Forestry Department. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT TURKEY

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1 Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations GLOBAL FOREST RESOURCES ASSESSMENT 2010 COUNTRY REPORT TURKEY FRA2010/214 Rome, 2010

2 The Forest Resources Assessment Programme Sustainably managed forests have multiple environmental and socio-economic functions important at the global, national and local scales, and play a vital part in sustainable development. Reliable and upto-date information on the state of forest resources - not only on area and area change, but also on such variables as growing stock, wood and non-wood products, carbon, protected areas, use of forests for recreation and other services, biological diversity and forests contribution to national economies - is crucial to support decision-making for policies and programmes in forestry and sustainable development at all levels. FAO, at the request of its member countries, regularly monitors the world s forests and their management and uses through the Forest Resources Assessment Programme. This country report forms part of the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 (FRA 2010). The reporting framework for FRA 2010 is based on the thematic elements of sustainable forest management acknowledged in intergovernmental forest-related fora and includes variables related to the extent, condition, uses and values of forest resources, as well as the policy, legal and institutional framework related to forests. More information on the FRA 2010 process and the results - including all the country reports - is available on the FRA Web site ( ). The Global Forest Resources Assessment process is coordinated by the Forestry Department at FAO headquarters in Rome. The contact person for matters related to FRA 2010 is: Mette Løyche Wilkie Senior Forestry Officer FAO Forestry Department Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00153, Italy Mette.LoycheWilkie@fao.org Readers can also use the following address: fra@fao.org DISCLAIMER The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The Global Forest Resources Assessment Country Report Series is designed to document and make available the information forming the basis for the FRA reports. The Country Reports have been compiled by officially nominated country correspondents in collaboration with FAO staff. Prior to finalisation, these reports were subject to validation by forestry authorities in the respective countries.

3 Contents REPORT PREPARATION AND CONTACT PERSONS TABLE T1 EXTENT OF FOREST AND OTHER WOODED LAND TABLE T2 FOREST OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT RIGHTS TABLE T3 FOREST DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT TABLE T4 FOREST CHARACTERISTICS TABLE T5 FOREST ESTABLISHMENT AND REFORESTATION TABLE T6 GROWING STOCK TABLE T7 BIOMASS STOCK TABLE T8 CARBON STOCK TABLE T9 FOREST FIRES TABLE T10 OTHER DISTURBANCES AFFECTING FOREST HEALTH AND VITALITY TABLE T11 WOOD REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS TABLE T12 NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS REMOVALS AND VALUE OF REMOVALS49 13 TABLE T13 EMPLOYMENT TABLE T14 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK TABLE T15 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK TABLE T16 EDUCATION AND RESEARCH TABLE T17 PUBLIC REVENUE COLLECTION AND EXPENDITURE

4 Report preparation and contact persons The present report was prepared by the following person(s): Name (FAMILY NAME, First name) FIRAT,Yucel Doc.Dr. GUNES,Yusuf Prof.Dr. ASAN,Unal KOL,Muammer (FIRAT,Yucel) BALI,Ramazan ORS,Bahattin (FIRAT,Yucel) TEMERIT,Ali (FIRAT,Yucel) ADIGUZEL,Umut (FIRAT,Yucel) Institution / address Training Department of GDF Forestry Faculty of Istanbul University Forestry Faculty of Istanbul University Forest Protection and Fire Combating Department of GDF Forest Production an Marketing Department of GDF Forest Production an Marketing Department of GDF Forest Management and Planning Department of GDF Administrative and Financial Affairs Department of GDF Fax Tables yucelfirat@ogm.gov.tr gunesy@istanbul.edu.tr asanunal@istanbul.edu.tr T2, muammerkol@ogm.gov.tr T9 T1,T3,T4, T5,T6,T10 T13,T16 T7,T8 ramazanbali@ogm.gov.tr T11 bahattinors@ogm.gov.tr T12 alitemerit@ogm.gov.tr T14,T15 umutadiguzel@ogm.gov.tr T17 Special thanks to Forest Management Teams (Amenajman Heyetleri) 4

