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1 Firewalls Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden Henric Johnson 1
2 Outline Firewall Design Principles Firewall Characteristics Types of Firewalls Firewall Configurations Trusted Systems Data Access Control The Concept of Trusted systems Trojan Horse Defense Henric Johnson 2
3 Firewalls Effective means of protection a local system or network of systems from network-based security threats while affording access to the outside world via WAN`s or the Internet Henric Johnson 3
4 Firewall Design Pi Principles il Information systems undergo a steady evolution (from small LAN`s to Internet connectivity) Strong security features for all workstations and servers not established Henric Johnson 4
5 Firewall Design Pi Principles il The firewall is inserted between the premises network and the Internet Aims: Establish a controlled link Protect the premises network from Internet-based attacks Provide a single choke point Henric Johnson 5
6 Firewall Characteristics Design goals: All traffic from inside to outside must pass through the firewall (physically blocking all access to the local network except via the firewall) Only authorized traffic (defined by the local l security police) will be allowed to pass Henric Johnson 6
7 Firewall Characteristics Design goals: The firewall itself is immune to penetration (use of trusted system with a secure operating system) Henric Johnson 7
8 Firewall Characteristics Four general techniques: Service control Determines the types of Internet services that can be accessed, inbound or outbound Direction control Determines the direction in which h particular service requests are allowed to flow Henric Johnson 8
9 Firewall Characteristics User control Controls access to a service according to which user is attempting to access it Behavior control Controls how particular services are used (e.g. filter ) Henric Johnson 9
10 Types of Firewalls Three common types of Firewalls: Packet-filtering routers Application-level gateways Circuit-level gateways (Bastion host) Henric Johnson 10
11 Types of Firewalls Packet-filtering Router Henric Johnson 11
12 Types of Firewalls Packet-filtering Router Applies a set of rules to each incoming IP packet and then forwards or discards the packet Filter packets going in both directions The packet filter is typically set up as a list of rules based on matches to fields in the IP or TCP header Two default policies (discard or forward) Henric Johnson 12
13 Types of Firewalls Advantages: Simplicity Transparency to users High speed Disadvantages: Difficulty of setting up packet filter rules Lack of Authentication Henric Johnson 13
14 Types of Firewalls Possible attacks and appropriate countermeasures IP address spoofing Source routing attacks Tiny fragment attacks Henric Johnson 14
15 Types of Firewalls Application-level Gateway Henric Johnson 15
16 Types of Firewalls Application-level Gateway Also called proxy server Acts as a relay of application-level traffic Henric Johnson 16
17 Types of Firewalls Advantages: Higher security than packet filters Only need to scrutinize a few allowable applications Easy to log and audit all incoming traffic Disadvantages: Additional processing overhead on each connection (gateway as splice point) Henric Johnson 17
18 Types of Firewalls Circuit-level Gateway Henric Johnson 18
19 Types of Firewalls Circuit-level Gateway Stand-alone alone system or Specialized function performed by an Application-level Gateway Sets up two TCP connections The gateway typically relays TCP segments from one connection to the other without examining the contents Henric Johnson 19
20 Types of Firewalls Circuit-level Gateway The security function consists of determining which connections will be allowed Typically use is a situation in which the system administrator trusts the internal users An example is the SOCKS package Henric Johnson 20
21 Types of Firewalls Bastion Host A system identified by the firewall administrator as a critical strong point in the network s security The bastion host serves as a platform for an application-level or circuit-level gateway Henric Johnson 21
22 Firewall Configurations In addition to the use of simple configuration of a single system (single packet filtering router or single gateway), more complex configurations are possible Three common configurations Henric Johnson 22
23 Firewall Configurations Screened host firewall system (single-homed bastion host) Henric Johnson 23
24 Firewall Configurations Screened host firewall, single-homed bastion configuration Firewall consists of two systems: A packet-filtering router A bastion host Henric Johnson 24
25 Firewall Configurations Configuration for the packet-filtering router: Only packets from and to the bastion host are allowed to pass through the router The bastion host performs authentication and proxy functions Henric Johnson 25
26 Firewall Configurations Greater security than single configurations because of two reasons: This configuration implements both packet-level l and application-level l l filtering (allowing for flexibility in defining security policy) An intruder must generally penetrate two separate systems Henric Johnson 26
