BSC 2011L Principles of Biology 2 Lab Lab Topic 19 Animal Diversity II: Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata
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1 BSC 2011L Principles of Biology 2 Lab Lab Topic 19 Animal Diversity II: Nematoda, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata
2 Lab Topic 19: Animal Diversity II This lab topic is a continuation of observations of organisms in the animal kingdom (clade Metazoa) as discussed in lab topic 18. In this lab we will look at examples of nematodes and arthropods (clade Ecdysozoa) and two deuterostome phyla (Echinodermata and Chordata) 1. What clues do similarities and differences among organisms provide about phylogenetic relationships? 2. How is body form related to function? 3. How is body form related to environment and lifestyle? 4. What characteristics can be the criteria for major branching points in producing a phylogenetic tree?
3 Exercise 19.1 Nematoda Roundworms (Ascaris) Materials Introduction Procedure Results 1. Sketch the cross-section of a female Ascaris 2. List some features of Ascaris that are possible adaptations to parasitic life. 3. Complete Table 19.1 for roundworm characteristics Discussion 1. Discuss the significance of the an animal s having two separate openings to the digestive tract. 2. What are the advantages of a body cavity being present in an animal?
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6 Exercise 19.2 Phylum Arthropoda Lab Study A. Crayfish (Cambarus) Materials Introduction Procedure Results 1. Complete Tables 19.1 and 19.2 for crayfish characteristics Discussion How does the pattern of segmentation differ in the crayfish and the earthworm studied in lab topic 18?
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9 Exercise 19.2 Phylum Arthropoda Lab Study B. Grasshoppers (Romalea) Materials Introduction Procedure Results 1. Complete Tables 19.1 and 19.2 for grasshopper characteristics Discussion How does the pattern of segmentation differ in the crayfish and the earthworm studied in lab topic 18?
10 Anatomy of a Grasshopper
11 Anatomy of a grasshopper, an insect Abdomen Thorax Head Compound eye Antennae Anus Heart Cerebral ganglion Dorsal artery Crop Vagina Malpighian tubules Ovary Tracheal tubes Nerve cords Mouthparts
12 Exercise 19.3 Phylum Echinodermata Sea Star Materials Introduction Procedure Results 1. Complete Table 19.1 for the sea star characteristics and complete Table 19.2 in the Applying Your Knowledge section Discussion Answer the four discussion questions at the end of this exercise
13 Anus Stomach Spine Gills Central disk Digestive glands Madreporite Ring canal Gonads Radial nerve Radial canal Tube feet Ampulla Podium
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15 (a) A sea star (class Asteroidea) (b) A brittle star (class Ophiuroidea) (c) A sea urchin (class Echinoidea) (d) A feather star (class Crinoidea) (e) A sea cucumber (class Holothuroidea) (f) A sea daisy (class Concentricycloidea)
16 Exercise 19.4 Phylum Chordata Lab Study A. Lancelets (Branchiostoma) Materials Introduction Procedure Results 1. Complete the diagram of a lancelet cross section in Figure Label all of the structures listed in step 4 of the Procedure section. 2. Complete Table 19.1 and Table 19.2 in the Applying Your Knowledge section Discussion Describe the uniquely chordate features that you have detected in the lancelet that were not present in the animals previously studied.
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18 Chordate characteristics Muscle segments Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Mouth Muscular, post-anal tail Anus Pharyngeal slits or clefts
19 The lancelet, a cephalochordate Cirri 2 cm Mouth Pharyngeal slits Atrium Notochord Dorsal, hollow nerve cord Digestive tract Atriopore Segmental muscles Anus Tail
20 Cross-section of Branchiostoma
21 Exercise 19.4 Phylum Chordata Lab Study B. Fetal pigs (Sus scrofa) Materials Introduction Procedure Results Complete Table 19.1 for the pig characteristics. Use this information to complete Table 19.2 and answer questions in the Applying Your Knowledge section that follows. Questions for Review Complete questions 1-2 Applying Your Knowledge Complete questions 1-8
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