Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues
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1 Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues Burak Ekici Department of Computer Engineering, Yaşar University, Turkey. April 22, 2012 Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 1 / 52
2 Agenda 1 General Information About Wireless Networks The Notion: A Wireless Network (WLAN) Wireless Networks in OSI Model A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation The Reason Why Wireless Networks are being Used? Components of Wireless Networks Modes of Wireless Networks Operations Standards of Wireless Networks 2 Wireless Network Security Issues Risks Current State of Art: Main Problems Cryptographic Approaches 3 Summarization, Feedbacks & Questions Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 2 / 52
3 The Notion: A Wireless Network (WLAN) Definition: Wireless Network (WLAN) A Wireless Network is a local area network (LAN) that enables two or more entities to communicate without network cabling, instead, by using radio signals and propagations of them within already defined frequency ranges. Figure: A Wireless Network with Three Devices Image Source: Building a Simple Network (by Intel) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 3 / 52
4 Image Source: WLAN Packets and Protocols, WildPackets Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 4 / 52 Wireless Networks in OSI Model Figure: WLAN and OSI
5 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Definition: Radio Wave A Radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared which have frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to as low as 3 khz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometer. Definition: Radio Signal A radio signal is a radio wave that is used to transmit and receive information. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 5 / 52
6 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Definition: Radio Wave A Radio wave is a type of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer than infrared which have frequencies ranging from 300 GHz to as low as 3 khz, and corresponding wavelengths ranging from 1 millimeter to 100 kilometer. Definition: Radio Signal A radio signal is a radio wave that is used to transmit and receive information. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 5 / 52
7 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Definition: Modulation Modulation is the operation of adding information onto a radio signal. Modulation Types There are two main modulation techniques: 1 Analog Modulation: An analog carrier signal is modulated within the scope of the signal to be transmitted via either its amplitude or frequency or else no modulation is implemented at all. Frequency Modulation (FM). Amplitude Modulation (AM). 2 Digital Modulation: Discrete signals modulate a carrier analog signal by some shifting methodologies. Frequency-shift keying (FSK). Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 6 / 52
8 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Definition: Modulation Modulation is the operation of adding information onto a radio signal. Modulation Types There are two main modulation techniques: 1 Analog Modulation: An analog carrier signal is modulated within the scope of the signal to be transmitted via either its amplitude or frequency or else no modulation is implemented at all. Frequency Modulation (FM). Amplitude Modulation (AM). 2 Digital Modulation: Discrete signals modulate a carrier analog signal by some shifting methodologies. Frequency-shift keying (FSK). Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 6 / 52
9 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Definition: Modulation Modulation is the operation of adding information onto a radio signal. Modulation Types There are two main modulation techniques: 1 Analog Modulation: An analog carrier signal is modulated within the scope of the signal to be transmitted via either its amplitude or frequency or else no modulation is implemented at all. Frequency Modulation (FM). Amplitude Modulation (AM). 2 Digital Modulation: Discrete signals modulate a carrier analog signal by some shifting methodologies. Frequency-shift keying (FSK). Amplitude-shift keying (ASK). Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 6 / 52
10 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Figure: Analog Modulation Figure: Digital Modulation a: CAS; b: DS; c: ASK; d:fsk Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 7 / 52
11 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Signal Propagation: Key Points 1 The amount of information could be represented or transferred by an electromagnetic wave, is directly proportional to its frequency difference known as bandwidth. 2 The propagation characteristics of an electromagnetic wave is also determined by its frequency. 3 Therefore; there are three types of signal propagation techniques: Propagation in Lowest Frequencies. Propagation in Medium Frequencies. Propagation in Highest Frequencies. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 8 / 52