5 1 Table T1 Extent of Forest and Other wooded land 1.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Forest Other wooded land Other land Other land with tree cover (Subordinated to Other land ) Inland water bodies Definition Land spanning more than 0.5 hectares with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of more than 10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. Land not classified as Forest, spanning more than 0.5 hectares; with trees higher than 5 meters and a canopy cover of 5-10 percent, or trees able to reach these thresholds in situ; or with a combined cover of shrubs, bushes and trees above 10 percent. It does not include land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use. All land that is not classified as Forest or Other wooded land. Land classified as Other land, spanning more than 0.5 hectares with a canopy cover of more than 10 percent of trees able to reach a height of 5 meters at maturity. Inland water bodies generally include major rivers, lakes and water reservoirs. 1.2 National data Data sources References to sources of Quality Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments information (H/M/L) Turkish Forestry H Forest, Other 1972 Inventory: GDF Publications, Series No: 630, 1980 Wooded Land GDF H Forest, Other Wooded Land, Other Land, Inland waters 1996 Konukcu Mustafa, 2001 ; Forests and Turkish Forestry, ISBN: H Forest, Other Wooded Land, Other Land, Inland waters FAOSTAT H Total land area, Inland water bodies Agricultural statistic; Turkish Statistical Institute stiktablo.do?istab_id=53 Turkish Forestry Inventory: GDF Publications, m_var.htm H H Area of Fruit and Olive Trees Forest, Other Wooded Land , , ,2005,

6 1.2.2 Classification and definitions National class High forest Coniferous forest Broadleaved forest Coppice Degraded forest Degraded Coppice Definition Tree canopy cover is between % and composed of trees of seedling origin. Tree canopy cover is between %. where coniferous species predominate, Tree canopy cover is between %. where broadleaved species predominate Forest originating mainly from sprouts or root suckers rather than seed Tree canopy cover is less than 11%. and composed of trees of seedling origin or originating from sprouts and root suckers. Tree canopy cover is less than 11%. and composed of trees of originating from sprouts and root suckers Original data National classes Area ha (1972) Area ha (1996) Area ha (1999) Area ha (2004) High forest of which Coniferous forest of which Broadleaved forest Coppice Degraded forest Degraded Coppice n.a Other Land n.a Other Land with tree cover Year Area of fruit trees Area of olive trees Total

7 1.3 Analysis and processing of national data Calibration Land area (1000 ha) FAOSTAT National data Difference FAOSTAT National data 233 The difference in land area FAOSTAT minus National data was added to other land for previous years in order to calibrate the total land area with FAOSTAT. Calibration was not used for FRA Reclassification National Land use Classes Percentage of a National class belonging to a FRA Class Forest Other Wooded Land Other Land with Tree Cover Other Land Inland Water % % % % % High forest 100 Coppice 100 Degraded forest 100 Degraded coppice 100 Other Land Estimation and forecasting into FRA 2010 categories Estimation for 1990 was possible throughout linear interpolation of the data for the period from 1972 to 1996, and estimation for 2000 was possible throughout linear interpolation between the 1999 and Forecasting for 2005 and 2010 was possible throughout linear interpolation of the data for the period from 1999 to Data Source Forest (ha) OWL (ha) Table: Estimated values for 1990 and 2000 and Forecasted values for 2005 and 2010 Years Forest (ha) OWL (ha)

8 1.4 Data for Table T1 FRA 2010 categories Area (1000 hectares) Forest Other wooded land Other land of which with tree cover Inland water bodies TOTAL Comments to Table T1 Variable / category Comments related to data, definitions, Comments on the reported trend etc. Forest The major reasons of increasing trends ; 1-Rural migration to urban areas 2-Abandoned the old methods of feeding goat and grazing bovine animals on the forest and grassland adjacent to the forest 3-The forest, which are not able to be economically operated and some forest areas which has a high inclined surface have been left from the production of wood 4-Changing of the forest application mentality towards the multifunctional use within the framework of sustainable forest management 5-Conversion from coppice to high forest 6-Afforestation activities on degraded forest land and open land by Forestry service. All these factors have played active role on the increase. Other wooded land It s expected that the amount of the OWL in 2010 to be lower than report FRA 2010, because forest rehabilitation and afforestation activities are realised especially on this areas by Forestry Service. Other land Other land is calculated by removing the forest and other wooded land from total land. Other land with tree cover Inland water bodies Only the area covered with fruit and olive trees was given, the area of scattered individually trees were not included. There is no reliable data regarding the spread of Poplar, despite extensive poplar plantations in Turkey. 8

