Blood and Circulatory System

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2 Blood and Circulatory System Human Blood The blood constitutes 7% of the total weight of the human's body. Its ph value is nearly 7.4, so it is considered base in nature. There is an average of 5-6 litres of blood in the human body. Blood consists of two parts: - 1. Plasma 2. Blood Corpuscles (1) Plasma It is the liquid part of blood. It constitutes 60% part of the blood. The plasma has 90% water, 7% protein, 0.9% salt and 0.1% is glucose. Its main function is to Transport of digested food, hormones, the excretory product from one part of the body to another part of the body. When Fibrinogen & Protein is extracted out of plasma, the remaining plasma is called serum.

3 (2) Blood Corpuscles It constitutes 40% part of the blood/ This is divided into three parts: 1. Red Blood Corpuscles (RBC) The nucleus is absent from it. Exception - Camel and Lama. It is formed in Bone Marrow (At the embryonic stage its formation takes place in the liver.) Lifespan- 120 days. RBCs destruction takes place in the spleen, so it is called grave of RBC. It contains haemoglobin, in which haeme is iron-containing compound. Due to the presence of haemoglobin colour of blood is red. Globin is a proteinous compound which is extremely capable of combining with oxygen and carbon dioxide. The iron compound found in haemoglobin is haematin. Function- to carry oxygen to all cells of the body and bring back the carbon dioxide. Anaemia disease is caused due to the deficiency of haemoglobin. At the time of sleeping RBC is reduced by 5% and people who are at the height of 4200 metres RBC increases by 30% in them. 2. White Blood Corpuscles (WBC) or Leucocytes Its formation takes place in Bone Marrow, lymph node and sometimes in liver and spleen. Lifespan: 2-5 days. The nucleus is present in the WBC. Function- to protect the body from the disease. The ratio of RBC and WBC is 600:1. It consists of Granulocytes and Agranulocytes. Granulocytes consist of Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils. Agranulocytes consists of lymphocytes and monocytes. 3. Blood Platelets or Thrombocytes Found only in the blood of human and other mammals.

4 The nucleus is absent in it. Its formation takes place in the Bone marrow. Lifespan- 10 to 15 days. It dies in the Spleen. Function- to help in the clotting of blood Functions of Blood: To control the temperature of the body and to protect the body from diseases. Transportation of oxygen, Carbon dioxide, digested food, conduction of hormones etc To help in establishing coordination among different parts. Clotting of blood Following reactions take place during clotting- (a) Thromboplastin + Prothrombin + Calcium = Thrombin (b) Thrombin + Fibrinogen = Fibrin (c) Fibrin + Blood Corpuscles = Clot Vitamin K is helpful in blood clotting. Blood Group of Human Blood group was discovered by Landsteiner in For this, he was awarded Nobel Prize in the year The main reason behind the difference in the blood of the human is the glycoprotein which is found in Red Blood Corpuscles called an antigen. The antigen is of two types- Antigen A and Antigen B. On the basis of the presence of Antigen or Glyco Protein, there are four groups of blood in human: That contains Antigen A - Blood Group A. That contains Antigen B- Blood Group B. That contains both the Antigen A and B - Blood Group AB. That contains neither of the Antigens- Blood Group O. An opposite type of protein is found in blood plasma. This is called an antibody. This is also of two types- Antibody "a" and Antibody "b". Blood Group O is called the Universal Donor because it does not contain any antigen. Blood Group AB is called Universal Recipient because it does not contain any antibody Heparin is an anti-coagulant which is present in the blood which assures smooth blood flow in the vessels.

5 Blood Group Antigen (in RBCs) Antibodies (in Plasma) Donor s group Accepter s group A A Anti-B A, O A, AB B B Anti-A B, O B, AB AB A, B nil A, B, AB, O AB O nil Anti-A, Anti- B O A, B, AB, O Circulatory System It is an essential mechanism required for flow and exchange of nutrients, gases waste materials and other essential substances inside the animals. Circulatory systems are of two types Open Circulatory system and Closed Circulatory System. Human being possesses Close circulatory system where blood flows through a closed nexus of blood vessels in contrary to open circulatory system where blood flows in open spaces. It contains four parts 1) Heart 2) Arteries 3) Veins 4) Blood The discovery of blood circulation system was made by William Harvey. Points to remember: Biological term of the heart is Cardio. It remains safe in the pericardial membrane. Its weight is approximately 300 grams for male and 250 gms for female. The human heart is a four-chamber heart.

