ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN BODY

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1 ANALYSIS OF THE HUMAN BODY - The AnyBody Modeling System is revolutionary software for computer analysis of the working human body What if... What if you knew the forces in your shoulder muscles as a function of your posture while you work with a computer? Perhaps you would be able to configure your workplace to avoid shoulder and neck fatigue? What if the orthopaedic surgeon knew the loads on a hip prosthesis as a function of its angle with the knee axis? Perhaps he would be able to maximize the lifetime of the implant? What if the office chair designer knew how to support the body to minimize the muscle force necessary to maintain seated posture? Perhaps office workers would increase their productivity and reduce their fatigue? What if the bicycle designer knew how the crank position, pedal arm length, and upper body posture affect the distribution of work between the leg muscles while pedaling? Perhaps you could design a bicycle that would postpone fatigue when riding uphill or against the wind? What if indeed!

2 The Vision Are you sitting comfortably? Perhaps you are reading this at your desk, perhaps in your living room, or perhaps while commuting on a train? Regardless of where you are, chances are that man-made objects surround you: the seats in your car, the chair you are sitting in, your table, the keyboard on your computer, the doors, the floor, the windows... How many of the objects you see do not have some sort of interaction with the human body? You can find out how heat is conducted from the room to the environment. How the sound waves your feet generate when they hit the floor are transferred as vibrations through the structure, or how a computer screen emits electromagnetic radiation. Is it not strange that there is almost no property of technical products that you cannot measure or analyze, but nobody knows the load on your spine while you are sitting in a chair, or how the door handle design influences the joint forces in your wrist? Even very simple physical properties of the working human body remain unknown. Until now... The AnyBody Modeling System computes the influence of the environment on the human body: The joint forces when using a particular tool. The metabolism during a bicycle ride. The force in the soleus muscle when jumping. The load on an orthopaedic implant; the information on which truly ergonomic design is based. AnyBody computes the influence of the environment on the human body: The joint forces when using a particular tool. The metabolism during a bicycle ride. The force in the soleus muscle when jumping. The load on an orthopaedic implant. What is the influence of antetorsion angle on loading of a hip prosthesis? How can you design a pedaling mechanism for use by paraplegics through functional electric stimulation? How is a car seat designed for maximum driving comfort? How does upper body posture influence muscle activation on a racing bicycle? Can you design ski poles that enhance efficiency in cross country skiing? How many of the objects you see do not have some sort of interaction with the human body? The implications are virtually infinite. Current investigations conducted with AnyBody include;

3 The AnyBody Modeling System The AnyBody Modeling System (AMS) is a software system for modeling the mechanics of the human body. It computes forces in individual muscles, joint forces, metabolism, elastic energy in tendons, antagonistic muscle actions, and many other useful properties of the working human body. And most important of all, it can handle models with hundreds of muscles on ordinary personal computers. This ability alone makes the system unique. AnyScript In the AMS, you construct models in the body modeling language AnyScript. Models consist of segments (bones), which are considered rigid, joints between the segments, and muscle-tendon units with physiological properties. Drivers create the movement, and you can add external forces to the model. The system computes the variation of individual muscle and joint forces through the movement. From that information, properties such as tendon elastic energy, metabolism, muscle activation, and antagonistic muscle actions are derived by the system. and other items in our environment decide the working conditions of the human body. In short ergonomics. The AnyBody Modeling System models not just the body, but also the objects it interfaces to; the seat and the crank mechanism of a bicycle, the backrest and foot support of a chair, the steering wheel and gearshift of a car. With The AMS, you can investigate in detail the ergonomic consequences of design parameters. How does the table height influence elbow forces when working with a computer mouse? How does the pedal arm length influence the metabolic efficiency in bicycling? Scaling Models in the AnyBody Modeling System are parametric. It is easy to change the strength of a muscle, the length of a segment, or the direction of an exterior force. But the AMS does more than that. The system can optimize the model and automatically find the combination of parameters that best fulfill a given purpose; the dimensions of a bicycle that minimize muscle fatigue for given rider dimensions. So, how much will a planned joint replacement be loaded? What are the forces in the quadriceps tendon during bicycling? How does the wrist angle affect tendon forces in the hand during typing on a keyboard? These and many other questions can be answered using the AnyBody Modeling System. Ergonomic design The human body functions in conjunction with its environment. The design of tools, furniture, bicycles, workplaces, Inverse-inverse dynamics In the AnyBody Modeling System analysis begins with the movement. What happens if the movement is unknown? How can you simulate a dinosaur jump? The AMS employs a technique called inverse-inverse dynamics. In short, it means that the movement is parametric and can be determined by the optimization capability of the system. If dinosaurs knew how to jump optimally given their body design, then you can replicate the movement in the AMS.

