AARNet Copyright SIP Deep Dive. Network Operations. Bill Efthimiou APAN33 SIP workshop February 2012
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1 SIP Deep Dive Network Operations Bill Efthimiou APAN33 SIP workshop February 2012
2 Agenda 1. SIP Basics 2. SIP Components and SIP Addressing 3. SIP Messaging Syntax 4. SIP Transaction and Dialog 5. SIP Call Flows 6. DNS NAPTR and SRV 7. SIP Header 8. SIP Mobility 9. SIP and B2BUA Back to Back User Agent 10. SIP Peering 2
3 The Basics of SIP RFC3261 Session Initiation Protocol Application-layer Signalling protocol Setup, Modify and Tear down sessions Invite participants to existing sessions Add/remove media to/from existing sessions Establish user Presence Personal mobility single identity IPv4 and IPv6 support 3
4 Where does SIP fit in? 4
5 SIP User Agents User Agent Client (UAC) An entity initiates a call User Agent Server (UAS) An entity receives a call 5
6 SIP Servers Registrar Servers users/services registration Location Servers maintaining users locations Redirect Servers v Accept request, map the requested address to new addresses, and return to the client v No initial requests v Do not accept calls 6 Proxy Servers next slide
7 SIP Proxy Server Proxy Servers forwarding requests, rewrite message, forking, etc v Stateful remembers all requests v Stateless forgets requests after forwarded 7
8 SIP Addressing SIP Addresses are URIs with the same format as an address i.e. or They can refer to Services, Devices and Users. Service URI points to conference, is a conference service on the MCU (bridge) Devices URI represents a single device/application, sip:syd-fax1@aarnet.edu.au is a fax machine Users URI represents a user s contact detail, sip:leon.li@aarnet.edu.au 8
9 SIP Registration A Common operation in SIP. Registration is a common way for a server to learn the current location of a user. REGISTER messages associate a users SIP or SIPS URI (eg, sip:bob@biloxi.com) with the machine/phone/etc into which he/she is currently logged in. The registrar writes this association, also called a binding, to a database, called the location service, where it can be used by the proxy in the domain. Often, a registrar server for a domain is co-located with the proxy for that domain. A user Bob is not limited to registering from a single device. For example, both his SIP phone at home and the one in the office could send registrations. This information is stored together in the location service and allows a proxy to perform various types of searches to locate Bob.
10 SIP Messages There are two types of SIP Messages v Requests v Responses
11 SIP Messages Request-Line, example AARNet Copyright 2011
12 SIP Messages Status-Line, example AARNet Copyright 2011
13 SIP Requests INVITE to initiate a session ACK to indicate the receipt of the corresponding msg BYE to terminate a session CANCEL to cease a previous request REGISTER to send registration details to a Registrar OPTIONS to query another UA or a proxy server as to its capabilities INFO to carry session related control information REFER to direct the recipient to contact a 3 rd party, e.g. call transfer PRACK provisional ACK (to 1XX only except 100 Trying) PUBLISH to advertise event state, like presence SUBSCRIBE to request the status of a session/ua etc for a detailed list, 13
14 SIP Responses Response Code (detailed list at Description Code Example Informational 1XX 100 Trying 180 Ringing Success 2XX 200 OK Redirect 3XX 300 Multi Choices 301 Move permanently Clients Errors 4XX 400 Bad Request 401 Unauthorized 404 Not Found 408 Timeout 483 Too Many Hops Server Errors 5XX 500 Internal Server Error 503 Service Unavailable Global Errors 6XX 600 Busy Everywhere
15 301 Moved Permanently The user can no longer be found at the address in the Request-URI, and the requesting client SHOULD retry at the new address given by the Contact header field. The requestor SHOULD update any local directories, address books, and user location caches with this new value and redirect future requests to the address(es) listed. Source: RFC3261
