Scientists cannot avoid affecting the environment. However, they want to affect it as little as possible.

Transcription

1 Q. Antarctica is a huge land mass surrounding the Earth s south pole. It is covered in a very thick layer of ice and is the only remaining large area of the Earth s surface that has not been affected very much by humans. There are, however, teams of scientists from various countries studying Antarctica. These scientists need electricity for lighting, for their computers and other scientific instruments and to communicate, via satellite, with the rest of the world. The temperature in Antarctica is always sub-zero, so the scientists need some way of keeping their buildings warm. They also need fuel to be able to get around on their snowmobiles. Scientists cannot avoid affecting the environment. However, they want to affect it as little as possible. Atmospheric pollution produced in one country eventually affects the whole of the Earth s atmosphere. The hole that appears each year in the ozone layer above Antarctica, for example, is mainly caused by pollutants such as CFCs from countries in the northern half of the Earth. Page of 72

2 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using the following energy sources to meet the scientists needs: solar energy energy from the wind natural gas (present in large quantities deep down in the Antarctic land mass) diesel oil (which would have to be imported) (Total 0 marks) Q2. The diagram shows what happens to each 00 joules of energy from the coal which is burned in a power station when the electricity is used for lighting. (3) (a) Add the missing figures to the diagram. Page 2 of 72

3 (b) By spending the same amount of money the electricity company could install new power lines which only waste half as much energy as the old ones; or use a quarter of the heat wasted at the power station to heat schools in a nearby town. or replace all the light bulbs in everyone s homes with bulbs which produce the same amount of light but use only a fifth as much electricity. (About 0% of the electricity in homes is used for lighting.) Which of these two things do you think they should do? Give a reason for your answer (4) (c) You can work out the efficiency of an energy transfer system like this: (i) How efficient are ordinary light bulbs at transferring electrical energy as light? () How efficient is the complete system at transferring the energy from coal as light when ordinary light bulbs are used? () (Total 9 marks) Page 3 of 72

4 Q3. The diagram shows what happens to each 00 joules (J) of energy from the coal which is burned in a power station. (a) (b) Put the missing figures in the spaces on the diagram. By spending the same amount of money the electricity company could: either install new power lines which only waste half as much energy as the old ones; or use a quarter of the heat wasted at the power station to heat schools in a nearby town. Which of these two things do you think they should do? Give a reason for your answer.... (2)... (2) (Total 4 marks) Page 4 of 72

5 Q4. (a) The pie-chart shows how energy is used in a home. Complete the table using the information on the pie-chart. (2) (b) We get some of the energy we need in our homes from electricity. The graphs show how the amounts of coal and gas used to generate electricity changed between 960 and 990. Describe these changes. Coal Gas (4) (c) Read the information below. More carbon dioxide in the air may change the weather. Farmers may then not be able to produce the food we need. Burning coal produces sulphur dioxide. Burning gas does not do this. It is cheaper to generate electricity from gas than from coal. Page 5 of 72

6 Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain which can kill fish and damage buildings. Two power stations generate the same amount of electricity. The one which burns gas produces less carbon dioxide than the other which burns coal. Many people say that the change from coal to gas is better for the environment. Why do you think they say this? (3) (Total 9 marks) Q5. On a very windy hilltop there are two wind generators side by side. The bar charts show the lengths of the turbine blades and the electrical outputs of the two wind generators. Page 6 of 72

7 Complete the following table. LENGTH OF TURBINE BLADE (m) ELECTRICAL OUTPUT (MW) Large wind generator 60 Small wind generator (Total 3 marks) Q6. The table shows the main sources of the energy used in Britain in 990. coal 35% oil 35% gas 24% nuclear 5% moving water (hydro) % (a) Finish the pie-chart, using the figures in the table. (3) (b) How does the amount of energy obtained from nuclear sources in 990 compare with the amount obtained from moving water? () Page 7 of 72

