Child Welfare Policy Briefing: Foster Care 2010 August, 2011 Vol. 2, Number 2

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1 Child Welfare Policy Briefing: Foster Care 2010 August, 2011 Vol. 2, Number 2 Each year the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) releases a report that synthesizes adoption and foster care data over the past year. These reports, the AFCARS (Adoption and Foster Care Analysis and Reporting System), provide an insight into the status regarding children in foster care and attention to areas that may need further attention. Over the past six years, the total number of children in foster care has steadily decreased by 21percent. In 2005 there were 513,000 children in the foster care system and in 2010 there were 408,425. There could be many contributing factors to this drop in numbers such as change in state practice, outside influences such as increased or decreased drug use, fewer children entering care and more exiting or leaving care. This paper takes a snapshot view of the 2010 AFCARS data and compares it to trends dating back to We also look at two age groups, the very young and youth in care. In recent years there has been increasing focus on these two populations because the very young and older youth have been making up a higher percentage of the population of children entering care. We look at children from birth through the age of three and youth in care from age fourteen through age 20. Foster care tends to stop at age eighteen but youth age 18, 19 and 20 are approximately five percent of children in foster care.

2 Children in Care Age Groups Over the past six years children ages zero through three have experienced a 7 percent decrease while children ages 14 through 20 have an overall 27 percent decrease in foster care. 2

3 The number of children in foster care in 2010 (408,425) is actually the number of children in foster care at the end of the federal fiscal year on September 30. Approximately 700,000 children will spend at least some time in care over the course of a year. The 408,425 children in foster care on September 30 is effected by the number of children entering care and exiting or leaving foster care as well as those children who spent the entire year in care. The number of children entering the foster care system has steadily decreased over the past six years by 18 percent. In 2005, 311,000 children entered foster care while in 2010, 254,375 children entered the foster care system. When tracking these numbers the AFCARS also analyzes the ages of the children, the time spent in care, and the race/ethnicity of the children who are entering the system. The mean age for children entering care was 7.7 and of those 254,375 children that entered care the mean stay of children in care was 25.3 months. The race/ethnicity statistical breakdown of those 254,375 children entering care, 45 percent (113,510) were white, with children who are Black or Hispanic following in rates disproportionately higher than the overall U.S. population. Of the children entering care in 2010, 24 percent (61,375) were Black and 21 percent (51,805) were Hispanic. 3

4 Entering Care Age Groups Although the numbers of children entering care has decreased, children ages zero through three have actually experienced decreases and increases over this period of time with the numbers rising between 2009 and When you compare 2005 to 2010 the number of children zero through three has decreased by nearly ten percent. On the other hand, children ages have decreased by 24 percent in the past six years. 4

5 In contrast to the other two statistics, the number of children exiting foster care has not been as consistent, and the number of children exiting over the last six years has decreased by 11 percent. This is not surprising in that if you have fewer children entering care you would also expect some decrease in the number of children leaving care. In that light if you have a six year trend of children entering care going down by 18 percent, then the decrease in the number of children exiting care (11 percent) may be a positive. In 2005, 287,000 children exited foster care. This number spiked in 2007 with 293,000 children exiting the system. After 2007, the number of children exiting care has decreased with a dramatic decline. In 2009, 276,266 children exited the foster care system while in 2010, only 254,114 children exited foster care. This difference of over 20,000 children in the course of one year is dramatic in comparison to the previous five years. Similarly to the report of children entering care, the AFCARS looks to the age, the time spent in care, and the race/ethnicity of children in care. In 2010, the mean age for children exiting care was 9.6 and of those 254,441 children that exited care the mean stay was 21.7 months. The race/ethnicity statistical breakdown demonstrated that of those 254,441 children exiting care, 43 percent (109,169) were white, with children who are Black or Hispanic following in slightly lower rates behind. There were 27 percent (68,101) Black children and 20 percent (50,974) Hispanic children. 5

6 Exiting Care Age Groups Children ages zero through three and 14 through20 have both experienced decreases in the overall number of exits from care. Children ages have a higher percentage decrease of 15 percent in exits while children ages 0-4 have decreased in exits by three percent. 6

7 Children Who Leave Foster Care An additional statistic in this report is the outcomes of children who exit care. When children leave the system they may go to a variety of places, those tracked by the AFCARS are: Reunification with parents/primary care givers, living with other relatives (kinship care), adoption, emancipation, guardianship, transfer to another agency, runaway, and death. Although the numbers are drastically different between 2008 and 2010, the overall percentages of child outcomes are very similar. In 2007, 53 percent of the children in foster care exited and reunited with their family or caregivers; in percent of the children in foster care were reunited with their family/caregivers. 7

8 The overall number of children emancipated from foster care has remained fairly consistent with steady increases between 2005 through Emancipation, defined by the AFCARS report means, The child reached majority according to State law by virtue of age, marriage, etc. This emancipation statistic is frequently referred to as youth aging-out of foster care because so many leave simply because the child welfare system no longer provides care at a certain age generally 18. Between 2006 and 2007 an obvious increase in the number of emancipated children occurred. In 2006, 26,517 children were emancipated while in 2007, 29,730 children were emancipated. There was a decrease in 2010 and it is not clear why since the new provisions of the Foster Connections to Success and Increasing Adoption Act (PL ) to extend care to 21 had not taken effect yet. These numbers are concerning because a number of independent studies have indicated that outcomes for these young people are not as positive as the general youth population. On outcomes such as graduation and college attendance rates, employment and housing circumstances are not as positive for these young people who leave foster care without a permanent family. There could be a number of contributing factors that may help to explain this increases in recent years but the increasing numbers is a failure of the current system. 8

9 Similar to the statistics of children exiting foster care, the number of children adopted from foster care has also experienced some inconsistency in the last few years. There was a large spike in children adopted in 2009, 57,466 and then a significant decline in 2010 with 52,891 children adopted. AFCARS also looks to other statistical information when looking at the overall statistic of children adopted. Some of these other areas are, the gender of children waiting to be adopted, the length of time children have been waiting to be adopted, the racial/ethnic distribution and how old the children were when they were removed from their parents/caregivers. In 2010, the mean age for children adopted was 6.4 and of those 52,891 children that were adopted 13.7 months was the mean for how long it took to terminate parent rights. The race/ethnicity statistical breakdown demonstrated that of those 52,891 children adopted, 43 percent (22,764) were white, with children who are Black or Hispanic following in slightly lower rates behind. There were 24 percent (12,795) Black children and 21 percent (11,192) Hispanic children. 9

10 Adopted Children Age Groups More information is available at You may also contact American Humane Association s Policy & Government Affairs staff at Contributing writers: Amy Christel, and John Sciamanna. 10

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