Speeding a huge problem in traffic safety? L. Beilinson VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland
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1 Speeding a huge problem in traffic safety? L. Beilinson VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland leif.beilinson@vtt.fi Abstract Driving speed and especially speeding is the most important factor in traffic accidents and traffic safety work. According to some estimates % of road fatalities could be saved just by observing the speed limits. In Finnish calculations a fatal accident costs society 2.4 million. Driving faster increases accident risk because: - The driver has less time to react when something unexpected occurs. - Laws of physics apply in vehicle movements. - It becomes more difficult to observe other road users and road environment. - In case of accident the consequences are more severe. - The effects of higher speeds can not be compensated. There are three effective means to reduce speeds 1. Structural changes in road environment, such as roundabout, humps etc., 2. Speed limiters in cars and 3. Increasing the volume of speed enforcement to much higher level. The drivers should feel that the likelihood of being apprehended for speeding is always present. The greatest potential in influencing the driving speeds lies in speed enforcement and especially in automatic camera enforcement. More effective enforcement is needed but without increase in police resources. New traffic legislation is needed. Following arguments need to be weighed in public: - Legal protection of suspected person vs. people s right in safe traffic - Juridical condemnability of the offence vs. high risk of detection - Responsibility of driver vs. responsibility of the owner of the vehicle Perhaps speeding drivers should not be considered as criminals. But due to the huge number of speeding drivers this phenomenon is the greatest problem in the fight against traffic deaths. Introduction Road traffic kills some 400 people every year in Finland. Finnish traffic safety target is set to year 2010, when no more than 250 should be killed by road traffic. Many traffic safety experts believe that this traffic safety goal can not be reached without lowering driving speeds. According to some estimates % of road deaths could be saved just by observing the existing speed limits. In Finland one fatal accident is estimated to cost the society 2.4 million. Speed management is the key problem in traffic safety. Other main areas are the problems related to being sober as a car driver and the using of seat belts. The relations between driving speed and traffic accidents are widely researched. Though the problems of high speeds are known the observance of the speed limits is low. Individual drivers have difficulties to understand the importance of not exceeding speed limits. High driving speeds cause big costs to society. Eventually the problem of speeding will be solved in the future by using speed restrictors in all cars. Around year 2025 the speed of all cars may be under the control of traffic centres. Meanwhile other measures like automatic speed enforcement will increase. High driving speeds and traffic safety According to traffic safety research higher driving speed increases accident risk because: - With higher driving speed the driver has less time to react when something unexpected occurs. Higher driving speed increases both the distance travelled during reaction time and distance travelled during braking. The laws of physics narrow down the driver's possibilities to avoid collision by braking or by evasive manoeuvres. Higher driving speed means longer stopping distance and greater radius for minimum curvature. - It becomes more difficult to observe other road users and road environment (field of vision narrows and capacity to handle observations stays constant). There is less time to focus eyes, to observe, to read
2 observations, to plan action and to act. Important observations are missed totally or they are observed too late. - In case of accident higher driving speed causes the consequences to be more severe. The severity of injuries in traffic accidents depend greatly of the rapid change of speed (Δv) during the moment of collision (typically seconds). Figure 1 illustrates a head-on collision of a lighter car (1 500 kg) and a heavy truck ( kg). The driving speed of car is 100 km/h and truck is travelling at 60 km/h. Both drivers notice each other from the distance of 100 meters. The reaction time of both drivers is 1.5 s and at braking the value of deceleration is 8 m/s_. At the impact the speed of the car is 75 km/h and the speed of the truck 41km/h. After the head on-collision both cars continue at the direction of the heavier truck with the speed of 28 km/h. Thus the Δv of the car is 103 km/h and the Δv of the truck is 13 km/h. This rapid change in the speed of the car would almost certainly be fatal (Kallberg 2001). Nopeus (km/h) Driving speed (km/h) Driving speed and speed at collission kg 28 km/h v 1 = 103 km/h, Reaction time 1.5 s Declereation 8 m/s? v 2 = 13 km/h kg Distance Matka (m) Figure 1. An example of the effect of driving speed at head-on collision (Kallberg 2001). If the lighter car approaches the situation with the speed of 70 km/h instead of 100 km/h and all the other parameters remain the same, the Δv of the car is dropped to only 15 km/h and the Δv of the truck is 2 km/h. This can be the difference on not to be harmed and getting killed (Figure 1). Figure 2 illustrates that pedestrian safety depends to a great extent on the speeds of cars. The connection between the collision speed and the severity of an accident is very dramatic. The collision speed of 50 km/h increases the risk of a pedestrian death almost eight-fold compared to a speed of 30 km/h. Almost nobody dies in collisions with a speed below 20 kph (Pasanen 1991). Figure 2: The effect of the collision speed on the probability of death of a pedestrian (Pasanen 1991).