8 (c) Moving water (hydro) is a renewable energy source. Write down the name of one other renewable energy source.... () (d) Explain why electricity is not included in the table of energy sources () (Total 6 marks) Q7. The table shows the main sources of energy used in Britain in 990. coal 35% oil 35% gas 24% nuclear 5% moving water (hydro) % (a) Finish the pie-chart, using the figures in the table. (4) (b) Complete the following sentences. To release energy from coal, gas and oil they must be burned. Coal, gas and oil are all... () Page 8 of 72

9 (c) Which one of the energy sources in the table is renewable?... Write down the name of one other renewable energy source.... (2) (d) How does the amount of energy obtained from nuclear sources in 990 compare with the amount obtained from moving water? (2) (Total 9 marks) Page 9 of 72

10 Q8. Electricity may be produced from a number of different energy resources. (i) Complete the table below. The first one has been done for you. Device Energy resource Useful energy transfer from resource Coal-fired power station Coal Chemical electrical Hydroelectric power station Stored water... electrical Solar cell in calculator Sun... electrical Wind turbine Wind... electrical Gas-fired power station Gas... electrical (4) Page 0 of 72

11 Give one of the five energy resources opposite, which is not classified as renewable.... () (iii) State another non-renewable energy resource.... () (Total 6 marks) Q9. The drawing shows a hydro-electric dam. Water from the top of the dam flows through pipes to the power station at the bottom of the dam. (a) Complete the following boxes to show the useful energy transfer which occurs as the water flows through the pipes to the power station. (2) Page of 72

12 (b) The electricity generated by the power station is transmitted over long distances. Before this happens its voltage is increased by using a step-up transformer. State and explain one advantage and one disadvantage of transmitting electricity at high voltage. Advantage (2) Disadvantage (2) (Total 6 marks) Q0. The bar chart shows the relative costs of some different energy sources that are used to generate electricity. Page 2 of 72

13 (a) Apart from cost, give two advantages that a hydroelectric power station has compared with a wind farm (2) (b) Apart from cost, give one advantage and one disadvantage that a nuclear power station has compared with a coal-fired power station. Advantage Disadvantage (2) (c) State and explain one situation where it is better to use solar energy, rather than any of the other energy sources, to generate electricity (2) (Total 6 marks) Q. The table shows the main sources of energy used to generate electricity. Energy source Percentage (%) coal 35 hydroelectric 5 natural gas 25 nuclear oil 5 (a) Complete the table by writing in the percentage for nuclear power. () Page 3 of 72

14 (b) Use the information from the table to complete and label the pie chart below. (2) (c) Why can hydroelectric generators be used to meet sudden increases in the demand for electricity?... () (d) Gases are released when fossil fuels burn. (i) Which one of these gases increases the greenhouse effect? () Which one of these gases produces acid rain? () (Total 6 marks) Q2. Different energy sources are shown in the box. An Eco-home is one which is friendly to the environment. Imagine you are designing an Eco-home which can use any of the energy sources above to generate electricity Page 4 of 72

15 (a) Choose one non-renewable energy source from the box above that could provide the electricity supply to your Eco-home, but which would be unsuitable. Write the energy source in the table and explain, as fully as you can, why it is unsuitable for an Eco-home. Non-renewable energy source Unsuitable for an Eco-home because (2) Page 5 of 72

16 (b) Choose two suitable renewable energy sources from the box opposite that could provide an electricity supply to your Eco-home. Write the two energy sources in the table and describe, in as much detail as you can, the undesirable environmental effects of using these. Renewable energy source Undesirable environmental effects (4) (Total 6 marks) Page 6 of 72

17 Q3. Use of renewable sources of energy is expected to increase. The table shows the comparative costs of producing I kwh of electricity from different energy sources. Types of energy sources used in the UK Cost of producing kwh of electrical energy Fossil fuels (non-renewable) Coal.0 p Gas.4 p Oil.5 p Nuclear fuels (non-renewable) Nuclear 0.9 p Renewable Hydroelectric 0.2 p Wind 0.9 p Installation and decommissioning costs are not included At present about 2% of electricity generated in the UK uses renewable energy sources. Consider the three types of energy sources in the table and give one advantage and one disadvantage for each (other than installation and decommissioning costs). Advantage Using fossil fuels Using nuclear fuels Using renewable sources Disadvantage Using fossil fuels Using nuclear fuels Using renewable sources (Total 6 marks) Page 7 of 72

