Learning Processes: Operant Conditioning
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1 Learning Processes: Dr. K. A. Korb University of Jos Learning Goals Principles of operant conditioning Explain examples of,,, and Explain reinforcement schedules Applications of operant conditioning B.F. Skinner Law of effect: Voluntary responses followed by positive outcomes are repeated while those followed by negative outcomes are not : Learn to behave in ways that result in reinforcement 1
2 : Increase likelihood of a behavior : Strengthens behavior by presenting a pleasant stimulus : Strengthens behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus : Decrease likelihood of behavior : Weakens behavior through presentation of unpleasant stimulus : Weakens behavior through removing a pleasant stimulus Outcome (Stimulus) : Presentation : Removal : Repeat Behavior Behavior (Response) : Behavior Ends : Give a sweet to answer a question in class : Allow a student who earned an A to have a free assignment : Children who are late to class have to do frog jumps : Remove points for students who cheat Examine the behavior: Will the behavior continue? Will the behavior stop? Examine how the environment influences behavior: Does the environment give something? Does the environment take something away? 2
3 Response Stimulus Type Study Homework Disrespect Teacher Cheat on homework Good grade Not sweep compound Sent to headmaster No break-time 1. Students who report late to school do not have to clean the school compound. 2. An employee who reports malpractices receives verbal abuse. 3. An employee who volunteers for a more difficult duty misses out on unexpected welfare. 4. The crowd cheers when a football player unnecessarily shoves his opponent. Response (Person) Stimulus (Environment) Type Classical Conditioning Involuntary Responses A conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus that results in a conditioned response Law of Association Voluntary Responses A behavior (response) is followed by a reinforcer or punishment (stimulus) that influences future behavior Law of Effect 3
4 : Maintaining Behavior schedules Continuous: Reinforced after every behavior Fixed Interval: Reinforced after fixed interval of time Variable Interval: Reinforced after average amount of time Fixed Ratio: Reinforced after fixed number of responses Variable Ratio: Reinforced after average number of responses Fixed: Consistent Variable: Irregular Time Fixed Interval Variable Interval Number of Responses Fixed Ratio Variable Ratio : Maintaining Behavior : Maintaining Behavior Reinforcing Statistics Learning Fixed Interval: Test every 3 weeks Variable Interval: Test about every 3 weeks Fixed Ratio: Reward after every 10 correct problems Variable Ratio: Reward after about every 10 correct problems 4
5 Applications of Operant Conditioning Shaping: Procedure in which reinforcements are used to gradually guide an animal or person toward a specific behavior Reward smaller behaviors that lead to a final behavior Applications of Operant Conditioning Military Psychology: Shaping is used to train animals for dangerous military missions Clinical Psychology: is used to change undesired behaviors or add more desired behaviors Educational Psychology: Teaching machine uses a computer that to reinforce learning through feedback Token reinforcement system is used to help students earn rewards for positive behavior Applications of Operant Conditioning Applied Behavioral Analysis Collect baseline data on behavior Set behavioral goals Select procedures for changing behavior Reinforced desired behavior Remove reinforcement for unwanted behavior Implement procedures and record results Evaluate progress and revise as necessary Example of Applied Behavioral Analysis Class Attendance in a Boarding Secondary School Baseline Data: Students attend 50% of classes Goal: Students attend 90% of classes Procedure: Students will receive a coupon for skipping their assigned duty one day for every 20 classes they attend Record Results Evaluate progress: Great improvement in attendance 5
6 Educational Implications When strong, immediate, and consistent, punishment stops unwanted behaviors HOWEVER: Behavior is restrained, but not necessarily extinguished (completely stopped). Does not replace unwanted behaviors with more positive behaviors Stimuli thought to be punishing may turn out to be rewarding Severe punishment can cause fear, anger, and frustration resulting in retaliation or withdrawal in Behavior Modification Strengths Effective for short-term behavior modification Straight-forward and easy to implement Criticisms Does not address cognitive processes Behavior ends when reinforcement/punishment ends Can hurt intrinsic motivation (interest and enjoyment in activity) 6
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