27 Firewall Configurations This configuration also affords flexibility in providing direct Internet access (public information server, e.g. Web server) Henric Johnson 27
28 Firewall Configurations Screened host firewall system (dualhomed bastion host) Henric Johnson 28
29 Firewall Configurations Screened host firewall, dual-homed bastion configuration The packet-filtering router is not completely compromised Traffic between the Internet and other hosts on the private network has to flow through the bastion host Henric Johnson 29
30 Firewall Configurations Screened-subnet firewall system Henric Johnson 30
31 Firewall Configurations Screened subnet firewall configuration Most secure configuration of the three Two packet-filtering routers are used Creation of an isolated sub-network Henric Johnson 31
32 Firewall Configurations Advantages: Three levels of defense to thwart intruders The outside router advertises only the existence of the screened subnet to the Internet (internal network is invisible to the Internet) Henric Johnson 32
33 Firewall Configurations Advantages: The inside router advertises only the existence of the screened subnet to the internal network (the systems on the inside network cannot construct direct routes to the Internet) Henric Johnson 33
34 Trusted Systems One way to enhance the ability of a system to defend against intruders and malicious programs is to implement trusted system technology Henric Johnson 34
35 Data Access Control Through the user access control procedure (log on), a user can be identified d to the system Associated with each user, there can be a profile that specifies permissible operations and file accesses The operation system can enforce rules based on the user profile Henric Johnson 35
36 Data Access Control General models of access control: Access matrix Access control list Capability list Henric Johnson 36
37 Data Access Control Access Matrix Henric Johnson 37
38 Data Access Control Access Matrix: Basic elements of the model Subject: An entity capable of accessing objects, the concept of subject equates with that of process Object: Anything to which access is controlled (e.g. files, programs) Access right: The way in which an object is accessed by a subject (e.g. read, write, execute) Henric Johnson 38
39 Data Access Control Access Control List: Decomposition of the matrix by columns Henric Johnson 39
40 Data Access Control Access Control List An access control list lists users and their permitted access right The list may contain a default or public entry Henric Johnson 40
41 Data Access Control Capability list: Decomposition of the matrix by rows Henric Johnson 41
42 Data Access Control Capability list A capability ticket specifies authorized objects and operations for a user Each user have a number of tickets Henric Johnson 42
43 The Concept of Trusted Systems Trusted Systems Protection of data and resources on the basis of levels of security (e.g. military) Users can be granted clearances to access certain categories of data Henric Johnson 43
44 The Concept of Trusted Systems Multilevel security Definition of multiple categories or levels of data A multilevel secure system must enforce: No read up: A subject can only read an object of less or equal security level (Simple Security Property) No write down: A subject can only write into an object of greater or equal security level (*- Property) Henric Johnson 44
45 The Concept of Trusted Systems Reference Monitor Concept: Multilevel security for a data processing system Henric Johnson 45
46 The Concept of Trusted Systems Henric Johnson 46
47 The Concept of Trusted Systems Reference Monitor Controlling element in the hardware and operating system of a computer that regulates the access of subjects to objects on basis of security parameters The monitor has access to a file (security kernel database) The monitor enforces the security rules (no read up, no write down) Henric Johnson 47
48 The Concept of Trusted Systems Properties of the Reference Monitor Complete mediation: Security rules are enforced on every access Isolation: The reference monitor and database are protected from unauthorized modification Verifiability: The reference monitor s correctness must be provable (mathematically) Henric Johnson 48
49 The Concept of Trusted Systems A system that can provide such verifications (properties) p is referred to as a trusted system Henric Johnson 49
50 Trojan Horse Defense Secure, trusted operating systems are one way to secure against Trojan Horse attacks Henric Johnson 50
51 Trojan Horse Defense Henric Johnson 51
52 Trojan Horse Defense Henric Johnson 52
53 Recommended d Reading Chapman, D., and Zwicky, E. Building Internet Firewalls. O Reilly, 1995 Cheswick, W., and Bellovin, S. Firewalls and Internet Security: Repelling the Wily Hacker. Addison-Wesley Wesley, 2000 Gasser, M. Building a Secure Computer System. Reinhold, 1988 Pfleeger, C. Security in Computing. Prentice Hall, 1997 Henric Johnson 53
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