The Radiology of Tuberculosis

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1 The Radiology of Tuberculosis David Ashkin, M.D., F.C.C.P. Medical Director, Southeastern National Tuberculosis Center Medical Director, Florida Bureau of TB and Refugee Health Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine Assistant Professor, Div. of Pulmonary and Critical Medicine, University of Miami Transmission and Pathogenesis of TB Pulmonary TB Cough Droplet Nuclei Primary Lung Infection (Lower Lobe Distribution) Lymphohematogenous Spread Cellular Immunity and Positive Tuberculin Skin Test at Six Weeks 90% No TB 10% TB 85% Pulmonary 15% Extrapulmonary 1

2 The Pathogenesis of TB is a Two-Stage Process STAGE DESCRIPTION RISK FACTORS 1 Acquisition of infection High concentration of M. tuberculosis in the air 2 Development of disease after infection Poor immune status Recent Infection Fibrotic lesions (old TB) on chest x-ray Diagnosis of Active TB Disease Key: THINK TB 2

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5 GENERAL INDICATIONS FOR A CHEST X-RAY TO DETECT POSSIBLE TB Unexplained cough (more than three weeks) Unexplained cough with fever (more than three days) 3. Unexplained pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis and/or dyspnea (promptly) 4. Unexplained fever, night sweats, weight loss Positive tuberculin skin test and/or Diagnosis of HIV infection What to Include on a Chest X-Ray Request Type of exam requested E.g. PA, Lateral, Lordotic or Decubitus views; Tomogram, CAT Scan Specific reasons for request Symptoms of TB Screening test for TB As a follow-up History of pulmonary disease or abnormal chest x-ray Describe Please compare with old films 5

6 How to Read a Chest X-Ray Technique ( RIP ) Diaphragms Heart Trachea Hila Lung fields Vasculature Parenchyma Minor fissure Bones Clavicles Scapula Ribs Sternum Spine Soft tissue Compare with old films PA Film Clavicles Right Rotation Left Inspiration Ribs Penetration 6

7 Expiration & Inspiration PA Film Compare Apices Scapulae Mediastinum Soft Tissues Pleura Diaphragms Heart Hilum Bases Costophrenic Angles 7

8 Lateral CXR Apices Scapulae Spine Posterior Anterior Mediastinum Hilum Heart Diaphragms Costophrenic Angles Base 8

9 Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis Classic Chest X-Ray Findings in TB Hilar and/or mediastinal lymphadenopathy with or without a noncavitary infiltrate anywhere in the lung Primary TB Upper lung field infiltrate with or without cavitation Reactivation TB Large unilateral pleural effusion* Pericardial effusion* Miliary pattern* * Primary or reactivation TB 9

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11 Primary TB Hilar Adenopathy 11

12 Primary TB Hilar Adenopathy Infiltrate Pleural Effusion 12

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14 Primary Tuberculosis Findings: (CXR)- widened right paratracheal stripe. (CECT)- Low attenuation lymphnodes, some w/ peripheral enhancement. Dx: primary Tb DDx: Primary Tb or fungal, mets, lymphoma. Immunocompetant patients: 90% have radiographic visible dz. Right paratracheal nodes most commonly effected. Case 1. Young male patient with fever and cough has a focal opacity in the left lower lobe that looks like a pneumonia. This is a case of primary tuberculosis in an adult. 14

15 A chest x-ray from a young child with primary pulmonary tuberculosis. Figure 1. Consolidation in primary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 15

16 Summary Sequelae of Primary TB ghon lesion, Ghon complex Manifest primary TB Pleural effusion Compression/invasion of bronchi by hilar nodes Lymphohematogenous dissemination Miliary TB TB Meningitis Progressive primary TB Post Primary TB Reactivation TB 16

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18 Left apical hidden by clavicle/ribs Lordotic 18

19 Fibrocavitary later 19

20 Figure 12. Lung destruction in postprimary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America Figure 13. Bronchiectasis in postprimary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 20

21 Terminology of TB Radiology Infiltrate 21

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23 Figure 6. Miliary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 23

24 Terminology of TB Radiology Endobronchial Figure 11.. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 24

25 Figure 14. Endobronchial spread of tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America Lymphadenopathy 25

26 Chest radiograph reveals calcified hilar tuberculous lymphadenitis. 26

27 Primary TB with adenopathy with clear lungs 27

28 6 month Follow up Figure 4. Mediastinal tuberculous adenopathy. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 28

29 Tuberculous broncholithiasis Tuberculous bronchostenosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: Effusion 29

30 Case 2. Posteroanterior chest radiograph in a young patient shows a right upper lobe and right lower lobe consolidation and a small pleural effusion on the right side. consolidation in the RUL & Pleural effusion Case 2. CT scan obtained with the pulmonary window setting demonstrates consolidation in the right upper lobe, groundglass opacities in the right lower lobe, and a pleural effusion on the right side. This patient has extensive tuberculous pneumonia and is immunocompromised. 30

31 Figure 5. Pleural effusion. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 31

32 Cavitary Case 3. A middle-aged man presents with a cough and fever lasting several weeks. Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows a prominent paratracheal area on the right, lymphadenopathy, a cavitary opacity in the right upper lobe, and a focal consolidation in the middle lung zone on the right. 32

33 Case 3. CT scan obtained with the pulmonary window setting in the right upper lobe shows an irregular, thick-walled cavity with some increased markings around it. A nearby nodule is also shown. Figure 8. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 33

34 Figure 9. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 34

35 Figure 9. Cavitary postprimary tuberculosis. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America Lower lobe infiltrates Non-Classic (atypical) Chest X-Ray Findings in TB Single or multiple nodules with or without cavitation Diffuse non-miliary interstitial or alveolar infiltrates 35

36 Differential Diagnosis mimics Nontuberculous Mycobacteria NTMB 1. MAI : Mycobacterium Avium Intracellulare (or MAC: Mycobacterium avium intracellulare Complex) 2. M. fortuitum-chelonae (complex) (3. M. Kansasii common rural skin test +) MAI 36

37 histoplasmosis Wegeners Granulomatosis 37

38 Tuberculoma missdx as Cancer Active tuberculoma misdiagnosed as Cancer Figure 18. Tuberculous involvement of the left sternoclavicular joint. Harisinghani M G et al. Radiographics 2000;20: by Radiological Society of North America 38

39 Pericardial Effusion 39

40 PLUMBAGE 40

41 Summary Consider the possibility of TB* when the chest x-ray reveals any unexplained... Focus or diffuse infiltrate anywhere in the lung Intrathoracic lymphadenopathy Pericardial or pleural effusion * Especially in high-risk groups for TB. 41

42 If a Chest X-Ray Suggests TB... Isolate the patient Promptly notify the hospital infection control nurse Promptly notify the county health department Obtain at least three sputum specimens on three separate days for smear and culture Start the anti-tb drug regimen at the first positive AFB smear If all three sputa are AFB-negative and TB is still suspected, start empiric TB treatment pending culture results 42

43 SNTC TB HOTLINE TB-INF0 43

Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents

Tuberculosis in Children and Adolescents Ritu Banerjee, MD, Ph.D TB Clinical Intensive April 8, 2015 2014 MFMER slide-1 Disclosures None 2014 MFMER slide-2 Objectives Describe the epidemiology of pediatric