12 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Signal Propagation: Key Points 1 The amount of information could be represented or transferred by an electromagnetic wave, is directly proportional to its frequency difference known as bandwidth. 2 The propagation characteristics of an electromagnetic wave is also determined by its frequency. 3 Therefore; there are three types of signal propagation techniques: Propagation in Lowest Frequencies. Propagation in Medium Frequencies. Propagation in Highest Frequencies. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 8 / 52
13 A Quick Reminder: Radio Signal Propagation Signal Propagation: Key Points 1 The amount of information could be represented or transferred by an electromagnetic wave, is directly proportional to its frequency difference known as bandwidth. 2 The propagation characteristics of an electromagnetic wave is also determined by its frequency. 3 Therefore; there are three types of signal propagation techniques: Propagation in Lowest Frequencies. Propagation in Medium Frequencies. Propagation in Highest Frequencies. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 8 / 52
14 Radio Signal Propagation: Typical Radio System Figure: A Typical Radio System Image Source: Radio Signal Propagation (by Breeze Wireless Communications Ltd.) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 9 / 52
15 The Reason Why Wireless Networks are being Used? Reasons for Wireless Network Usage 1 Mobility: Information access beyond the desk. 2 Simplicity: Elimination of the needs for complex cabling and construction. 3 Flexibility: Being well suited for too many environments. 4 Accessibility: Being available at airports, hotels, coffee shops and convention centers are just a few places where hot-spot access. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 10 / 52
16 The Reason Why Wireless Networks are being Used? Reasons for Wireless Network Usage 1 Mobility: Information access beyond the desk. 2 Simplicity: Elimination of the needs for complex cabling and construction. 3 Flexibility: Being well suited for too many environments. 4 Accessibility: Being available at airports, hotels, coffee shops and convention centers are just a few places where hot-spot access. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 10 / 52
17 The Reason Why Wireless Networks are being Used? Reasons for Wireless Network Usage 1 Mobility: Information access beyond the desk. 2 Simplicity: Elimination of the needs for complex cabling and construction. 3 Flexibility: Being well suited for too many environments. 4 Accessibility: Being available at airports, hotels, coffee shops and convention centers are just a few places where hot-spot access. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 10 / 52
18 The Reason Why Wireless Networks are being Used? Reasons for Wireless Network Usage 1 Mobility: Information access beyond the desk. 2 Simplicity: Elimination of the needs for complex cabling and construction. 3 Flexibility: Being well suited for too many environments. 4 Accessibility: Being available at airports, hotels, coffee shops and convention centers are just a few places where hot-spot access. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 10 / 52
19 Components of Wireless Networks Figure: A Wireless Network Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 11 / 52
20 Modes of Wireless Networks Operations Figure: Ad-Hoc WLAN Mode Figure: Infrastructure WLAN Mode WLAN Modes Ad-Hoc Mode: No need for an access point. Communication in between the nodes is done directly. All nodes should have an SSID and a channel. Infrastructure Mode: Access point is being used for local connections. All nodes should have an SSID and a channel. Authentication problem arises. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 12 / 52
21 Standards of Wireless Networks Figure: Wireless Standards Image Source: Overview of IEEE Wireless Network Standards Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 13 / 52
22 Bluetooth: Bluetooth 1994, Ericsson WPAN (wireless personal area network) Frequency: 2.4 GHz on ISM (International Scientific Medical) Band Data deployment speed: 24 Mbit/s Functionality Area: Inside the area of 10m dia. circle. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 14 / 52
23 WiFi (Wireless Fidelity): Standards: WiFi Family a b g n Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 15 / 52
24 WiFi: a Figure: WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) Logo a 1999 WLAN (wireless local area network) Frequency: 5 GHz on ISM (International Scientific Medical) Band Data deployment speed: Mbit/s Functionality Area: Inside the area of m dia. circle. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 16 / 52
25 WiFi: b Figure: WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) Logo b 1999 WLAN (wireless local area network) Frequency: GHz on ISM (International Scientific Medical) Band Data deployment speed: 4-11 Mbit/s Functionality Area: Inside the area of m dia. circle. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 17 / 52