9 Other general comments to the table Expected year for completion of ongoing/planned national forest inventory and/or RS survey / mapping Field inventory Remote sensing survey / mapping 9

10 2 Table T2 Forest ownership and management rights 2.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Category Public ownership Private ownership Individuals (sub-category of Private ownership) Private business entities and institutions (sub-category of Private ownership) Local communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Indigenous / tribal communities (sub-category of Private ownership) Other types of ownership Definition Forest owned by the State; or administrative units of the public administration; or by institutions or corporations owned by the public administration. Forest owned by individuals, families, communities, private co-operatives, corporations and other business entities, private religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs, nature conservation associations and other private institutions. Forest owned by individuals and families. Forest owned by private corporations, co-operatives, companies and other business entities, as well as private non-profit organizations such as NGOs, nature conservation associations, and private religious and educational institutions, etc. Forest owned by a group of individuals belonging to the same community residing within or in the vicinity of a forest area. The community members are co-owners that share exclusive rights and duties, and benefits contribute to the community development. Forest owned by communities of indigenous or tribal people. Other kind of ownership arrangements not covered by the categories above. Also includes areas where ownership is unclear or disputed. Categories related to the holder of management rights of public forest resources Public Administration Individuals/households Private institutions Communities Other form of management rights The Public Administration (or institutions or corporations owned by the Public Administration) retains management rights and responsibilities within the limits specified by the legislation. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to individuals or households through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to corporations, other business entities, private cooperatives, private non-profit institutions and associations, etc., through long-term leases or management agreements. Forest management rights and responsibilities are transferred from the Public Administration to local communities (including indigenous and tribal communities) through long-term leases or management agreements. Forests for which the transfer of management rights does not belong to any of the categories mentioned above. 10

11 2.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Turkish Forestry Inventory: GDF Publications, Quality (H/M/L) H Variable(s) Year(s) Additional comments Forest, Other Wooded Land Classification and definitions National class State Ownership Public Ownership Private Ownership Definition Forest owned by the State Forest owned by administrative units of the public administration; or by institutions or corporations owned by the public administration. Forest owned by individuals, families, communities, private co-operatives, corporations and other business entities, private religious and educational institutions, pension or investment funds, NGOs, nature conservation associations and other private institutions. 2.3 Data for Table T2 Table 2a - Forest ownership FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Public ownership Private ownership of which owned by individuals n.a. n.a of which owned by private business entities and institutions n.a. n.a of which owned by local communities n.a. n.a of which owned by indigenous / tribal communities n.a. n.a. 0 Other types of ownership n.a. n.a TOTAL Note: If other types of ownership are reported, please specify details in comment to the table. Does ownership of trees coincide with ownership of the land on which they are situated? If No above, please describe below how the two differ: X Yes No 11

12 Table 2b - Holder of management rights of public forests FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Public Administration n.a n.a Individuals n.a n.a 334 Private corporations and institutions n.a n.a 0 Communities n.a n.a 1.6 Other n.a n.a 0.9 TOTAL Comments to Table T2 Variable / category Public ownership Private ownership Comments related to data, definitions, etc. The data is correct in terms of ownership percentage. Almost all forests are under public ownership. About ten-thousand hectares private forests are much trivial with respect to areas comparing with public ownership. However, legal definition of forests does not match with scientific definition of it. Therefore, substantially large areas are considered forests by law, although it does not fit the definition. This leads misunderstanding of the concept. Not any legal definition we have in legislation about private forests. Moreover, areas naturally covered by vegetation causes ownership lost due to misinterpretation and bad implementation of the law. This creates a long lasting and even an enduring conflict among public. On the other hand, the areas of private forests are much smaller due to legislative restrictions. In 1945 Turkey has enacted a law about nationalisation of all forests existed as of 1945 belong to other than State. However, due to misinterpretation and unenforced of the law, all farmlands left for uncultivated and forest vegetation comes out are considered as State forests and title deed is cancelled. This also creates very many severe conflicts among public. And thus, private forestry cannot be developed at a satisfactory level. Also, financial incentives and management restrictions do not provide satisfactory Comments on the reported trend Areas of forestlands in Turkey has been increasing due to afforestation, domestic migration etc. However, some threats like mining and mass tourism investments have been threatening some areas of forestlands. This is because, Forest Code is very old and management approach does not address current public demands and the interests of stake holders. In Turkish forestry, forestry means practicing timber growing, amelioration and harvesting. All planning address timber management, although the General Directorate of Forestry earns as much money from NWFP as from timber. But, not any policy, legislation and management approach Turkish forestry has about NWFP. And thus this causes a substantial amount of income lost. By considering current public visions, perception, policy and legislation, increasing private forestry is almost impossible. A significant policy shift and changes in public precepts and legislative amendments are needed urgently to encourage private forestry and 2000 Private ownership data were estimation, 2005 data is real data, which derived from related Departments data base 12

