing aids (bilateral & binaural) Two cases bilateral: 2 microphones with distance of 1cm at each ear binaural: 1 differential microphone at each ear In both cases small power level differences for frontal speech and diffuse noise Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 13
14 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids 1. Introduction 2. Acoustical Distinctions 3. Signal Processing & Coding 4. Selected Algorithms 5. Conclusions
15 Mobile Phone Enhancement, coding & modulation Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 15
16 Mobile Phone Enhancement Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 16
17 Hearing Aid Enhancement Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 17
18 Hearing Aid Enhancement and external digital wireless audio input Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 18
19 Hearing Area Network Wireless Connectivity Internal wireless link External wireless input Relay / Remote control Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 19 [Based on PHONAK Hearing Systems]
20 Hearing Aid with Binaural Audio Processing Enhancement, coding & modulation Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 20
21 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids 1. Introduction 2. Acoustical Distinctions 3. Signal Processing & Coding 4. Selected Algorithms 5. Conclusions
22 4. Selected Signal Processing Algorithms 1) Single Microphone Noise Reduction 2) Dual Microphone Noise Reduction 3) Speech-Audio Coding 4) Intelligibility / Listening Enhancement 5) Artificial Bandwidth Extension 6) Wind Noise Reduction 7) Spatial HD-Telephony To which extent may algorithms be re-used in mobile phones and digital hearing aids? Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 22
23 4.1 Single Microphone Noise Reduction Background filter for masking threshold estimation Psychoacoustic foreground filter Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 23
24 Psychoacoustic Weighting Rule H P Choose H P such that residual noise is masked by speech Target for frequency bins with noise only: Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 24 [Stefan Gustafsson IEEE Tr. SAP, 2002]
25 Psychoacoustic Weighting Rule H P Choose H P such that residual noise is masked by speech Target for frequency bins with noise only: Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 25 [Stefan Gustafsson IEEE Tr. SAP, 2002]
26 Audio Example: SNR = 10 db Magnitude spectral subtraction input: output: output noise: Psychoacoustic weighting rule output: output noise: Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 26
27 4.2 Dual Microphone Noise Reduction Mobile phone in hands-free / loudspeaking mode With coherence functions of speech and noise as a function of frequency Noise PSD estimate Adaptive learning of using Speech Presence Probability (SPP, soft decision voice activity detection, T. Gerkmann, R.C. Hendriks, WASPAA 2011) Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 27 [Christoph Nelke, ICASSP 2013]
28 Audio Example: Dual Microphone Noise Reduction SNR = 5 db Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 28 [Christoph Nelke, ICASSP 2013]
29 4.3 Speech-Audio Coding Mobile phones: Model based monaural coding with 1 2 bits per sample Latency: 20 ms Audio bandwidth: 3.4 or 7.0 khz Shaping of quantisation-noise shaping to exploit masking Hearing aids: Waveform coding (mono or stereo) with more than 2 bits per sample Audio bandwidth more than 7 khz External audio link Latency: not critical Noise shaping Internal binaural link Latency: 5 ms Noise shaping? [Bastian Sauert, EUSIPCO 2010] Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 29
30 Differential Beamforming (DBF) Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 30 [Based on G. Elko, A.N. Pong, WASPAA 1995]
31 Differential Beamforming and Coding Differential beamformer (BF): = 10 mm cardioid Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC): = 16 khz 4 bits/sample noise shaping Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 31
32 Differential Beamforming and Coding Differential beamformer (BF): = 10 mm cardioid Adaptive Predictive Coding (APC): = 16 khz 4 bits/sample noise shaping Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 32
33 Differential Beamforming with / without Coding Power Spectral Densities (PSDs): front microphone signal quantization noise of encoded microphone signal beamformer error using encoded signals 0-20 PSD [db] frequency [Hz] Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 33
34 4.4 Intelligibility / Listening Enhancement Near-end listener experience: Higher listening effort Reduced speech intelligibility Approach: Preprocess clean far-end speech Enhance intelligibility in near-end noise Re-distribute signal frame energy over frequency Constraints: Ear damage Loudspeaker protection Low delay Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 34
35 Optimization: Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) Intelligibility maximization by dynamical spectral weighting in Bark bands Constrained 17-dimensional non-linear optimization Up to 22 percentage points increase of word recognition rate without increasing total audio power Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 35 [Bastian Sauert, EUSIPCO 2010]
36 Performance in Real Environment Near-end listener at a motorway station Power P 0 P db Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) without processing optimized power allocation: unchanged audio power flat amplification by 6 db optimized power allocation: audio power + 6 db Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 36