26 WiFi: g Figure: WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) Logo g 2003 WLAN (wireless local area network) Frequency: GHz on ISM (International Scientific Medical) Band Data deployment speed: Mbit/s Functionality Area: Inside the area of m dia. circle. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 18 / 52
27 WiFi: n Figure: WiFi (Wireless Fidelity) Logo n 2008 WLAN (wireless local area network) Frequency: 2.4 or 5 GHz on ISM (International Scientific Medical) Band Data deployment speed: Mbit/s Functionality Area: Inside the area of m dia. circle. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 19 / 52
28 Comparison: Wireless Standards Figure: Comparison of Wireless Standards Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 20 / 52
29 Wireless Network Security Issues: Risks WiFi Risks: 1 Security issues: ease of detection (War-driving and War-chalking) ease of penetration into the network ease of sniffing the network traffic 2 Physical issues: noise in radio signals physical obstacles in between AP and hosts Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 21 / 52
30 Wireless Network Security Issues: Risks WiFi Risks: 1 Security issues: ease of detection (War-driving and War-chalking) ease of penetration into the network ease of sniffing the network traffic 2 Physical issues: noise in radio signals physical obstacles in between AP and hosts Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 21 / 52
31 Be Aware: War-driving War Driving: War driving is the process of seeking wireless networks inside an area (city center) by driving around together with necessary equipments, such as: Laptop or a portable device with a wireless card Wireless network detection software (Kismet, Netstumbler) GPS receiver (optional) Mapping Software (optional) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 22 / 52
32 Be Aware: War-driving War Driving: War driving is the process of seeking wireless networks inside an area (city center) by driving around together with necessary equipments, such as: Laptop or a portable device with a wireless card Wireless network detection software (Kismet, Netstumbler) GPS receiver (optional) Mapping Software (optional) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 22 / 52
33 Be Aware: War-driving Figure: War-driving Figure: War-driving in Milano Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 23 / 52
34 Be Aware: War-chalking War Chalking: War-chalking is the process of drawing some specific symbols, on an already defined place, in order to demonstrate that a wireless LAN network is performing there; including: the SSID the encryption standard of the network (Open, WEP, WPA) contact information (connection password) and bandwidth Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 24 / 52
35 Be Aware: War-chalking Figure: War-chalking Symbols Figure: War-chalking Example: London Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 25 / 52
36 Wireless Network Security Issues: Main Problems Problems: 1 Physical security of the transferred data is not provided. Since the transmission environment is the air. 2 An obligation for using cryptographic protocols. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 26 / 52
37 Wireless Network Security Issues: Main Problems Problems: 1 Physical security of the transferred data is not provided. Since the transmission environment is the air. 2 An obligation for using cryptographic protocols. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 26 / 52
38 Wireless Network Security Issues: Cryptographic Approach Security Protocols: Due to being on-line working systems (wireless LAN communications) stream ciphers are being used to encrypt and decrypt the data transferred (in between AP and hosts) and they are involved in some security protocols, such as: 1 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 2 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 27 / 52
39 Wireless Network Security Issues: Cryptographic Approach Security Protocols: Due to being on-line working systems (wireless LAN communications) stream ciphers are being used to encrypt and decrypt the data transferred (in between AP and hosts) and they are involved in some security protocols, such as: 1 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 2 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 27 / 52
40 Wireless Network Security Issues: Cryptographic Approach Security Protocols: Due to being on-line working systems (wireless LAN communications) stream ciphers are being used to encrypt and decrypt the data transferred (in between AP and hosts) and they are involved in some security protocols, such as: 1 WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) 2 WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 27 / 52
41 Cryptographic Approach: The WEP Definition: What is WEP? WEP is a security protocol which is involved in wireless networks to: avoid unauthorized access and provide access control, data integrity and confidentiality against criminal minds in order to ensure that: your access point is not used by unauthorized users. your data is not modified. contents of your traffic are kept secure. Versions of WEP 1 Key Length: 40 bits (weak key) 2 Key Length: 128 bits (strong key) 3 Key Length: 256 bits (strong key) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 28 / 52