4 AnyBody-to-Automotive Egress Getting in and out of vehicles is becoming an increasingly important design issue for the automotive industry with the general ageing of the population. Door Closing Elderly people often experience difficulty in closing car doors due to shortcomings in body strenght and flexibility, and suboptimal positioning of the door handle. This increases loads in elbow and shoulder joints. Steering/Cornering Cornering causes centrifugal forces, which the body must withstand with the aid of supports offered by the package environment. In the case of F1 race drivers, this centrifugal acceleration can exceed 4g. This example investigates how the placement of a handle high or low on the window frame influences the necessary muscular effort to exit the vehicle. The analysis shows that a high position of the handle is preferable, but it also shows that as long as the handle is above a certain height, there is little to gain. In order to minimize these loads without discarding the existing door design, it is possible to analyze the ergonomic benefits of e.g. lowering the mass of the door. Pedal design Part of the package design of an automobile is the pedal system. Since the pedal system is designed with force feedback, this may cause fatigue or lack of control to the driver. Without proper support, this loads the muscles in the upper body and the neck to the limit, and significantly reduces the ability to control the vehicle. Pre-Crash Future automotive safety systems will include capabilities to respond to occupant behavior prior to impact. Having this freedom of placement can be important in the design of a product as highly optimized as a modern car. The optimum passive safety system response to an occupant tensing up prior to the impact will be different from the one needed for a fully relaxed, because muscle forces will influence the net acceleration experienced. Together with the leg, the pedal forms a complex mechanical system, which must be simulated and analyzed for redesigning the pedal system to a higher ergonomic standard. References AnyBody Technology has worked with Ford Forschungszentrum Aachen and TECOSIM Technische Simulation GmbH in Germany, and with Honda R&D Center in Japan.

5 Orthopedics: Modeling for life Playing a part... At AnyBody Technology we believe we have something important to offer. Possessing expert knowledge on biomechanics and solid competencies in software development, we play a small, but innovative part in the global orthopedic value chain. AnyBody Technology provides biomechanical modeling software and consultancy to the orthopedic industry with the purpose of optimizing the quality of orthopedic designs - which directly translates to improving life for patients. Modeling for life Whether developing for the most critical trauma devices, implants, or for long-term rehabilitation, the quality of orthopedic designs will be judged by the patients every minute of their post-operative lives. Implementing an alien object into a body changes the mechanics in unpredictable ways. Hence, attention should be payed to altered loads in the bones, joints and muscles of the patients. The quality of the patients post-operative lives depends upon it. With the AnyBody Modeling System, you can assess the impact a spinal fixation device, a hip prosthesis or simply the daily use of a wheelchair will have on the human body, in terms of forces in muscles and joints. Trauma implants Orthopedic trauma surgery can cause dramatic changes in the way a human body compensates for limitations in movement. The implanting of internal/external fixation devices, screws and plates can be modeled in aiming for optimum placement and design. Modeling lumbar spinal fixation Above is a model example illustrating a lumbar spinal fixation with the purpose of calculating shear and compression forces in the adjacent vertebrae during weight bearing and various spinal movements. Prosthetics The AnyBody Modeling System opens for preliminary modeling and analysis of prostheses design. When designing for any kind of prosthesis, research questions about the patients post-operative condition in terms of muscle activities, joint reactions or abduction strenght could be answered using the software. Below is a model example of a hip bone prosthesis. Investigating joint forces and muscle activitities in the post-operative hip can reveal unsuited prosthesis designs. Modeling hip prosthesis Rehabilitation Modeling wheelchair design Most wheelchair users experience load-induced shoulder pain after several years use. It can be a very serious condition for an individual relying entirely on the arms for ambulation. The wheelchair parameters such as wheel diameter, pushrim position, axle position, and camber influence the shoulder forces during use. But precisely how? With computer simulation you get the best way to gain knowledge about the influence of the wheelchair design on body loads. Model example illustrating wheelchair design s effect on shoulder muscle forces. Ver. 11, February 2008

6 AnyBody in microgravity Microgravity conditions are the most serious threat to the health of astronauts on extended space missions. The human body loses muscle mass and bone minerals at an alarming rate in space, and it is simply not possible to perform space travel to other planets unless a solution to this problem is found. Unfortunately microgravity conditions are impossible to recreate for more than a very short time without going to space. The only other option is to use numerical simulation, and the AnyBody Modeling System is the perfect tool for the purpose. An AnyBody model is a full-blown implementation of the mechanics of the human body including body forces. Therefore, creating microgravity is merely a matter of changing the gravity setting in the model. Muscle and joint forces The human body is perpetually optimizing itself. Without gravity, the body rapidly removes the structures that were created to withstand it: muscle tissue and the structural integrity of the bones. The first step towards solving the microgravity problem is therefore to understand precisely which loads it causes on the human muscles and bones. AnyBody simulates the individual force in each muscle end applies these forces to the bones. This creates reliable estimates of joint forces completing the entire picture of the loading of each muscle and each bone in daily living situations. Design of exercises Knowledge of the forces on muscles and bones makes it possible to design exercises that can be performed under microgravity conditions and which mimic the forces these structures sustain under gravity conditions. While astronaut exercises today are mostly designed to apply external forces similar to gravity, a better solution may be much more ingenious. The penguin suit The Russian space program has created the so-called penguin suit. It was in use from 1978 and was equipped with elastic bands against which the wearer must work when moving. Is it possible to create a suit that by means of simple elastic elements loads the human body with similar forces as gravity? Any- Body can answer the question. High gravity Space travel is not just low gravity conditions. The acceleration necessary to obtain escape velocity and the deceleration of re-entry causes loads on the human body that can be amplified by the mass of helmets, space suits and other wearable equipment. With the AnyBody Modeling System you can compute exactly how this equipment influences the human body.

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