Wild About... Butterflies

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1 a Wild About... Rutland County Council

2 Nature notes A butterfly is an insect with four wings made of hard tubes covered with thin tissue. The wings are covered with tiny scales, which is why their Latin name is Lepidoptera meaning scale wings. There are 165,000 known species of Lepidoptera in the world, but only 20,000 are butterflies. The rest are moths. Spot the difference To tell butterflies and moths apart, look at the antennae. Butterfly antennae have a ball (called a club) on the end of the antennae. Moths never have a club, instead, they have plain or feathery antennae. Other differences include: Antenna butterflies normally rest with their wings folded up, but most moths rest with their wings outspread butterflies have thinner bodies than moths butterflies only fly in the day, but most moths are nocturnal (they fly at night) butterfly caterpillars develop into a chrysalis before becoming a butterfly, but moth caterpillars make a cocoon In your nature diary, you can draw diagrams and make notes of the differences you see between butterflies and moths.

3 Nature notes Identifying butterflies There are almost 60 different kinds of butterfly in Britain which can be divided into five groups: Whites and yellows: such as the large white and brimstone. Nymphalids: these are large with bright colours and patterns such as the red admiral and the peacock. Browns: these are normally brown with eye spots, like the meadow brown and gatekeeper. Blues, coppers and hairstreaks: these are shiny, metallic, butterflies such as the holly blue and small copper. Skippers: these butterflies look similar to moths and are usually orangey-brown such as the small skipper. Butterfly facts can only fly, or feed,when they are very warm and use their wings as mini solar panels, to get heat from the sun. You can often see butterflies basking with their wings open wide to soak up heat. Wing colours help butterflies to control their temperature. Dark colours absorb more heat than light colours. Some butterflies that live in very warm places, such as the blues, have a shiny underside to their wings, to help reflect heat away. The word butterfly was first used to describe a butter-coloured flying-insect the brimstone butterfly. use their colours and markings to warn off birds that might eat them. A butterfly s mouth is a long tube which it uses to suck the sweet nectar from flowers.

4 Nature notes Butterfly life cycle Female butterflies lay eggs on or near a food-plant. After a few days or weeks, caterpillars hatch from the eggs. Eggs laid in the autumn don t hatch until the following spring. Some caterpillars are green and smooth whilst others are hairy. Some are dark, others are brightly striped. Caterpillars are eating machines and may eat 10 times their own weight in food. As the caterpillar grows it fills its skin, sheds it, and emerges with a new skin, four or five times, before it turns into a chrysalis. When the caterpillar is fully-grown it makes a button of silk which it uses to attach itself to a twig. It sheds its skin, one last time, and underneath is a hard skin called a chrysalis. This is often golden in colour, or green with golden spots. In fact, the word chrysalis means gold. Inside the chrysalis the body turns to liquid and gradually, the wings, legs and other parts of the butterfly form. Eventually, the butterfly breaks open the chrysalis and emerges. When the butterfly emerges from the chrysalis, it is fullygrown. Its wings are wrinkled to begin with and open gradually. The butterfly hangs upside down and gently beats its wings, pumping air and liquid from the body into the tubes of the wings. Some butterflies only live a few days whilst others live four or five weeks. Some live right through winter by hiding under the bark of trees, or resting inside garages and outbuildings. In spring they wake up, mate and lay eggs.

5 How to watch butterflies are great for nature studies. Choose an area for your study, such as a park, garden, along a footpath you walk in the coutryside, or where you reguarly walk your dog. Walk your area once a day and record the butterfies that you see. Take a walk through a grassland, or meadow, and see how many butterflies you can spot. A pair of binoculars will make it easier to identify any butterflies at a distance. Fill in a recording sheet, like the one in this pack, whilst on your walk, or make notes in your nature diary. If you cannot identify a species of butterfly exactly, see if you can put it in one of the groups. Equipment a sweep net - so you can catch butterflies to take a closer look small clear plastic tubs - to put your catch in Bincoulars - so you can watch butterflies without disturbing them magnifying glass identification book Keep safe Always go out with an adult and remember to look where you are putting your feet when you are watching butterflies. Look after the animals that you catch, handle them very carefully, and always put them back exactly where you found them as soon as you can. Remember, some caterpillars can give you a skin rash, so try not to touch them directly - use a leaf or a piece of paper to pick them up and always wash your hands after handling animals.

6 In your nature diary Here are some ideas of what you can do in your nature diary: If you see caterpillars feeding on a plant, stick a leaf of that plant in your nature diary. Describe the caterpillars - including their size, shape, colour, hairiness - and use identification books to identify the caterpillars and plants. Watch how a butterfly flies and where it goes. Does it fly straight from one place to another or does it zig-zag around? Draw diagrams in your diary to illustrate this. If you see a butterfly basking with its wings open, take a photograph to stick in your diary, or draw the butterfly and make notes about how it looks. What size is it? What markings does it have? What shape are its wings? Can you name its body parts? Use coloured pencils, crayons, or paints to record all the different colours and patterns, you see in butterflies and then use the colours to make pictures or collages.