42 Cryptographic Approach: The WEP Definition: What is WEP? WEP is a security protocol which is involved in wireless networks to: avoid unauthorized access and provide access control, data integrity and confidentiality against criminal minds in order to ensure that: your access point is not used by unauthorized users. your data is not modified. contents of your traffic are kept secure. Versions of WEP 1 Key Length: 40 bits (weak key) 2 Key Length: 128 bits (strong key) 3 Key Length: 256 bits (strong key) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 28 / 52
43 Cryptographic Approach: The WEP Definition: What is WEP? WEP is a security protocol which is involved in wireless networks to: avoid unauthorized access and provide access control, data integrity and confidentiality against criminal minds in order to ensure that: your access point is not used by unauthorized users. your data is not modified. contents of your traffic are kept secure. Versions of WEP 1 Key Length: 40 bits (weak key) 2 Key Length: 128 bits (strong key) 3 Key Length: 256 bits (strong key) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 28 / 52
44 Cryptographic Approach: The WEP Definition: What is WEP? WEP is a security protocol which is involved in wireless networks to: avoid unauthorized access and provide access control, data integrity and confidentiality against criminal minds in order to ensure that: your access point is not used by unauthorized users. your data is not modified. contents of your traffic are kept secure. Versions of WEP 1 Key Length: 40 bits (weak key) 2 Key Length: 128 bits (strong key) 3 Key Length: 256 bits (strong key) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 28 / 52
45 Cryptographic Approach: The WEP Definition: What is WEP? WEP is a security protocol which is involved in wireless networks to: avoid unauthorized access and provide access control, data integrity and confidentiality against criminal minds in order to ensure that: your access point is not used by unauthorized users. your data is not modified. contents of your traffic are kept secure. Versions of WEP 1 Key Length: 40 bits (weak key) 2 Key Length: 128 bits (strong key) 3 Key Length: 256 bits (strong key) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 28 / 52
46 The WEP Steps: Shared Key Authentication Figure: WEP Authentication Scheme Image Source: Wireless Networking Basics by NETGEAR Inc. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 29 / 52
47 The WEP Steps: Encryption Figure: WEP Encryption Scheme Image: FSU, Network Security PROTOCOLS Group by İlkay Çubukçu Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 30 / 52
48 The WEP Steps: Decryption Figure: WEP Decryption Scheme Image: FSU, Network Security PROTOCOLS Group by İlkay Çubukçu Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 31 / 52
49 The WEP: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WEP 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. Cipher Text Plain Text = Key Stream 2 A Small Number of Initialization Vectors: 24 bit of IVs: 16,777,216 possible combination. It is possible to capture a modest number of messages encrypted with the same key stream (IV reuse). C 1 = P 1 RC4(k, IV 1) and C 2 = P 2 RC4(k, IV 2) where IV 1 = IV 2 C 1 C 2 = P 1 P 2 The more CTs captured with same IV; the less uncertainty of the key. Cipher Text Cipher Text = Plain Text Plain Text Passive Attacks via Network Sniffing!!! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 32 / 52
50 The WEP: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WEP 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. Cipher Text Plain Text = Key Stream 2 A Small Number of Initialization Vectors: 24 bit of IVs: 16,777,216 possible combination. It is possible to capture a modest number of messages encrypted with the same key stream (IV reuse). C 1 = P 1 RC4(k, IV 1) and C 2 = P 2 RC4(k, IV 2) where IV 1 = IV 2 C 1 C 2 = P 1 P 2 The more CTs captured with same IV; the less uncertainty of the key. Cipher Text Cipher Text = Plain Text Plain Text Passive Attacks via Network Sniffing!!! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 32 / 52
51 The WEP: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WEP 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. Cipher Text Plain Text = Key Stream 2 A Small Number of Initialization Vectors: 24 bit of IVs: 16,777,216 possible combination. It is possible to capture a modest number of messages encrypted with the same key stream (IV reuse). C 1 = P 1 RC4(k, IV 1) and C 2 = P 2 RC4(k, IV 2) where IV 1 = IV 2 C 1 C 2 = P 1 P 2 The more CTs captured with same IV; the less uncertainty of the key. Cipher Text Cipher Text = Plain Text Plain Text Passive Attacks via Network Sniffing!!! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 32 / 52