16 302 Moved Temporarily The requesting client SHOULD retry the request at the new address(es) given by the Contact header field. The Request-URI of the new request uses the value of the Contact header field in the response. The duration of the validity of the Contact URI can be indicated through an Expires header field or an expires parameter in the Contact header field. Both proxies and UAs MAY cache this URI for the duration of the expiration time. If there is no explicit expiration time, the address is only valid once for recursing, and MUST NOT be cached for future transactions. Source: RFC3261
17 SIP Transactions and Dialogs Transaction: from the first request to the final response Dialog: starts with an INVITE transaction and ends with a BYE transaction DialogID = Call-ID + local tag + remote tag. Note, From/To/Call-ID never changed in a dialog. Source: Building Telephony Systems with OpenSER, by Flavio E. Goncalves
18 SIP Call Flow 18 Source: sipschool.com
19 SIP call Routing- Fixed (How does a proxy server know where to forward the INVITE?) Hard coding/fixed Dial plan example in the lab, Dialled Number Destination 1XXX XXX XXX XXX
20 SIP call Routing- SRV RR SRV Record, RFC 2782 A specification of data in the DNS defining the location _service._proto.name TTL class SRV priority weight port target _sip._udp.example.com IN SRV _sip._tcp.example.com IN SRV bigbox.example.com. _sip._tcp.example.com IN SRV smallbox1.example.com. _sip._tcp.example.com IN SRV smallbox2.example.com. _sip._tcp.example.com IN SRV smallbox2.example.com. _sip._tcp.example.com IN SRV backupbox.example.com.
21 DNS NAPTR and SRV (Cont d) AARNet Copyright 2011
22 SIP call Routing- NAPTR (using ENUM) The example NAPTR records below show a translation from the number range * to sip:123456*@sample.edu in the SIP case. For H.323 the NAPTR records map h323:123456* to h323:123456*@sample.edu. 22 Source: NRENUM.net:
23 Example DNS SERVER Source: sipschool.com
24 SIP Headers SIP Header is HTTP like and contains important information. Examples Registration Invite Next hop? Record-route Via Contact
25 SIP Header Reminder Record-Route Added by the proxy so that it can stay in the messaging path between the endpoints for the duration of the session Branch Tag To identify the transaction MUST always begin with the characters "z9hg4bk". Random string added by the UA for identification purpose Remember in the Reply header Via From To Call-ID are copied exactly from Request.
26 SIP Mobility Proxying and redirecting requests to a user s current location Device/network independent v PC, Smartphone, IP phone etc v LAN, WiFi, 3G etc User must register 26
27 SIP Call Forking - Parallel 27 Source: sipschool.com
28 SIP Call Forking - Sequential Source: sipschool.com
29 SIP B2BUA Back to Back User Agent (for example, SBC) A logical network element operates between both end points of a phone call or communications session and divides the communication channel into two call legs and mediates all SIP signalling between both ends of the call, from call establishment to termination. As all control messages for each call flow through the B2BUA, a service provider may implement value-added features available during the call. Benefit v Centralise call management v Billing v Network topology hiding v H.323 and SIP inter-working v QoS enforcement v NAT traversal 29
30 SIP Trunking What is SIP trunking? A logical connection from a PBX from a customer site to an Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP) network. Benefit replace existing E1/T1 flexible with number of channels number porting single existence for multiple regions (for example, SIP lines for Sydney and Melbourne can co-located in Sydney) Rich Media can be enabled, such as rich callerid, video, presence, etc. 30
31 SIP Peering What is SIP peering? A logical connection between two organizations Benefit lower cost trusted relationship AARNet s use case 31
32 Thanks Comments? 32
SIP Messages. 180 Ringing The UA receiving the INVITE is trying to alert the user. This response MAY be used to initiate local ringback.
SIP Messages 100 Trying This response indicates that the request has been received by the next-hop server and that some unspecified action is being taken on behalf of this call (for example, a database
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