13 incentives for people. Other types of ownership Management rights In here, management rights mostly are understood the right of harvesting. If this is so, all rights belong to State. However, according to current Forest Code, forest villagers and forest village development cooperatives have legal privileges to harvest timber from State forests within the boundaries or in the vicinity of their villages. Not any other people or stake holders have a right to manage State forests. Only short term contract is available to collect tree seeds from Orchards and produce side products like resin and barks of some kinds. Other general comments to the table Property rights have posed a serious problem in Turkish forestry. Having held almost all ownership on both woodlands and forestlands the State is the sole managerial power on all forest resources. And classical timber management is still dominates over Turkish forestry and paid less attention to side products, hunting resources and other usage types on those resources. And this causes less efficient use and net economic loss of forest resources. On the other hand, the above ownership structure prevents people from plantations forestry and private forestry investments. In addition, tough legal provisions in forest legislation against private investors discourage private investments on private forestry. This means that insecure property rights and holding all managerial rights create a long lasting conflict over forest resources. On the other hand, very frequent changes in legal definitions of forests cause incorrect inventory and incomplete forest land surveys. Then, forests based calculations like carbon sequestration, forest cover etc. are hard to complete and impossible to trust. In the end, a legislative overview and updating is a must in forest legislation to cover all the above issues. 13

14 3 Table T3 Forest designation and management 3.1 FRA 2010 Categories and definitions Term Definition Primary designated function The primary function or management objective assigned to a management unit either by legal prescription, documented decision of the landowner/manager, or evidence provided by documented studies of forest management practices and customary use. Protected areas Areas especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed through legal or other effective means. Categories of primary designated functions Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other No / unknown Special designation and management categories Area of permanent forest estate (PFE) Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Forest area designated primarily for production of wood, fibre, bio-energy and/or non-wood forest products. Forest area designated primarily for protection of soil and water. Forest area designated primarily for conservation of biological diversity. Includes but is not limited to areas designated for biodiversity conservation within the protected areas. Forest area designated primarily for social services. Forest area designated primarily for more than one purpose and where none of these alone is considered as the predominant designated function. Forest areas designated primarily for a function other than production, protection, conservation, social services or multiple use. No or unknown designation. Forest area that is designated to be retained as forest and may not be converted to other land use. Forest area within formally established protected areas independently of the purpose for which the protected areas were established. To be defined and documented by the country. Forest area that has a long-term (ten years or more) documented management plan, aiming at defined management goals, which is periodically revised. 3.2 National data Data sources References to sources of information Ozel Ihtisas Komisyonu Raporu DPT: Orman Agaclari ve Tohumlari Islah Arastirma Mudurlugu, Yillik Calisma Programi ve Raporu Orman Agaclari ve Tohumlari Islah Arastirma Quality (H/M/ L) Variable(s) Year( s) H Social Forests 1990 H H Seed Stands, Gene Conservation Forest, Clonal Seed Orchards Seed Stands, Gene Conservation Additional comments 14

15 Mudurlugu, Yillik Calisma Programi ve Raporu ISBN: Konukcu Mustafa, 2001 ; Forests and Turkish Forestry, ISBN: H Forest, Clonal Seed Orchards Protection forests,social Forests, National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Conservation Areas, Nature Monuments, Special Environmental Protection Area GDF H Forest Characterised as Protection Forest Forestry Information System under development ;GDF Forest Tree Seeds and Tree Breeding Research Directorate Turkish Forestry Inventory: GDF Publications, var.htm M H H National Parks, Nature Parks, Nature Conservation Area, Nature Monuments, Special Environmental Protection Area, Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Development Areas Seed Stands, Gene Conservation Forest, Clonal Seed Orchards Production, Forest Characterised as Protection Forest, Protection Areas for Reduce Human Impacts, Nature Protection, Designated Forest Areas for Healthy of Societies, Natural Sites, Tourism Areas, Multiple Use Forest, Conversion to high forest, Rehabilitation GDF H Area of permanent forest estate, Forest area under sustainable forest management, and with management plan 1990, , 1999, , 2000, 2005, 2010 Compiled from Forest Management Plans. Derived from intersection Stand Type Map and Protected Areas Map using GIS applications (ERDOĞAN,Sezgin and FIRAT,Yücel). Data was compiled from the data sources of relevant departments of GDF. 15