52 The WEP: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WEP 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. Cipher Text Plain Text = Key Stream 2 A Small Number of Initialization Vectors: 24 bit of IVs: 16,777,216 possible combination. It is possible to capture a modest number of messages encrypted with the same key stream (IV reuse). C 1 = P 1 RC4(k, IV 1) and C 2 = P 2 RC4(k, IV 2) where IV 1 = IV 2 C 1 C 2 = P 1 P 2 The more CTs captured with same IV; the less uncertainty of the key. Cipher Text Cipher Text = Plain Text Plain Text Passive Attacks via Network Sniffing!!! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 32 / 52
53 The WEP: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WEP 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. Cipher Text Plain Text = Key Stream 2 A Small Number of Initialization Vectors: 24 bit of IVs: 16,777,216 possible combination. It is possible to capture a modest number of messages encrypted with the same key stream (IV reuse). C 1 = P 1 RC4(k, IV 1) and C 2 = P 2 RC4(k, IV 2) where IV 1 = IV 2 C 1 C 2 = P 1 P 2 The more CTs captured with same IV; the less uncertainty of the key. Cipher Text Cipher Text = Plain Text Plain Text Passive Attacks via Network Sniffing!!! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 32 / 52
54 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump + Aircrack Figure: Phase 1: MAC Changing + Airmon Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 33 / 52
55 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump + Aircrack Figure: Phase 2: Airodump (for all wireless networks) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 34 / 52
56 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump + Aircrack Figure: Phase 3: Airodump (for a specific wireless network) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 35 / 52
57 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump + Aircrack Figure: Phase 4: Aircrack Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 36 / 52
58 Cryptographic Approach: The WPA Definition: What is WPA? WPA is another wireless security protocol which generally aims to close the vulnerabilities of WEP with 48-bit initialization vector and a 128-bit encryption keys. Versions of WPA 1 WPA 2 WPA2 Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 37 / 52
59 The WPA: Authentication WPA Authentication Schemes: Both in WPA and WPA2 1 WPA-PSK (Pre-Shared Key) Authentication: performs the same authentication steps with WEP authentication. All clients use the same initial master key but different per-packet keys. 2 WPA-EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol): usage of certificates RADIUS server is used for authentication and key distribution Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 38 / 52
60 The WPA: Authentication WPA Authentication Schemes: Both in WPA and WPA2 1 WPA-PSK (Pre-Shared Key) Authentication: performs the same authentication steps with WEP authentication. All clients use the same initial master key but different per-packet keys. 2 WPA-EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol): usage of certificates RADIUS server is used for authentication and key distribution Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 38 / 52
61 The WPA: Authentication Figure: WPA-EAP Authentication Scheme Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 39 / 52
62 The WPA: Encryption & Decryption WPA Encryption & Decryption Schemes WPA: TKIP (temporal key integrity protocol): RC4 + 4 algorithms: 1 Message Integrity Code (MIC) tagging function (64-bit secret aut. key, msg): message integrity code 2 IV sequencing discipline packet sequencing numbers (represented by IVs) are performing the synchronization between sender and receiver 3 Re-keying Mechanism Temporal keys Key encryption keys Master Keys 4 Per-Packet Key Mixing Function an intermediate key is created by combining the use of S-boxes and the client s MAC address the packet sequence number is encrypted with a small cipher using the intermediate key Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 40 / 52
63 Per Packet Key Mixing Function Figure: TKIP: Per Packet Key Mixing Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 41 / 52
64 The WPA: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WPA 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. The Handshake! Known Issues: Plain Text (Challenge Text) Cipher Text Therefore: Per-Packet Key Unknown Issue: Base Key Dictionary Based Attacks! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 42 / 52
65 The WPA: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WPA 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. The Handshake! Known Issues: Plain Text (Challenge Text) Cipher Text Therefore: Per-Packet Key Unknown Issue: Base Key Dictionary Based Attacks! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 42 / 52
66 The WPA: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WPA 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. The Handshake! Known Issues: Plain Text (Challenge Text) Cipher Text Therefore: Per-Packet Key Unknown Issue: Base Key Dictionary Based Attacks! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 42 / 52