18 Q4. Electricity is a useful form of energy. (a) Different energy sources can be used to generate electricity. Give one advantage and one disadvantage (other than cost) of using each energy source to generate electricity in the UK. Using wind Advantage... Using wind Disadvantage Using coal Using coal (4) Page 8 of 72

19 (b) List A shows three electrical devices. List B gives the type of useful energy transferred. Draw a straight line from each electrical device in List A to the useful energy it transfers in List B. (2) (Total 6 marks) Page 9 of 72

20 Q5. State and explain the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear power stations to produce electricity (Total 4 marks) Q6. The map below shows the position of two towns, A and B, on the banks of a large river estuary. A is an important fishing and ferry port. The wind usually blows from the west. The major roads and railways are shown. A power station is to be built in area X to generate electricity for the region. The choice is between a nuclear power station and a coal fired power station. Page 20 of 72

21 (a) State the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods of generating electrical energy (6) (b) Which method would you choose for this site?... Explain the reason for your choice (3) (Total 9 marks) Q7. The diagram below shows four stages in the production of electricity by a coal-fired power station. Page 2 of 72

22 (a) (i) Write down two environmental problems which are caused by burning coal to generate electricity How may these environmental problems be reduced? (4) (b) Some data for Didcot coal-fired power station is given below. Number of generators 4 Maximum continuous power rating of a generator 500 MW at V Energy content of coal used J per tonne Total quantity of coal used each day tonnes Use the given data to calculate: (i) the total electrical energy output each day. Answer...J/day the total input of coal energy each day. Answer...J/day Page 22 of 72

23 (iii) the efficiency of the power station. Answer... % (8) (c) Energy is conserved. (i) Choose one of the stages in the diagram at the start of the question. State what happens to the wasted energy during this stage. Explain what happens to all wasted energy during energy transfers. (3) (Total 5 marks) Q8. Transformer A produces a very high voltage to transmit the electrical energy through the National Grid. Explain why electrical energy is transmitted at a very high voltage (Total 3 marks) Page 23 of 72

24 Q9. Describe, in as much detail as you can, how the energy stored in coal is transferred into electrical energy in a power station (Total 5 marks) Q20. The outline diagram below shows a tidal power generating system. Gates in the barrage are open when the tide is coming in and the basin is filling to the high tide level. The gates are then closed as the tide begins to fall. Once the tide outside the barrage has dropped the water can flow through large turbines in the barrage which drive generators to produce electrical energy. In one second kg of water flows through the turbines at a speed of 20 m/s. Page 24 of 72

25 (a) When used with a water speed of 20 m/s the system has an efficiency of 90% in converting the kinetic energy of the water into electrical energy. Calculate the power output of the generators (2) (b) The power output of a coal fired power station is 000 MW ( x 0 9 W). (i) Suggest two advantages of coal fired power stations over tidal power generating systems Suggest two advantages of tidal power generating systems over coal fired power stations (iii) Suggest and explain one disadvantage of a tidal power generating system (6) (Total 8 marks) Page 25 of 72

26 Q2. The map below shows an industrial region (shaded). The prevailing wind is from the west. There is a nearby mountainous area, from which a river flows through the region. The major road and rail links are shown. A power station is to be built to supply electrical energy to the region. The energy will be for a range of domestic and industrial uses. The choice is between a coal fired power station, wind turbines and a hydroelectric scheme. Three local groups each support a different option. Choose which option you would support and justify your choice by making reference to the financial, social and environmental implications of your choice compared with those of the alternative systems. (Total 8 marks) Q22. The outline diagram below shows part of the National Grid. At X the transformer increases the voltage to a very high value. At Y the voltage is reduced to 240 V for use by consumers. Page 26 of 72