37 4.5 Artificial Bandwidth Extension (BWE) Today s narrowband telephony: 3.4 khz Tomorrow s telephony with wideband speech coding: 7 khz Long transition period far end with narrowband terminal receiving end with artificial bandwidth extension Bandwidth extension at the receiving end Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 37
38 BWE: Recognition & Estimation & Processing Algorithm: 1. Interpolation 8 16 khz 2. Feature Extraction 3. Estimation of extended spectral envelope 4. Analysis filtering 5. Extension of the excitation signal u 6. Synthesis filtering [Peter Jax, ICASSP 2004] Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 38
39 Audio Example: Telephone Speech without & with BWE Frequency (in khz) GO Time Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 39
40 4.6 Wind Noise Reduction Wind noise = low frequency noise with (time varying) Substitution of disturbed frequency band using BWE speech + wind (SNR = -5 db) enhanced signal frequency [Hz] Artificial bandwidth extension (BWE) time Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 40
41 Wind Noise Reduction: Algorithm Substitution of disturbed frequency band by bandwidth extension (BWE) BWE : Pitch period : LPC coefficients : Range of synthesized speech : Synthetic speech : Gain factor : Frame index [Christoph Nelke, EUSIPCO 2012] Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 41
42 Wind Noise Reduction: Audio Example Unprocessed speech frequency [Hz] Enhanced speech moderate, Enhanced speech aggressive, Clean speech time [sec] Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 42
43 4.7 Spatial HD-Telephony & Audio Conferencing Binaural headset or dummy head Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 43
44 4.7 Spatial HD Telephony & Audio Conferencing Binaural headset or dummy head (Listen with head phones) Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 44 [Matthias Rüngeler, et. al., IWAENC 2012]
45 Binaural Group-Communication Master-headsets with microphones Group A Group B Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 45
46 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids 1. Introduction 2. Acoustical Distinctions 3. Signal Processing & Coding 4. Selected Algorithms 5. Conclusions
47 Re-Usability of Algorithms MP HA 1. Single Microphone Noise Reduction 2. Dual Microphone Noise Reduction 3. Speech-Audio Coding 4. Near-End Listening Enhancement ( ) 5. Artificial Bandwidth Extension 6. Wind Noise Reduction 7. Spatial (Binaural) HD Telephony ( ) 8. Echo & Feedback Cancellation 9. Dereverberation? 10. Modulation & Error Protection Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 47
48 Re-Usability of Algorithms MP HA 1. Single Microphone Noise Reduction 2. Dual Microphone Noise Reduction 3. Speech-Audio Coding 4. Near-End Listening Enhancement ( ) 5. Artificial Bandwidth Extension 6. Wind Noise Reduction 7. Spatial (Binaural) HD Telephony ( ) 8. Echo & Feedback Cancellation 9. Dereverberation? 10. Modulation & Error Protection Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 48
49 Conclusions single microphone NR dual microphone NR wind noise reduction normal/impaired hearing coherence level differences Synergy effects: similar algorithms Mobile phones and hearing aids are approaching each other Distinctions: partly different design constraints listening enhancement spatial HD telephony BWE, coding audio bandwidth power consumption latency Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 49
50 Advanced Speech-Audio Processing in Mobile Phones and Hearing Aids Peter Vary RWTH Aachen University Institute of Communication Systems Thanks for contributions: Christiane Antweiler Bastian Sauert Christoph Nelke Bernd Geiser Magnus Schäfer Marco Jeub Matthias Dörbecker Stefan Gustafsson Peter Jax
51 Nelke C. M., Beaugeant, C., and Vary P.: Dual Microphone Noise PSD Estimation for Mobile Phones in Hands-Free Position Exploiting the Coherence and Speech Presence Probability, in: Proceedings of ICASSP, Vancouver, Canada, May 26 31, Nelke, C. M., Nawroth, N., Jeub, M., Beaugeant, C., and Vary, P.: Single Microphone Wind Noise Reduction Using Techniques of Artificial Bandwidth Extension, in: Proceedings of EUSIPCO, Bucharest, Romania, Aug , 2012, p Sauert, B. and Vary, P.: Listening Enhancement for Mobile Phones How to Improve the Intelligibility in a Noisy Environment, in: The Listening Talker Workshop (LISTA), Edinburgh, United Kingdom, May 2 3, 2012, invited talk. Jeub, M., Herglotz, C., Nelke, C. M., Beaugeant, C., and Vary, P.: Noise Reduction for Dual-Microphone Mobile Phones Exploiting Power Level Differences, in: Proceedings of ICASSP, Kyoto, Japan, March 25 30, Sauert, B. and Vary, P.: Near End Listening Enhancement: Speech Intelligibility Improvement in Noisy Environments, in: Proceedings of ICASSP, Toulouse, France, May 14 19, 2006, p Jax, P. and Vary, P.: On Artificial Bandwidth Extension of Telephone Speech, in: Signal Processing, vol. 83, no. 8, Aug. 2003, p Gustafsson, S., Martin, R., Jax, P., and Vary, P.: A Psychoacoustic Approach to Combined Acoustic Echo Cancellation and Noise Reduction, in: IEEE Transactions on Speech and Audio Processing, vol. 10, no. 5, July 2002, p Peter Vary Advanced Speech-Audio Processing 51
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