A Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools for Public Health Practice
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1 A Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools for Public Health Practice Donna Ciliska Helen Thomas M. Katherine Buffett February, 2008 (links revised and updated January, 2012)
2 An Introduction to Evidence-Informed Public Health and A Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools for Public Health Practice Prepared for the National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools by Donna Ciliska Helen Thomas M. Katherine Buffett Acknowledgements: L. Buffett, K. Barnett February, 2008 (links revised and updated January, 2012) National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools (NCCMT) School of Nursing, McMaster University Suite 302, 1685 Main Street West Hamilton, Ontario L8S 1G5 Telephone: (905) , ext Fax: ( Web: How to cite this resource: Ciliska, D., Thomas, H., & Buffett, M.K. (2012). An Introduction to Evidence-Informed Public Health and A Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools for Public Health Practice (Revised). Hamilton, ON: National Collaborating Centre for Methods and Tools. Funded by the Public Health Agency of Canada Affiliated with McMaster University Production of this paper has been made possible through a financial contribution from the Public Health Agency of Canada. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the Public Health Agency of Canada.
3 Appendix 1 - Compendium of Critical Appraisal Tools Purpose To provide some tools for conducting critical appraisal (step 3 below). Audience Public health decision makers in practice or policy. Introduction to Evidence-Informed Public Health The evidence-informed decision-making process includes the following steps: Stages in Evidence-Informed Public Health Stage in EIPH DEFINE SEARCH APPRAISE SYNTHESIZE ADAPT IMPLEMENT EVALUATE Description Clearly define the question or problem. Efficiently search for research evidence Critically and efficiently appraise the research sources Interpret/ form recommendations for practice based on the literature found Adapt the information to a local context Decide whether (and plan how) to implement the adapted evidence into practice or policy Evaluate the effectiveness of implementation efforts 21
4 How to use this tool Consider the type of question you are asking (first column); then consider the type of evidence you have found. That will lead you to what tool to use. This is not an exhaustive list of critical appraisal tools; merely a listing of tools that are commonly used. The status Recommended indicates that the tool 1) was judged as relevant for most studies in public health, and 2) includes an explanation of criteria within the tool, so the use of the criteria are self-explanatory. Type of Research Website Link Type of Study - Link to Tools Quantitative Critical Appraisal Skills Programme randomized control trials: (CASP) (UK): What is the effectiveness of.? What is the result of exposure to? (causation or harm) Guidelines for? Recommended uploads/2011/11/casp_rct_appraisal_checklist_14oct10.pdf cohort studies: uploads/2011/11/casp_cohort_appraisal_checklist_14oct10.pdf case control studies: Appraisal_Checklist_14oct10.pdf diagnostic studies: 22
5 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): randomized control trials tool and guidelines: checklist2.html notes2.html cohort studies tool and guidelines: checklist3.html notes3.html case-control studies tool and guidelines: checklist4.html notes4.html diagnostic studies tool and guidelines: checklist5.html notes5.html Qualitative What is the experience of or meaning of..? Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) (UK): Recommended qualitative research studies: 23
6 Reading Qualitative Studies Sandelowski M., & Barroso J. (2002), Reading Qualitative Studies. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 2002, 1(1) Article link: Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies Deeks J.J., Dinnes J., D Amico R., Sowden A.J., Sakarovitch C., Song F., et al. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technology Assess. 7(27). Article link: pdf Systematic Reviews What is the effectiveness of? Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) (UK): Recommended for critical appraisal of systematic reviews systematic reviews: AMSTAR Shea, B.J., Grimshaw, J.M., Wells, G.A., Boers, M., Andersson, N., Hamel, C., & Bouter, L.M. (2007). Development of AMSTAR: A measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 7(10). doi: / Article link: com/ /7/10 Recommended for critical appraisal of systematic reviews Systematic review and meta-analyses checklist. measurement tool to assess the methodological quality of systematic reviews 24
7 Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): Systematic reviews and meta-analysis tools and guidelines: checklist1.html notes1.html Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Handbook link: Centre for Reviews and Dissemination (CRD) University of York (UK): Undertaking systematic reviews of research on effectiveness, CRD s guidance for those carrying out or commissioning reviews Handbook link SysRev/!SSL!/WebHelp/SysRev3.htm Systematic reviews, CRD s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Coordinating Centre (EPPIcentre) (University of London, UK): Methods: Stages of a Systematic review link: aspx?tabid=89 Quality Assessment and Relevance of evidence: aspx?tabid=177 PHRED Effective Public Health Practice Project oldhamilton.ca/.phcs/ephpp/reviews- Portal.asp Recommended for conduct of systematic reviews Campbell Collaboration C2-SPECTR Database 25
8 Health Services Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Economic evaluation studies: Research (CASP) (UK): What is the costeffectiveness? Cost-benefit? Cost-utility? Recommended Clinical Practice Guidelines What is the best intervention/management of.? (considers the best evidence, context and expert opinion) National Health Services Economic Database The Guide to Community Preventive Services. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services (US): library/book/index.html Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN): Chapter 11 Understanding and Using the Economic Evidence (tool): library/economics.pdf SIGN 50: A Guideline Developers Handbook: index.html AGREE II (Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation) Collaboration Recommended Critical appraisal tool for Guidelines AGREE II Tool National Institutes for Health and Clinical Excellence 26
9 Overviews of Critical Appraisal Methods/ Tools/Processes What is the level of evidence? The NIHR Health Technology Assessment Programme (NHS) Article: Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies Deeks J.J., Dinnes J., D Amico R., Sowden A.J., Sakarovitch C., Song F., et al. (2003). Evaluating non-randomised intervention studies. Health Technology Assess. 7(27). Article link: pdf BioMed Central Systems article on grading the quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations II: Pilot study of a new system: Article link: pdf/ pdf Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (US): The Guide to Community Preventive Services: The Task Force on Community Preventive Services (US): library/book/index.html Chapter 10 Methods Used for Reviewing Evidence and Linking Evidence to Recommendations (tool): methods/methods.pdf The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care: 27
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