3 According to Swedish findings (Andersson & Nilsson 1997) change in number of accidents depends on change in the mean speed of the traffic flow. On roads of a given type, injury accident rate, severe injury (including fatal) accident rate and fatal accident rate increase roughly as the 2nd, 3rd and 4th powers of the change of the mean traffic speed as illustrated in Figure 3. Effects of mean speed on the number of accidents Onnettomuusriskin muutos (%) Change in accidents (%) Change Keskinopeuden mean muutos speed (%) (%) Kaikki All injury acc. henkilövahinkon Kuolemaan Severe injury tai vakavaan acc. loukkaantumiseen Kuolemaan Fatal acc % in mean speed + 45 % fatal accidents + 21 % injury accidents Figure 3:Effects of mean speed on the number of accidents (Andersson & Nilsson 1997). There are numerous empirical studies about the effects of driving speed on the number of accidents. One could generalise that a change of 1 km/h in mean speed causes 2-3 % change in the number of injury accidents. The change in number of fatal accidents is even greater. - The effects of higher speeds can not be compensated. The magnitude of speed does not affect reaction time to a considerable extent. A study (Törnros 1995) found no significant difference in drivers' reaction times while driving at speed 70, 90 or 110 km/h. Increase in alertness may apply for a short time but not for a longer time. What causes so many of the car drivers to exceed speed limits? Many drivers do exceed the existing speed limit despite of the negative consequences in the form of many serious traffic accidents. There are numerous explanations for this kind of behaviour. Some of the most common reasons for speeding are: - Driving fast gives driver extra pleasure. Some people simply like to drive fast and for them it's fun. - Drivers want to drive as others do. Believing that other drivers drive faster makes you drive faster. A Nordic study (Åberg, Larsen, Glad & Beilinson 1997) showed that car drivers experienced social pressure from other road users in their choice of speed. The drivers overestimated other drivers' speed, wanted to drive like others, and believed that other drivers thought they were driving too slowly. - By driving faster you save time. You reach your destination sooner. Haste is often used excuse for speeding - Young drivers have so called extra motives. A fast driving young is valued more he is braver. - Speed enforcement is very incidental. The likelihood of being apprehended for speeding is perceived very low. An example can be found from Finland. Dr. Eero Pasanen has estimated that in Helsinki an average driver is punished once in 20 years for driving to fast and once in 100 years for driving against a red light. - Drivers likelihood of meeting with a fatal accident is very low. According to Finnish National Road Administrations statistics from 2001 and 2002 on public roads (mainly outside built-up areas) a driver with an average risk driving km annually will be involved in a fatal accident once every to years (depending on road type and annual mileage). According to a Swedish model the risk of fatal accident increases by 45 % as driving speed increases by 10 %. Since the possibility of serious accident is very low 10 % higher speed would raise the probability to be involved in fatal accident only to once in 900 to years. In other words: With luck even a quite reckless driver may survive his whole driving career without ever being involved in a severe accident. - In public there are contradictory opinions on the effects of speeding to traffic safety as well as regarding speeding as a crime or an offence at all.