67 The WPA: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WPA 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. The Handshake! Known Issues: Plain Text (Challenge Text) Cipher Text Therefore: Per-Packet Key Unknown Issue: Base Key Dictionary Based Attacks! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 42 / 52
68 The WPA: Vulnerabilities Vulnerabilities: WPA 1 Vulnerable Authentication Scheme: An attacker who is able to monitor the network traffic exactly during an arbitrary authentication to the WLAN, could easily calculate key stream used to encrypt the response and authenticate to the wireless network. The Handshake! Known Issues: Plain Text (Challenge Text) Cipher Text Therefore: Per-Packet Key Unknown Issue: Base Key Dictionary Based Attacks! Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 42 / 52
69 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump Figure: Phase 2: Airodump (for a specific wireless network without handshake) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 43 / 52
70 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump Figure: Phase 3: Aireplay (to implement deauth attack) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 44 / 52
71 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump Figure: Phase 4: Airodump (for a specific wireless network with handshake) Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 45 / 52
72 A Case Study: Airmon + Airodump Figure: Phase 5: Aircrack Dictionary Attack Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 46 / 52
73 The WPA: Encryption & Decryption WPA Encryption & Decryption Schemes WPA2: Instead of TKIP; CCMP (Counter Mode with Cipher Block Chaining Message Authentication Code Protocol), a new AES-based encryption/decryption mode with strong security is used. The most secure one for the current state of art. To be able to use it; your access point hardware should have the special support. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 47 / 52
74 General Precautions Should be Taken General Precautions in Wireless Networking SSID hiding (although it could be seen) MAC based access control (although MAC duplication could be done) Usage of Security Protocols (WPA2/WPA/WEP) Usage of more complex systems like AIRDEFENSE, if your transferred data are critical Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 48 / 52
75 General Precautions Should be Taken General Precautions in Wireless Networking SSID hiding (although it could be seen) MAC based access control (although MAC duplication could be done) Usage of Security Protocols (WPA2/WPA/WEP) Usage of more complex systems like AIRDEFENSE, if your transferred data are critical Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 48 / 52
76 General Precautions Should be Taken General Precautions in Wireless Networking SSID hiding (although it could be seen) MAC based access control (although MAC duplication could be done) Usage of Security Protocols (WPA2/WPA/WEP) Usage of more complex systems like AIRDEFENSE, if your transferred data are critical Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 48 / 52
77 General Precautions Should be Taken General Precautions in Wireless Networking SSID hiding (although it could be seen) MAC based access control (although MAC duplication could be done) Usage of Security Protocols (WPA2/WPA/WEP) Usage of more complex systems like AIRDEFENSE, if your transferred data are critical Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 48 / 52
78 Summary Summarization: 1 The notion: WLANs 2 Radio Signal Propagation 3 Components of WLANs 4 Modes of WLANs 5 WLAN security issues Risks Awareness: Wardriving and Warchalking Cryptographic Approaches: WEP & WPA 6 General Precautions Should be Taken Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 49 / 52
79 Feedback Contact Information Çok Teşekkürler! Efcharistó Polý! Muito Obrigado! Danke Schön! Bedankt! Labai Ačiu! Thanks a Lot! Burak Ekici ekcburak@hotmail.com Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 50 / 52
80 Feedback Bugs, Comments, Suggestions and Questions Please let me know, if you have; seen any Bugs in the presentation. Please share, if you have; any Comments and Suggestions. QUESTIONS? Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 51 / 52
81 Feedback Bugs, Comments, Suggestions and Questions Please let me know, if you have; seen any Bugs in the presentation. Please share, if you have; any Comments and Suggestions. QUESTIONS? Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 51 / 52
82 Bibliography [Çubukçu2002] İlkay Çubukçu et al - FSU, Network Security PROTOCOLS group meeting. Security of the WEP algorithm (Wired Equivalent Privacy). [Kaya] Dr. Lami Kaya. Wireless Network Devices. [Breeze] Breeze Wireless Communications Ltd. Radio Signal Propagation. [Machta2003] Demian Machta Securing WLAN: From WEP to WPA. Burak Ekici (Dept. of Comp. Eng.) Wireless Networks: Basics & Security Issues 52 / 52
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