27 (i) At X a transformer increases the voltage. What happens to the current as the voltage is increased?... () Why is electrical energy transmitted at very high voltages? () (iii) The transformer at Y reduces the voltage before it is supplied to houses. Why is this done? () (Total 3 marks) Q23. (a) Coal, gas, oil and wood are all examples of fuels. (i) What are fuels? () Write the names of these fuels in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable. (2) Page 27 of 72

28 (b) The list below shows energy resources which are not fuels. geothermal nuclear solar tides wind Write the names of the energy resources in the table below to show which are renewable and which are non-renewable. (2) (c) Why is it better to use more renewable energy resources rather than non-renewable resources? (2) (Total 7 marks) Page 28 of 72

29 Q24. In a traditional power station 30% of the energy input is usefully transferred to electricity, the rest is wasted as heat. The diagram shows the energy transfers in a combined heat and power (CHP) station. Explain why replacing traditional power stations by CHP stations may be beneficial to the environment (Total 2 marks) Q25. (a) Electricity can be generated using different energy resources. (i) Draw lines to link each way of producing electricity to a statement about an energy resource. (4) Page 29 of 72

30 Which one of these methods of producing electricity uses a non-renewable energy resource?... () (b) The wind is a renewable energy resource. (i) One of the following statements describes the source of energy that creates a wind. Tick the box next to the correct statement. The Earth turning on its axis. The gravity pull of the Moon. Heat from the Sun. () Complete the sentence by choosing the correct word from the box. heat kinetic sound A wind turbine transfers... energy to electrical energy. () (iii) A wind turbine does not produce electricity all of the time. Why not?... () (Total 8 marks) Q26. (a) (i) A student wrote "Coal traps energy from the Sun". Explain what the student means (2) How is energy released from coal? () Page 30 of 72

31 (b) The diagram shows the waste products from a coal-fired power station. (i) In what form does the power station waste energy?... () Carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere will lead to a rise in the Earth s temperature. Why? () (Total 5 marks) Q27. (a) A swimming pool has a wave making machine. The diagram shows the water wave pattern for 3 seconds. (i) How many water waves are shown in the diagram?... () What is the frequency of the water waves?... () Page 3 of 72

32 (iii) Which one of the units below is used to measure frequency? Underline your answer. hertz joule watt () (b) The diagram shows the direction of the waves across the pool. The waves reflect off the side of the pool. Draw a line on the diagram to show the direction of the waves after they hit the side of the pool. () (c) The swimming pool is used to test a model of an electricity generator. The waves make the floating generator move up and down. This energy is transferred to electricity. (i) In the following sentence, cross out the two lines that are wrong in the box. The diagram shoes that the amplitude of the waves pass the generator. as the waves () What type of energy does the generator transfer to electricity?... () (iii) Energy from ocean waves could be used to generate electricity. Would this be a renewable or non-renewable energy resource?... () (Total 7 marks) Page 32 of 72

33 Q28. (a) Most electricity in Britain is generated by coal fired power stations. Complete the sequence of useful energy transfers which take place in the power station. () (b) The diagram shows a wind turbine which is used to produce electricity using energy from the wind. (i) What is the source of energy which creates winds? () Explain the advantage of using a wind turbine to produce electricity. (2) (Total 4 marks) Page 33 of 72

34 Q29. (a) Explain how energy is produced in the Sun (3) (b) Read the following article that appeared in a magazine. Conservation of energy is important in today s society. Energy sources, such as oil and coal, which have been used for the development of an industrial society, cannot be relied upon as heavily in the future. Renewable energy sources cannot provide such large quantities of energy for society without causing problems. (i) Give two reasons why oil should not be relied on as a major source of energy for the future (2) Energy from the wind is a renewable energy resource. State three problems which may arise if the wind were to be used to meet the energy requirements of a large industrial city in Britain (3) (Total 8 marks) Page 34 of 72