6 In one cycle, the heart pumps 70ml blood. The major function of the heart is Pumping of blood/circulation of blood. The heartbeat of a normal human being is 72 beats/minute. The heartbeat of the shrew is maximum in shrew, i.e. 800 beats per minute. It contains the right atrium and a left atrium in the anterior part. There is a tricuspid valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle. There is a bicuspid valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. It contains right ventricle, and a left ventricle persists in the posterior side. It is a pumping organ works in a rhythmic cyclic manner with systole (shrinkage for.3sec) and diastole (expansion for.5 sec). A heartbeat lasts for 0.8 seconds and consists of both of these. Vein is the vessels which carry the blood from the body towards the heart. The vein contains impure blood, i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood. Pulmonary vein is the exception which always carries pure blood. Pulmonary vein carries the blood from the lungs to the left atrium. An artery is a vessel which carries the blood from the heart towards the body. Artery contains pure blood, i.e. oxygen mixed blood. But Pulmonary arteries are the exception which always carries the impure blood or deoxygenated blood. The pulmonary artery carries the blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

7 In the right part of the heart, there remains impure blood, i.e. carbon dioxide mixed blood, and in the left part of the heart, there remains pure blood, i.e. oxygen mixed blood. The artery carrying blood to the muscles of the heart is called coronary arteries. Any type of hindrance in it causes a heart attack. Covering of heart is called as Pericardium. Course of circulation: Along with a closed circulatory system, Mammals have double circulation, which means the blood has to cross two times from heart before circulating throughout the body. The right atrium receives impure blood from the body, which goes into the right ventricle. From here, the blood went into the pulmonary artery, which sends it to the lung for purification. After purification, it is collected by a pulmonary vein which brings it back to the heart in the left atrium. From the atrium, it vents into the left ventricle. Now, this purified blood goes into the aorta for different organ of the body. This circulation is a cardiac cycle. Cardiac cycle: The cardiac cycle is controlled by two pacemakers in the heart: The sino-atrial node (SA node) located in the top wall of the right atrium, also known as the heart of the heart. The atrio-ventricular node (AV node) located in between the right atrium and ventricle. Both pacemakers are types of nervous tissue. Lymph It is a tissue fluid present in lymphatic system colourless Have same mineral distribution as of Plasma Stored in the lymphatic system Helps in exchange of nutrients, oxygen between blood and tissues Carrier of hormones, nutrients and lymphocytes Helps in absorption of Fats

8 Maintains the volume of the blood Blood Pressure: The force per unit area, which is exerted on the walls of the blood carrying tube by blood called blood pressure. Normal rating of blood pressure in a healthy person is 120/80 mm Hg. Blood pressure is high in tubes which carry blood to the body parts (systolic pressure) and low in tubes which carry blood to the heart (diastolic pressure). Wireless Artificial Pacemaker: When the SA node becomes defective or damaged, the cardiac impulses do not generate. For this, we use wireless pacemaker that regulates the heart by wireless pulses of ultrasound from outside the organ. It is beneficial over conventional pacemaker as the leads can fail and requiring the additional surgery to replace them. Cardiovascular Diseases: Arteriosclerosis: It is thickening, hardening or loss of elasticity of the arteries due to the formation of plaques and calcification in their walls. It is caused by the buildup of fatty plaques, cholesterol, and some other substances in and on the artery walls. Atherosclerosis: Deposition of cholesterol in the walls of arteries due which they become narrow and hinder the blood flow to them. Heart Attack: A heart attack occurs when one or more of your coronary arteries become blocked. Over time, a coronary artery can narrow from the buildup of various substances, including cholesterol (atherosclerosis). Other diseases: Coronary artery disease, Angina, Hypertension, Anaemia, Haemophilia etc.

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