Restoring the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef:

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1 Restoring the biodiversity of the Great Barrier Reef: - an important component of ecosystem based management International Symposium on Marine Nature Restoration Copenhagen 11 th -12th March 2013 Jon Day Director, Planning, Heritage and Sustainable Funding GBRMPA

2 Q. What does managing a coral ecosystem on the other side of the world have in common with marine restoration in Europe? Pressures facing all marine areas Great Barrier Reef Marine Park = 344,000 sq km Background about GBR covers an area ~90% of Baltic Sea Zoning - a key management tool for restoring biodiversity The Outlook for the GBR Artificial reefs Active intervention issues Conclusions

3 Like many marine and coastal areas, the GBRWHA is under pressure including: Climate change, including extreme weather events Water Quality - downstream effects of land use Increasing coastal developments, espec ports Increasing shipping and pollution incidents Some unsustainable fishing impacts Increasing population growth & recreation

4 The experience gained over past 35 years has lessons for ecosystem-based planning and management elsewhere (espec MPA and coastal management)... however the Great Barrier Reef is not a typical MPA in terms of its size or its complexity

5 Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area Princess Charlotte Bay ~ 2,300 km long starts at low water mark on mainland coast 250 km offshore at widest point

6 The Great Barrier Reef ~ 3,000 separate reefs over 1000 islands 6 GBRMP boundary Cape Melville Princess Charlotte Bay Lizard Island 0 80 Kilometres Cape Flattery

7 More than just coral reefs. GBRWHA comprises: 7% coral reef 61% shallow - seagrass, shoals, sand, mud 15% continental slope 16% deep oceanic waters 1% islands mangroves seagrass beds (shallow & deepwater) algal & sponge gardens sandy and muddy bottom communities sandy & coral cays continental islands All these habitats are interconnected

8 The Great Barrier Reef size roughly equivalent to 90% of the Baltic Sea...

9 Jurisdictionally complex Within the outer boundary of GBR World Heritage Area: GBR Marine Park (Federal) = 99% of WH area State (Qld) GBR Coast Marine Park (mainly intertidal areas) Internal Qld waters (incl. waters within 12 ports/harbours) ~1050 islands (70 Federal)

10 Always been a multiple use Marine Park 10 Most reasonable activities allowed in certain zones, including: commercial fishing, including trawling in one zone recreational fishing shipping/ports tourism aquaculture defence training indigenous hunting research/monitoring permitted works, including dredging

11 Objectives Main Object: Provide for "long term protection and conservation... environment, biodiversity and heritage values of the GBR Region" So far as is consistent with the main object: Allow ecologically sustainable use of the GBR Region Encourage community engagement in the protection and management

12

13 Experts identified bioregions: 30 Reef 40 Non- Reef Total - 70 bioregions

14 Planning principles for new no-take network ELEVEN Biophysical Operating Principles: minimum size; replication; consider special & unique sites/ locations; minimum of at least 20% no-take per bioregion; consider connectivity cross-shelf & latitudinal diversity FOUR Social-Economic & Management Principles maximise complementarity with adjacent land/sea areas recognise social benefits /costs complement existing management maximise public understanding & enforceability

15 FINAL DRAFT

16 Very comprehensive process of community involvement & participatory planning 8

17 Zoning a key spatial planning/ management tool Zoning today Zoning 1980s -2004

18 Zoning a key spatial planning/ management tool Zoning Zoning today today

19 9

20 10

21 Protection of biodiversity Green zones protect examples of all habitat types Pink Zones = examples of key habitats as undisturbed reference areas All zones, other than light blue zones, protect benthic habitat Other important management measures Dugong Protection Areas Threatened Species Recovery Plans Mandatory use of Turtle Excluder Devices By-catch Reduction Devices