35 Q30. A castle is a long way from the nearest town. Batteries power the car park ticket machine. Solar cells are used to keep the batteries charged. (a) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct words from the box. Each word may be used once or not at all. chemical electrical heat light sound (i) The energy input to the solar cells is... energy. The useful energy output from the solar cells is... energy. () () (b) For every 500 J of energy absorbed by the solar cells, 75 J of energy are transferred to the batteries. Use the following equation to calculate the efficiency of the solar cells. Show clearly how you work out your answer. Efficiency = Efficiency = (2) Page 35 of 72

36 (c) Which one of the following statements gives the main reason for using solar cells to charge the batteries? Tick ( ) the box next to your choice. Solar cells give a constant supply of electricity. A few solar cells can provide a large amount of electricity. The ticket machine is a long way from other electricity supplies. () (d) The graph shows how the cost of producing electricity using solar cells has changed. Use the graph to predict the cost of one Unit of electricity in () (Total 6 marks) ## (a) In Britain most power stations burn fuel to produce heat. The diagram shows the stages by which the heat is transferred into electrical energy. Complete the diagram by filling in the missing word. Water heated to produce steam Steam turns a turbine Turbine turns a coil in a... Electricity is produced () Page 36 of 72

37 (b) A fuel burning power station uses 2000 joules of fuel energy to generate 600 joules of electrical energy. The rest of the fuel energy is wasted as heat. (i) For every 600 joules of electrical energy generated, how much fuel energy is wasted as heat? () Use the following equation to calculate the efficiency of the power station. Show clearly how you work out your answer. efficiency = efficiency =... (2) (c) List A gives three energy resources used to generate electricity. List B gives environmental problems that may be caused by using different energy resources. Draw a straight line from each energy resource in List A to the environmental problem it may cause in List B. Draw three lines only. (3) Page 37 of 72

38 (d) A small wind generator is used to charge a battery. The graph shows the power output of the generator at different wind speeds. (i) What is the maximum power produced by the generator?... watts () The generator is designed to stop if the wind speed is too high. At what wind speed does the generator stop working?... m/s () (iii) Give one disadvantage of using a wind generator to charge a battery. () (Total 0 marks) Page 38 of 72

39 Q32. (a) The bar chart shows the start-up time for different types of fuel-burning power stations. Which type of power station would be the quickest to start producing electricity?... () (b) A fuel-burning power station is more reliable than a wind generator at producing electricity. Explain why (2) (c) Fuel-burning power stations may produce air pollution. Why does a wind generator not produce any air pollution? () (Total 4 marks) Page 39 of 72

40 Q33. The diagram shows how electricity is distributed from power stations to consumers. (a) (i) What name is given to the network of cables and transformers that links power stations to consumers? () What does a step-up transformer do? () (iii) Explain why step-up transformers are used in the electricity distribution system. (2) (b) Most of the world s electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. State one environmental problem that burning fossil fuels produces () Page 40 of 72

41 (c) Electricity can be generated using energy from the wind. A company wants to build a new wind farm. Not everyone thinks that this is a good idea. (i) What arguments could the company give to persuade people that a wind farm is a good idea? (2) What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind farms are not a good idea? (2) (Total 9 marks) Page 4 of 72

42 Q34. Much of the world s electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. (a) The bar chart shows the start-up times for the three types of fossil fuel power station. Which of these power stations would take the longest to start generating electricity?... () (b) Which two of the following statements are good reasons for using fossil fuels to generate electricity? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to each of your choices. Supplies of fossil fuels are limited. Fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time. Fossil fuels are non-renewable. A few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide. (2) (c) Electricity can be generated using energy from the wind. (i) Why does a wind-powered generator not produce carbon dioxide? () Page 42 of 72

43 Which form of energy is transferred from the wind to generate electricity? Draw a ring around your answer. heat kinetic light sound () (iii) Many people say that wind-powered generators are a good idea because: when the wind blows they generate electricity they produce no pollution they generate electricity cheaply But not everyone wants more wind-powered generators to be built. What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea? (2) (Total 7 marks) Page 43 of 72

44 What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea? (2) (Total 7 marks) Q35. Much of the world s electricity is generated in power stations that burn fossil fuels. (a) The bar chart shows the start-up times for the three types of fossil fuel power station. Which of these power stations would take the longest to start generating electricity?... () Page 44 of 72

