Rationale for and approach to treating Opiate Use Disorders

Transcription

1 Rationale for and approach to treating Opiate Use Disorders Gavin Bart, MD PhD FACP DFASAM Director, Division of Addiction Medicine Department of Medicine Hennepin County Medical Center Associate Professor of Medicine University of Minnesota

2 Outline Scope of the problem Approaches to treatment Special populations Getting started

3 1-Year Prevalence of Drug Use National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2012 Alcohol Use ~ 173 million Alcohol Dependence 1:21 Cocaine Use ~ 5 million Cocaine Dependence 1:6 Heroin Use ~ 0.68 million Heroin Dependence 1:2 Marijuana ~ 32 million Marijuana Dependence 1:12 Prescription Opioids ~13 million Prescription Opioid Dependence 1:8 NSDUH 2012

4 Opiate Deaths in Minnesota CDC WONDER Online Database, released January Data are compiled from Compressed Mortality File Series 20 No. 2P, Accessed at on Apr 16, :50:35 PM

5 MN Opiate Treatment Admissions Heroin Other opiates MAT admissions Total opiate Treatment Episode Data Set -- Admissions (TEDS-A) -- Concatenated, 1992 to 2011

6 NA/AA is not Treatment Is peer support AA participants do better than drop outs Little evidence that it is effective

7 Cancer Support Group

8 Cardiac Rehab

9 Coordinated care

10 Natural History of Opiate Addiction California study of 581 male heroin addicts admitted (n=581) Drug overdose 21.6% Liver disease 15.2% Murder Suicide 19.5% Accident Hser et al. 2001

11 Opiate Addiction and Death Global analysis of over 100,000 addicts 15x greater chance of dying than age and gender matched non addicts Overdose Accidents/trauma Suicide 3.5x greater chance of death if not in tx 2.4x greater chance of death if not on MAT Dagenhardt et al. 2011

12 Behavioral Treatment Alone Inadequate evidence to prove effectiveness Contingency and Reinforcement-based treatment better than counseling alone Best abstinence-based treatment available 83% failed within 2 years Farrell 2010; Pescor, 1943; Vaillant 1973;

13 Natural history of opiate addiction Lexington study of opiate addicts admitted (n=4766) 6 month to 5 year follow up after discharge Voluntary patients (n=272) Intention to treat: 82.9% failed 17.1% met treatment goal 19.3% lost to follow up 10.8% dead 52.8% relapse Average time to relapse 25.1 months 17.1% abstinent Pescor, 1943

14 Death After Behavioral Treatment Time after discharge Risk of Death CI (95%) 4 weeks weeks weeks years Mean age 31 years (17-49) Time in treatment 54 weeks (0-172) Increased 4 week mortality not explained by Age Time in treatment / leaving treatment early Time in prison Past overdoses Alcohol use Ravndal and Amundsen DAD,2010

15 Detoxification Medications are superior to none Retention in detox Withdrawal severity Clonidine methadone buprenorphine

16 After Detoxification Gossop et al. 1987

17 After Detoxification Most will use again (80% within 4 weeks) Subsequent detox even less successful Half meet DSM criteria again 9x greater risk of death Day and Strang 2011; Gossop et al. 1987; Cornish et al. 2010; Nosyk et al. 2014

18 Methadone Treatment Short-term methadone 80% failed within 2 years After methadone 9 x death in first 2 weeks 3.5 x death in first 2 years Vaillant 1973; Sees 2000; Cornish 2010; Woody 2007

19 Remaining in treatment (nr) Buprenorphine Treatment Control Buprenorphine Treatment duration (days) Kakko et al. 2003

20 Buprenorphine Taper v Maintenance Fiellin et al. 2014

21 Prescription Drug Addiction: Buprenorphine Treatment Percent with good outcome 4 week taper: 6.7% 3 months on then 1 month taper: 48.2% Good outcome 8 weeks after taper: 8.6% No difference between MD and MD+counselor Weiss et al. 2011

22 Death On and Off Medication Treatment Time Mortality/100 person years Adjusted mortality Weeks 1-2 on Weeks 3-4 on > 4 weeks on Weeks 1-2 off Weeks 3-4 off > 4 weeks off yr OAT has 85% chance of reducing death Tapered OAT did not improve mortality Mortality not affected by # of treatment episodes Cornish et al. BMJ,2010

23 Medications Reduce Death Schwartz et al. Am J Pub Health 2013

24 Extended Release Naltrexone Krupitsky et al. 2011

25 Special Considerations

26 Adolescent Opiate Addiction 78% dropped out of 14-day buprenorphine detox 30% dropped out of 12-weeks buprenorphine Woody et al. 2008

27 Addiction s Other Diseases Early treatment reduces hepatitis C and HIV risk 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% HCV HIV-1 < >50 Age at admission into MMT (years) Piccolo et al. 2002

28 Methadone Buprenorphine and Pregnancy Standard of care for treatment in pregnancy Does not cause birth defects Codeine may cause congenital heart defects Untreated addiction can cause fetal growth problems No bad effect on infant development Growth Intelligence Health Underserved-Women/Opioid-Abuse-Dependence-and-Addiction-in-Pregnancy

29 ASAM National Guideline

30 Don t ask Don t know In the past 12 months, have you: Used any of the following medications just for the feeling, to get high, or more often or in larger doses than prescribed? opiates pain relievers (OxyContin, Vicodin, Percocet, Suboxone, Methadone) In the past 3 months, have you (each yes gets 1 point): Used an opioid-containing medication not as prescribed or without a prescription? (separate question for heroin) Have you tried and failed to control, cut down or stop using an opioid medication? Has anyone expressed concern about your use of an opioid medication? Rx opiates: Score of 2 has PPV 0.79 and NPV 0.99 Heroin: Score of 2 has PPV 0.93 and NPV 0.99

31 Screen positive Assess interest in change Discuss harms and relate to medical/psychiatric issues Discuss safe use Prescribe naloxone rescue kit Establish diagnosis Assess for consequences HIV, HBV, HCV, STI Other drug use (ask and drug screening) Check prescription monitoring database Shared decision making on next steps

32 The Right Treatment for the Right Patient, Right? Socioeconomic status Family support Employed Mental health Youth Criminal justice

33 Conclusion Opiate addiction is treatable Medications work best Maintenance works best Patient need to make informed choices

34 Resources TIP 43: Medication-Assisted Treatment for Opioid Addiction in Opioid Treatment Programs ASAM National Practice Guideline Providers Clinical Support System for Medication Assisted Treatment