ANS 18; Shrimp Culture 1

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2 Aquaculture = 3,339,000 mt 52% of the global production of shrimp Global Shrimp Production - Capture & Culture 7,000,000 6,000,000 Tonnes 5,000,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 Culture 2,000,000 1,000,000 Capture Year

3 Species name Fenneropenaeus chinensis Fenneropenaeus merguiensis Litopenaeus stylirostris Litopenaeus vannamei Marsupenaeus japonicus Penaeus monodon Common name Chinese white shrimp Banana prawn Western blue shrimp Western whitelegged shrimp Japanese kuruma prawn Giant tiger shrimp Former species name P. chinensis or orientalis P. merguiensis P. stylirostris P. vannamei P. japonicus No name change 3

4 Marine Shrimp Aquaculture Production Yr Global (mt) P. monodon % P. vannamei % % Other 80 70,000 20, , , , , , , , , , , ,010, , , ,140, , , ,290, , , ,476, , ,386, ,118, , ,100, ,399, , ,259, Total Marine Shrimp Aquaculture = ~ 3,399,000 mt 4

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6 Giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Named for large size and banded tail Captive breeding is very difficult and hatchery survivals are low (20 to 30%) Only produced in Asia Maximum length of 363 mm (> 14 inches). Black tigers tolerates a wide range of salinities but shortages of wild broodstock often exist 6

7 Penaeus (Litopenaeus( Litopenaeus) vannamei, western white-legged shrimp Stocked at small sizes and has a uniform growth rate Maximum size 230 mm (~ 9 inches); ~ 26 grams. Breeds in captivity better than P. monodon. Hatchery survivals are high, ranging from 50 to 60%. Throughout Latin America, there are captive stocks of P. vannamei broodstock, some of them pathogen-free and some of them resistant to known pathogens. Recently introduced to Asia 7

8 Whiteleg Shrimp Giant Tiger Prawn Country Tonnes % Country Tonnes % China 1,063, Viet Nam 325, Thailand 499, Indonesia 135, Indonesia 209,000 9 India 76, Ecuador 150,000 6 China 61,000 8 Mexico 130,000 6 Myanmar 48,000 7 Brazil 65,000 3 Philippines 45,000 6 Viet Nam 39,000 2 Malaysia 13,000 2 Others 113,000 5 Others 13,000 2 Total 2,259,000 Total 722,000 8

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10 Reproduction Reproductive types Closed thelyca P. monodon and P. japonicus Open thelycum P. vannamei Reproductive strategies Collection of gravid females Ovarian maturation and spawning typically done with unilateral eyestalk ablation Reduced viability of larvae with time Ideally, management of a breeding population in ponds or large tanks (P. vannamei) 10

11 Seed collecting Shrimp Sourcing 11

12 Unilateral eyestalk ablation 12

13 Shrimp maturation Maturing gonads 13

14 Reminder: mating and egg fertilization in crustaceans do not necessarily occur at the same time 14

15 Shrimp can also be artificially mated after electo-ejaculation of the male 15

16 Hatchery management Community tank method Green water Small hatcheries specialized mom and pop operations; 20 30% survival Galveston method Specific feeds for each larval stage 70 90% survival PL cost $ 4 20/thousand 16

17 11-day hatchery cycle N = nauplius; survives on yolk Z = zoea; feeds on algal cells M = mysis; feeds on zooplankton (typically brine shrimp nauplii) PL = post larvae; feeds on brine shrimp and prepared feeds 17

18 Zoea production = algae Mysis production = brine shrimp nauplii Artemia 18

19 Artemia = magic sea monkeys 19

20 Great Salt Lake U.S. brine shrimp fishery ~ 10 mm. in length 20

21 Artemia cyst harvesting 32 companies season 17 million pounds of cysts Total Harvest (lbs) 30,000,000 25,000,000 Pounds 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,

22 Artemia cyst harvesting (~ 4 months starting around December) until cyst levels fall 21/liter ~ 25% of harvested biomass is suitable for commercial cysts 22

23 Artemia cyst processing Eggs are washed, dried and, ultimately vacuum-packed. A grade (> 90% hatch) = 20 % of harvest; $ ~ 25.00/lb B grade (70 85% hatch) = $ 3.00/lb C grade (< 70% hatch) returned to the lake 23

24 Commercial Artemia cysts 70 million dollar industry in Utah 24

25 Brine shrimp hatching Artemia nauplii ~ 450 microns in length 25

26 Brine Shrimp Hatching Methods Sea water or a salt solution; maximum hatching efficiency occurs as 25 ppt (28 ppt for decapsulated cysts) buffered with 2 g NaHCO3 per liter of hatching medium (ph optimum ) Temperature oc Oxygen > 2mg/l (7 liters of air/min for 20 liter hatching container) Strong illumination lux (20 cm from a 60W fluorescent light tubes) Air stopped; floatation of cysts shells; concentration of nauplii with light at the bottom 26

27 Hatchery management Community tank method Small hatcheries specialized mom and pop operations, Thailand; 20 30% survival Galveston method large hatcheries; 70 90% survival Nauplius no feed required; sell for $0.50 $2.00/thousand Zoea feeds on algae Mysis feeds on Artemia (zooplankton) Postlarva P.L.s, feeds on Artemia (zooplankton) formulated feeds; sell for $ 4.00/thousand P.L.s - $ 20/thousand; production costs $ /thousand, when their gills become branched they can be moved to the farm, from hatching to P.L. it takes 11 days. 27

28 11-day hatchery cycle N = nauplius; survives on yolk Z = zoea; feeds on algal cells M = mysis; feeds on zooplankton (typically brine shrimp nauplii) PL = post larvae; feeds on brine shrimp and prepared feeds 28