45 (b) Which two of the following statements are good reasons for using fossil fuels to generate electricity? Put a tick ( ) in the box next to each of your choices. Supplies of fossil fuels are limited. Fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time. Fossil fuels are non-renewable. A few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes. Burning fossil fuels produces carbon dioxide. (2) (c) Electricity can be generated using energy from the wind. (i) Why does a wind-powered generator not produce carbon dioxide? () Which form of energy is transferred from the wind to generate electricity? Draw a ring around your answer. heat kinetic light sound () Page 45 of 72

46 (iii) Many people say that wind-powered generators are a good idea because: when the wind blows they generate electricity they produce no pollution they generate electricity cheaply But not everyone wants more wind-powered generators to be built. What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea? (2) (Total 7 marks) What reasons may be given by the people who think that wind-powered generators are not a good idea? (2) (Total 7 marks) Page 46 of 72

47 M. ideas that direct solar radiation will provide enough energy to heat the (specially designed) buildings during the period Oct-Mar / summer solar cells will produce plenty of electricity in Oct-Mar / summer (when wind generators produce little) a couple of wind generators will produce all electricity needed (for all but heating) Apr-Oct / winter number required makes wind generators unsuitable for heating / buildings no solar energy in June and July / little in winter solar / wind have little effect on environment or cause no air pollution solar and wind complement each other or together provide energy all year fuel / gas / diesel can provide energy all the time / at any time fuel / gas / diesel needed for transport fuel / gas / diesel needed for heating in winter diesel has to be imported diesel likely to freeze gas wouldn t have to be imported drilling for gas difficult / harms environment but atmospheric pollution a global rather than local matter so any produced in Antarctic doesn t matter much (deduct mark (to min m. zero) for incorrect claims about destroying ozone layer) gas produces less carbon dioxide (for the same energy released) than diesel* gas produces less sulphur dioxide (for the same energy released than diesel* (* these ideas met by candidates in Q.6 so must be allowed, though not required) any ten for mark each [0] Page 47 of 72

48 M2. (a) (i) 65 5 (iii) 30 [credit mark if (i) + + (iii) = 00 or if (i) > (iii) > ] for mark each 3 (b) heating local schools saves 6+ J / 6.25 better cables saves 2.5 J better lamps saves 2.4 J (out of each 00 J) for mark each best to use waste heat to heat schools for mark 4 (NB credit answer consistent with own calculations even if these incorrect but must be based on at least 2 derived figures) (c) (i) / 0.03(3) / 3(.3)% (credit correct fraction even if incorrectly converted to %) / 0. / % for mark each 2 [9] M3. (a) (i) 65 (credit mark for incorrect figures if 30 they total 95 and in correct order of size) for mark each 2 (b) use quarter of heat wasted at power stations to heat nearby schools saves most energy/wastes least energy/save 6+J compared to 2.5J out of every 00J (accept approximate figures.) for mark each 2 [4] Page 48 of 72

49 ## (a) cooking and heating water 30 heating rooms 50 each for mark 2 (b) coal idea that amount used fell/declined/line goes down gains mark but idea that fall/decline is steady/gradually/approx halved gains 2 marks gas ideas that amount used rose/increased in/from 980/more used before 980/ref to 980 as an important date/rapid increase in use (credit idea that gas>coal from c.990 in either part with mark (to maximum 4) each for mark max 4 (c) less carbon dioxide produced less change to weather/food production/gained warming/water levels (no mark for greenhouse gas alone) no/less sulphur dioxide produced/coal produces sulphur dioxide less acid rain/damage to fish/buildings/trees/crops/animals/tumours etc (do not credit reference to cost unless : cheaper so can spend more on environment) ( It used in an answer will refer to gas ) any 3 for mark each 3 [9] M each for mark [3] Page 49 of 72

