Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders
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1 Chapter 6 Musculoskeletal System Diseases and Disorders Anatomy and Physiology Bones and Joints Bones provide framework and support; classified by shape and composition Joints: where two or more bones meet Muscles structure, movement, and heat Common Signs and Symptoms Musculoskeletal diseases and disorders Pain, swelling, decreased mobility, and deformity Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 3 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 4 Diagnostic Tests X-rays CAT scans MRIs Blood studies including calcium, phosphorus Electromyography Muscle tissue biopsy Diseases of Bone Mild to severe Common as adults age Spinal deformities Kyphosis - curvature of thoracic spine Lordosis - exaggerated anterior or inward curve of lumbar spin Scoliosis - lateral curvature of spine Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 5 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 6 1
2 Disease of Bone Osteoporosis - metabolic bone disease causing porosity and leading to a decrease in bone mass Osteomyelitis - inflammation of bone caused by an staphylococcal infection Diseases of Joints Most diseases occur as slow process Arthritis - inflammation Osteoarthritis - degenerative process Rheumatoid Arthritis - autoimmune disorder affecting joints and connective tissue of entire body Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 7 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 8 Diseases of Joints Gout - metabolic error in breakdown of certain protein foods Hallux Valgus - deformity affecting the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe; commonly called bunion Tempromandibular Joint Syndromesevere headaches and pain in jaw Diseases of Muscle and Connective Tissue Muscular Dystrophy (MD) - inherited, genetic disorder affecting skeletal muscles Ganglion cyst - fluid-filled benign tumor on a tendon sheath near the wrist Tetanus - also called lockjaw Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 9 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 10 Neoplasms Primary neoplasms of musculoskeletal system are uncommon Typically neoplasms are secondary, metastasizing from lungs, breast, and prostate Neoplasms Osteosarcoma is most common tumor Phabdomyosarcoma-very rare highly malignant tumor of skeletal muscle Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 11 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 12 2
3 Trauma Main cause of problems in musculoskeletal system Fractures - break in bone Types of fractures: Stress, displace, comminuted, compression Longitudinal, transverse, oblique, spiral, stellate Treatment of Fractures Immobilization Closed reduction Open reduction Traction Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 13 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 14 Strains and Sprains Strain is overstretching injury of muscle Treatment for strains is rest, moist heat, analgesics, and anti-inflammatoriesinflammatories Sprain is a traumatic injury to a joint Treatment: RICE - rest, ice, compression, elevation Dislocations and Subluxations Dislocation is complete separation of bone from its normal position Subluxation is partial separation Dislocation causes pain and joint deformity Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 15 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 16 Low Back Pain Very common disorder Pain may be acute or chronic Treatment is moist heat, analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, or muscle relaxants Herniated Nucleus Pulposus Herniated disc, ruptured disc, slipped disc, or bulging disc Pressure on spinal nerve may cause pain in sciatic nerve Treatment is same as low back pain Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 17 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 18 3
4 Bursitis Inflammation of a bursae or small fluidfilled sac near joints Bursae help to reduce friction during movement Bursitis Symptoms: severe pain that limits motion Treatment includes moist heat, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 19 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 20 Tendonitis Inflammation of tendon, or connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone May occur in any tendon Treatment is ice, analgesics, antiinflammatories, exercises, surgery Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Repetitive motion injury affecting hands Affects individuals working at repetitive tasks requiring finger and wrist motions Treatment: rest, splint, anti-inflammatory, physical therapy, surgery Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 21 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 22 Plantar Fascitis Also called calcaneal spur or heel spur Treatment: rest, ice, analgesics, and anti-inflammatories inflammatories Shoulder and Knee Disorders Torn Rotator Cuff Muscles that hold head of humerus in shoulder socket area Torn Meniscus Attached to top of tibia and provides cushion for distal femur Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 23 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 24 4
5 Shoulder and Knee Disorders Cruciate ligament tears Located inside knee joint Two ligaments cross to stabilize knee Shin Splints Overuse injury to periosteum and extensor muscles of lower leg Occur routinely with sudden increase in activity or new exercise routine Treatment: rest, analgesics, antiinflammatory, heat, and ice Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 25 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 26 Rare Diseases de Quervain s - tendonitis affecting thumb Tuberculosis of bone - develops in tissue cavities leading to bone weakness and pain Rare Diseases Paget s disease is chronic metabolic bone disease affecting bone formation Myasthenia Gravis - autoimmune disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 27 Copyright 2006 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 28 5
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