22 Shipping as-ofright Shipping only allowed with a specific permit

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24

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26 Ocean zoning lessons? Many aspects work well very effective for separating all extractive/collecting activities, and defining representative no-take areas; Significant value for protecting biodiversity complementary zoning across Federal/State jurisdictions helps public understanding; developed with considerable public input Not well addressed by zoning - some activities are better addressed by other spatial/temporal planning approaches (eg. defence, shipping, tourism, Indigenous use, research, spawning closures, etc) Need for ongoing public education, compliance and enforcement and managing outside the Marine Park

27

28 1 8

29 GBR Outlook Report 2009 Seven assessments every 5 yearsused to predict the long term outlook for the future of the GBR ecosystem Now required by law First report completed in 2009 Commenced preparation for 2014 Values 1.Biodiversity 2.Ecosystem health 3.Commercial and noncommercial use Pressures & Current Response 4.Factors affecting the values 5.Existing protection & management 6.Ecosystem resilience 7.Risks to the GBR O U T L O O K

30 Conclusion from Outlook 2009 Overall Outlook for the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem Assessment Grade = POOR "The outlook for the Great Barrier Reef ecosystem is at a crossroad, and it is decisions made in the next few years that are likely to determine its long-term future. Unavoidably, future predictions of climate change dominate most aspects of the Great Barrier Reef s outlook over the next few decades".

31 Increasing protection of biodiversity values Climate change 2004 zoning network increased extent and level of protection for all 70 bioregions Reef Water Quality Protection Plan/GBR Coastal ecosystems report Climate Change Action Plan Indigenous Partnerships (TUMRAs) Working with Fisheries managers Finalising Biodiversity Strategy Increasing focus on inshore biodiversity

32 What is being done about the risks? Addressing water quality decline Australian and Queensland governments - committed to halt and reverse the decline in water quality entering GBR Partnership led to Reef Rescue in 2008 GBR Water Quality Guidelines Revised Reef Plan Working with Regional bodies/councils on actions and targets Integrated Paddock-to-Reef Monitoring, Modelling and Reporting program Early indication of outcomes in recent years: 4% reduction nutrients 3% reduction sediments 8% reduction in pesticides

33 Addressing How effective coastal is the issues management of the issue

34 Engaging How effective stakeholders/ is the developing partnerships management of the issue 12 Local Marine Advisory Committees (LMACs) 4 Reef Advisory Committees 70 Traditional Owner groups/tumras Tourist operators Reef Guardian programs Researchers Qld Government agencies Local Government

35 Increasing resilience to better cope with climate change Climate change

36

37 Extreme weather

38 Ports and shipping Spoil disposal Mt pa Past 10 years Next 10 years (estimated) In GBRMP In WHA

39 Assessment of key elements of species and habitats derived from World Heritage listing Statement of Outstanding Universal Value benchmarked against 1981

40 1 8

41 1 8

42 Is it appropriate to damage one site to rehabilitate another? Translocation issues incl. disease and genetics Legal considerations need to be resolved (eg. ownership?) Ethical considerations (inappropriate in some zones? eg. MNPZ?) Management action only? (vs private/public actions?) Restoration is much more expensive and complex that maintaining resilience by effective management

43 What is the underlying problem? (eg. cyclones? COTs?) Are the conditions conducive to restoration? or is it likely the same problems will occur in restored areas? Restored areas need continuous follow up and monitoring to be effective (ie $$$!) Majority of trials to date = small scale (ie 500 coral nubbins) => medium to high success (80 100% survivorship) large scale??? Need to look strategically at areas/locations for restoration rather than assessing on case by case basis 1 8

44 strong political support a sound governance/legislative framework ecosystem-level management (EBM) including management influence over a wider context than just the Federal Marine Park well developed/integrated management with all relevant Federal & State agencies planning a various scales for various purposes; Zoning Plan is only one layer of management widespread consensus that the GBR is important, with many industries depending upon its health effective research & monitoring programs, prioritised to provide information for management

45

46 In the face of increasing pressures, a wide range of strategies continue to be adaptively managed by federal, state and local governments, and various industries, with the aim to increase the resilience of the GBR to cope with the range of pressures

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