16 3.2.2 Classification and definitions National class Protection forests 1 Production forests Social Forests Protected Area National Parks Nature Conservation Area Nature Parks Nature Monuments Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Development Areas Special Environmental Protection Area Natural Sites Clonal Seed Orchards Seed Stands Gene Conservation Forests Protection Forests 2 Forest characterised as Protection Forest Protection Areas for Reducing Human Impacts Designated Forest Areas for Healthy of Societies Tourism Areas Conversion to high forest Definition Forest managed for protection of soil and water. Forests managed for meeting timber requirements of the country. Forests managed for meeting daily needs of local communities. Forests managed as Protected Area (national parks, nature park, nature conservation areas, natural monument, seed stands, gene conservation forests, clonal seed orchards, special environmental protection area). A tract of nature with conservation, recreation and tourism areas having rare natural and cultural resource values of national or international significance in scientific and aesthetical terms. Tracts of nature that contain outstanding examples of rare, endangered or vulnerable ecosystems, species and natural phenomena having importance for science and education, that require absolute conservation and that are allocated exclusively for purposes of science and education. Tracts of nature that have a characteristic plant cover and wildlife and that are suitable for public recreation and entertainment within the landscape integrity. Tracts of nature that have characteristically formed by nature or natural phenomena and scientific value and that are protected under the same principles as National Parks. These areas possess wildlife values and in which the habitats requiring conservation together with the plant and animal species are absolutely protected and maintained. Article 9 of the Environment Law provides that land and water areas of ecological importance on a national or global scale which are vulnerable to environmental pollution and degradation shall be designated as Special Environmental Protection Areas. Located on or under the ground, or under the water, that require conservation for their rarity or special characteristics and beauties, dating back to geological, pre-historical or historical times (Law for the Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets). These orchards are established through grafted seedlings. Seed stands are chosen in a specific geographic region among natural stands of having trees of superior quality concerning desired characteristics. These forests are selected for protecting genetic diversity of forest tree species in their natural habitat and managed by special plans. Forest area designated primarily for protection of soil and water, according to Regulation on Allocation and Administration of Protection Forests. Forest area designated primarily for protection of soil and water, according to Forest Management guidelines. Designated forest area which is under dispute due to social conflict as a treatment unit by forest management teams. Forest area designated to meet societies recreational needs, according to management guidelines, urban forest and other recreation areas, etc. The parts or places specified to be developed on a priority basis within or outside the cultural and tourism preservation and development regions, and have importance for tourism movements and activities, locations, sites and the boundaries of which are determined and announced by the Council of Ministers upon the proposal of the Ministry of Tourism. Establishing High Forest through existing shoots in leaved forests destroyed through incorrect use and grazing and in beech or quercus forests previously managed for coppice are called Conversion Activities. These are the areas which Conversion Activities are done. Protection forests 1 means protection of soil and water and includes Protection Forests 2 as sub national category 16

17 3.2.3 Original data National data for reporting FRA National classes 1996 (ha) 1999 (ha) Forest Forest characterised as protection forest 1) Other wooded lands Other wooded Lands as Protected 1) ) These forests are designated based on the ecological conservation purpose such as water and soil conservation, however, if necessary, limited thinning might be done. National classes 1990 (ha) 2000 (ha) Forest Production 1) Protection forest Forest characterised as protection forest 2) Social Conservation of biodiversity National Parks (II IUCN) Nature Parks (V IUCN) Nature Conservation Areas (I IUCN) Nature Monuments Seed Stands Gene Conservation Forest Clonal Seed Orchards Specially Protected Areas Other Wooded Lands Protective Other wooded lands Owl characterised as protective 2) Conservation of biodiversity National Parks Nature Parks ) Calculated as the difference Forest area T1 minus area Protection, Social, Conservation of biodiversity and Forest characterised as protection forest. 2) Linear extrapolated values to reporting years 1990 and National data for reporting of FRA National Classes National Categories Forest Ha 2004 Forest Ha 2005 Forest Ha Production Protection Protection Forests Clonal Seed Orchards Seed Stands Gene Conservation Forests Forest characterised as Protection Forest Protection Areas for Reducing Human Impacts National Parks (II IUCN) Nature Protection * Nature Conservation Areas (I IUCN) Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Development 2.10 Areas