4 - You don t feel driving fast in a modern car as uncomfortable or frightening. Modern cars are quiet and they have excellent suspension. Some of the modern safety features in cars today (like advanced brakes etc.) may result in higher speeds as compensation. The excuses for speeding listed above are so strong that changes in driver behaviour regarding speed choice cannot be achieved with educational means only. Individual drivers obviously need some kind of support to obey the speed limits better. The means to reduce speeding The three most effective means to reduce speeds today are: 1. Structural changes in road environment, such as roundabouts, humps etc., 2. Speed limiters in cars and 3. Increasing the volume of speed enforcement to a much higher level. The drivers should feel that the likelihood of being apprehended for speeding is always present The structural solutions on roads and streets are extremely effective. Traffic calming (building humps and roundabouts) lowers the speed of most vehicles. The problem with structural calming is that it's so expensive and very local. The coverage is poor. To some extent the speeds can also be reduced by lowering the speed limits. Speed limits need to be acceptable to most of the drivers. Without proper enforcement just lowering the value of the speed limit does not have enough effect on highest speeds. Speed limiters are already in use in heavy traffic. In cars speed limiters are expected to become common around the year The greatest potential in influencing the driving speeds lies in effective speed enforcement and especially in automatic camera enforcement. In many countries automatic speed enforcement also requires changes in traffic legislation. The principle of drivers' responsibility is vital for effective camera enforcement. Furthermore effective enforcement would cause driver demand for in-vehicle systems like speed limiters. Several items need to be discussed and weighed in public before the changes in traffic legislation can be made. For example following topics need to weighed by the decision-makers: - Legal protection of suspected person vs. people s right in safe traffic - Juridical condemnability of speeding vs. high risk of detection for speeding - Responsibility of driver vs. responsibility of the owner of the vehicle Maybe the problem of speeding should be regarded more as a matter of public health and less as a matter of traffic crime. Several studies prove the effectiveness of camera enforcement. A good example (Smith 2000) comes from state of Victoria in Australia, where the percentage of speeding and the number of fatal accidents fell dramatically as the amount of the camera enforcement hours was increased. Automatic camera enforcement is highly comprehended among road users as a safety measure. In Finland 861 car drivers were asked in a questionnaire: "Do you find automatic speed enforcement acceptable? " The result showed that 86 % of the drivers found automatic camera enforcement acceptable or very acceptable (Beilinson et al. 2004). Finally High driving speeds and speeding cause tremendous accident costs for the society. Individual drivers, however, have difficulties in obeying speed limits because of many positive feedbacks and rare negative ones. The risk of getting involved in a serious traffic accident is very low and the risk of getting caught for speeding is also considered low. Driving according to speed limits should be easier for drivers. Sufficiently intensive speed enforcement performed largely by automatic speed cameras motivates drivers to pay more intention to driving speed. Furthermore, effective speed enforcement causes drivers demand for in-vehicle systems such as intelligent speed adaptors and other speed restrictors. In the future this problem will be solved by traffic centres, which will eventually manage all driving speeds. Meanwhile waiting many lives may be saved with the help of effective speed enforcement.
5 References Andersson, G. & Nilsson, G Speed Management in Sweden. Swedish National road and Transport Research Institute (VTI) 12 p. Beilinson, L., Rathmayer, R. & Wuolijoki, A Kuljettajien käsitykset nopeusvalvonnan yleisyydestä ja puuttumiskynnyksistä (Driver views on frequency and tolerance of speed enforcement). VTT Research Notes p. + app. 9p. Kallberg, V-P Ajonopeuksien vaikutus liikenneturvallisuuteen (The effect of driving speed on traffic safety). Oral presentation on traffic safety seminar for traffic journalists. 12 p. (in Finnish) Pasanen, E Ajonopeudet ja jalankulkijan turvallisuus (Driving speeds and pedestrian safety). Espoo, Finland. Helsinki University of Technology, Traffic laboratory, Publication 72 (in Finnish). Smith, R Speed, Traffic Cameras and Justice: Lessons Learned in Victoria, Australia. Proceedings of the Conference: Road Safety on Three Continents in Pretoria September Törnros, J Effect of Driving Speed on reaction Time During Motorway Driving. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.27, No. 4. p Åberg, L., Larsen, L., Glad, A., & Beilinson, L Observed vehicle speed and drivers' perceived speed of others. Applied Pychology: An International Review, 46 (3), Keywords: Traffic safety, Speeding, Enforcement, Owner responsibility
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