7 In your nature diary Nettle patch safari Find a sunny nettle patch to watch a butterfly life-cycle. Small tortoiseshell, red admiral, peacock and comma butterflies all breed on nettles. More than 40 other types of insect use nettles for food and shelter, so even if you don t find butterflies, you will find something to watch. Look for adult butterflies basking on sunny leaves, or laying eggs on tender young leaves and watch where they adults go to feed. Red admirals lay single eggs on nettle leaves but small tortoiseshells, and peacocks, lay their eggs, in groups, on the underside of leaves. Turn over a few leaves to look for them. In your diary, write down which species of caterpillar you find. Look for groups of black and yellow, small tortoiseshell, caterpillars hiding in a silk web. Watch for the jerking movement the caterpillars make when disturbed. Red admiral caterpillars are green, or brown, and live alone in a tent made from leaves held together by silk threads. Peacock caterpillars are hairy and black. As they grow older their false legs become orange. Which part of the nettle are the caterpillars on - the young, juicy, leaves or the older, tougher, ones? The caterpillars leave the nettles before developing into a chrysalis. Look for them on nearby fences, gate posts, trees or garden sheds. How far have they gone? Why do you think they chose those places? Are the sites shady or sunny? Keep safe Nettles are excellent for butterflies but can sting you and give you a painful rash. Try not to brush against the plants and wear long sleeves, long trousers and gloves, if you want to get close.

8 Survey for butterflies Use this form to record the places you see butterflies. Try to identify each butterfly and count how many you see. Send the form to Community Heritage Initiative, Holly Hayes Environment and Heritage Resources Centre, Leicestershire County Council, 216 Birstall Road, Birstall, LE4 4DG. Name Address Date Type of butterfly How many? Place E.g. 22/3/05 brimstone 1 Birstall LE4 4DG Recording tip Be as accurate as you can about where you saw the butterflies by giving a post code or, even better, a grid reference. See the grid reference section to find out how to do it.

9 Survey for butterflies Butterfly walk (Adapted from the national Wildlife Watch Leader s Link, Issue 89, with grateful acknowledgement.) 1. Choose an area you can walk through regularly. It will be more interesting if you include different types of habitat, such as open grassland with a length of hedgerow, or some woodland with some open spaces, on your daily walk. One idea is to combine your walk home from school with your garden. 2. Work out a route that will be simple to follow, more or less exactly, every day. Walking slowly, with stops to make notes, the walk should take about minutes from start to finish. It makes sense to choose an area where you know there will be some butterflies, maybe somewhere you have seen them before. 3. Walk your route on at least five fine days, or more if you can. Only walk in warm, still weather. If the wind is raising lots of dust and branches are swaying, butterflies are unlikely to be flying. 4. Try to spread out your walks, over a month, so you will have a better chance of seeing some different butterfly species. 5. As you walk, imagine a path about 2 metres wide. That imaginary path will, of course, stretch into a hedge if you are walking alongside one, or amongst tree trunks if you are in a wood. Count how many, from each group of butterflies, you see on, or crossing, this broad path, and within about 5 metres ahead of you as you walk. 6. If you survey more than one type of area, use a separate recording form for each. Record what you see in a note book then copy it onto the recording form. 7. Draw a map of the area you walk through. Send a copy of your map, and the recording form, to: Community Heritage Initiative, Holly Hayes Environment and Heritage Resources Centre, Leicestershire County Council, 216 Birstall Road, Birstall, LE4 4DG.

10 Butterfly walk form Other Peacock Small tortoiseshell Red admiral Skippers Yellows Whites Small copper Blues Browns Name Address Where did you survey? What type of habitat? Date Day Total

11 What to do Keeping caterpillars You can keep caterpillars in a container like a big sweet jar with holes in the lid, or a cake tin with acetate film or a plastic box with lid. Use tape to join the film to the tin and don t forget to make holes for air. Put a few caterpillars and some of their food plants in the container. You probably found the caterpillars on their food plant, but check you have the right plant for the caterpillars to feed on, otherwise they will die. Keep the caterpillars for a short time to watch how they grow. You could look at: How much they eat How they eat - do they scrape, bite holes or chew edges? Do they move in a particular way? How active they are and what time of day they are active Use a magnifying glass to look at how the jaw works. You could draw a leaf that a caterpillar is eating and look at how much is eaten each hour. You can show this by blacking out the approximate area eaten. Look at how the caterpillar grows and make notes in your nature diary. Does it grows steadily or in spurts? You could measure the length each day, at the same time and draw a graph showing the results. Caterpillar food plants: Red admiral, peacock, small tortoiseshell Painted lady Large and small white Holly blue Brimstone Common blue Orange tip, green-veined white Nettle Thistle Nasturtium, cabbage Dogwood, holly, ivy Alder buckthorn, purging buckthorn Bird s foot trefoil, black medick Arabis, honesty, garlic mustard

12 What to do Attract butterflies to your garden Garden flowers can provide plenty of nectar which gives butterflies energy. This is very important because a lot of places in the countryside are not as good for butterflies anymore. Even the smallest garden can be important for butterflies. A good butterfly garden is full of colourful flowers that provide nectar from spring to autumn. Remember that butterflies like warm, sheltered places, so plant flowers in these places. Food plants for caterpillars are also important. However, each type of caterpillar feeds on just one or two types of plant. For example, small tortoiseshell caterpillars feed on nettles but large and small white caterpillars eat cabbages. Most butterflies prefer blue, mauve, yellow and white flowers. You can grow plants with these colour flowers to attract butterflies. Buddleia attracts lots of different butterflies, and is often called the butterfly bush. Some butterflies, such as the red admiral, also like tree sap and rotting fruit, and others like honey dew. If you have fruit trees in your garden, leave some fruit to rot on the ground for butterflies to feed on. Some wild flowers that grow in gardens can be very important as butterfly food-plants. Here are some wild flowers you can leave to grow in your garden to help butterflies: Bramble: comma, holly blue Common thistle: red admiral, small tortoiseshell, peacock, large white Bugle: large white, green-veined white, orange tip Common ragwort: painted lady, small tortoiseshell, peacock, small white, green-veined white Ragged robin: large white, small white, greenveined white

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