18 2.11 Nature Parks (V IUCN) Nature Monuments Special Environmental Protection Area Designated Forest Areas for Healthy of Societies Natural Sites Tourism Areas Multiple Use Forest Conversion to high forest Rehabilitation Total Forest Area Analysis and processing of national data Calibration Forest area is Ha in 2004 and the forecasted forest area will be Ha for 2005 and Ha for / = and / = those figures were used as a calibration coefficient to calculate for 2005 and 2010 National categories identified in table above. Example below National National Forest Ha Forest Ha Forest Ha Classes Categories Production (A) (A) * 1, = (A) * 1, = Estimation and forecasting 1990 and 2000 data are available for Protected Area, Protected Other Wooded Land area, Social forests and conservation forest. The area of Production forest is calculated as the difference Forest area in T1 minus area Protection, Social, Conservation of biodiversity and Forest characterised as protection forest. The forest area 2000 characterised as protection forest in is estimated by linear extrapolation using data between1996 and 1999 due to the data availability. Extrapolation is not used for 2005 and Calculation of FRA 2005 and 2010 categories is described above in the calibration section Reclassification into FRA 2010 categories The following table was used to determine reclassifications for 1990 and 2000 of FRA categories. National classes Prod F Production forests 100 Percentage of a National class belonging to a FRA Class Cons Soc Mult Prod Prot Cons F F F O O O Prot F Protection F/Owl F/Owl characterised as protected Social Forests 100 National Parks Nature Parks Nature Conservation Areas 100 Soc O Mult O 18

19 Nature Monuments 100 Seed Stands 100 Gene Conservation Forest 100 Clonal Seed Orchards 100 Specially Protected Areas 100 Note: 1.F = Forests, O = Other Wooded lands, P rod = Production, Prot = Protective, Cons = Conservation Forests Soc = Social Services, and Mult = Multiple Objective National classes were reclassified according to FRA 2005 and 2010 categories depending on the table below. Classes National Categories Percentage of a National class belonging to a FRA Class Production Protection Conservation Social Multiple of soil of services use and water biodiversity 1 Production Protection 2.1 Protection Forests Clonal Seed Orchards Seed Stands Gene Conservation Forests 100 Forest characterised as Protection 2.5 Forest Protection Areas for Reducing Human Impacts National Parks (II IUCN) Nature Protection Nature Conservation Areas (I IUCN) Wildlife Conservation and Wildlife Development Areas Nature Parks (V IUCN) Nature Monuments Special Environmental Protection Area 100 Designated Forest Areas for 2.14 Healthy of Societies Natural Sites Tourism Areas Multiple Use Forest Conversion to high forest Rehabilitation 100 Reclassified National FRA 2010 Categories Classes Production 1 Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use 4 Data for Table T3 19

20 Table 3a Primary designated function FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Multiple use Other (please specify in comments below the table) No / unknown TOTAL Table 3b Special designation and management categories FRA 2010 Categories Forest area (1000 hectares) Area of permanent forest estate Forest area within protected areas Forest area under sustainable forest management Forest area with management plan Comments to Table T3 Variable / category Production Protection of soil and water Conservation of biodiversity Social services Comments related to data, definitions, etc. Most experts identify soil erosion as the country s most urgent environmental problem. These areas were designated in protection water and especially soil and prevention of erosion effects. The number of protected areas increased between , due to development of conservation approaches in TURKEY (e.g. national parks from 30 to 39, Nature Parks from 58 to 105, Nature Conservation Areas from 32 to 33, Nature Monuments from 58 to 105) Comments on the reported trend Forest management plans have been prepared to manage the all functionalities (various forms of multiple use forest) of Forest in Turkey. Therefore, wood production has decreased. Multiple use 20