50 M6. (a) sectors closer to correct value than ± % nuclear (5%) gas 24% moving water % each for mark maximum of 2 marks 3 sectors labelled correctly w.r.t. rank order of size for mark But deduct mark if not all sectors used (b) 5 as much (do not credit simply more/4% more) 4 as much (c) wind/waves/solar/tides (allow geothermal/wood/biomass) any one for mark (d) idea that electricity is a secondary/man made source/needs another source to produce it for mark [6] ## (a) sectors nearer to correct value than to % either side coal 35% nuclear 5% gas 24% moving water % each for mark - to a maximum of 3 marks deduct mark if sector left blank (b) (c) three sectors labelled correctly w.r.t. rank order of size for mark (fossil) fuels (allow combustible/flammable/non renewable) moving water/hydro wind/waves/tides/solar (allow geothermal/ wood/biomass) each for mark 4 2 Page 50 of 72

51 (d) any indication that we get more (energy from nuclear sources) gains mark but 5 times as much/more gains 2 marks 2 [9] M8. (i) gravitational or potential do not accept stored light credit solar kinetic or movement chemical credit moving any one from gas coal (iii) any one from oil do not accept petrol or paraffin peat or turf nuclear credit coal or gas if not given as answer to part do not accept wood or fossil fuel or chemical [6] Page 5 of 72

52 M9. (a) mark independently (from) gravitational accept potential do not credit stored (to) kinetic accept movement (b) advantage * the current can be low (for the same power) * less energy or heat loss or power loss accept the cables do not have to be (so) thick accept less cost to support higher (rather than heavier) cables accept aluminium can be used and aluminium is cheaper than copper do not credit efficient or cheaper do not credit no loss of energy do not credit electricity loss 2 disadvantage * it is difficult to insulate high voltage * pylons have to be taller and so more expensive...to give a good separation between them and the ground /people/high vehicles or... to prevent/reduce the danger of electric shock or lethal do not credit dangerous do not credit get a shock do not credit reference to step down transformers or electromagnetic field 2 [6] M0. (a) any two from reliable accept it is not always windy can be used as storage for surplus electricity generates more electricity accept would need hundreds of wind turbines to generate this electricity takes less space is neutral no noise pollution do not accept can be started up quickly 2 Page 52 of 72

53 (b) advantage : does not produce greenhouse gases / carbon dioxide / water or acid rain / sulphur dioxide disadvantage : danger from radioactive materials if accidents or waste radioactive materials accept slower start-up time (c) any one situation with a suitable explanation satellite weigh less or work for many years or remote remote places on Earth pump water or operate phones or road signs / lights or weather stations or too expensive / impractical calculators / watches small amount of electricity needed 2 [6] M. (a) 20 accept twenty (b) correct division 35/5 larger area labelled coal accept smaller area labelled oil (c) can be started up very quickly (d) (i) carbon dioxide sulphur dioxide accept nitrogen oxidestotal [6] Page 53 of 72

54 M2. (a) (oil / natural gas / coal) no marks are given for choosing the correct non-renewable energy source burning releases carbon dioxide () greenhouse effect () OR allow 2 effects for 2 marks burning (releases sulphur dioxide () acid rain () OR (nuclear power) no marks given for choosing the correct non-renewable energy source accidents can release very dangerous radioactive material () produces waste that stays dangerously radioactive for thousands of years or radioactive waste has to be stored safely for thousands of years () accept the cost of installation and decommissioning is high 2 (b) any four from: (wind power) no marks are given for choosing the correct non-renewable energy source considered unsightly / visual pollution () very large areas of land () noisy for people living nearby / noise pollution () (tidal power) no marks are given for choosing the correct non-renewable energy source barrages / visual pollution () destroys the habitat of many living organisms () (hydroelectricity) no marks are given for choosing the correct non-renewable energy source damming / visual pollution () very large areas of land () flooding () 4 [6] Page 54 of 72

55 M3. do not give any credit for renewable or non-renewable or installation or decommissioning costs fossil fuel advantage a reliable source of energy fossil fuel disadvantage pollution by carbon dioxide / accept causes acid rain accept highest costs / more expensive than nuclear / more expensive than renewable nuclear advantage do not produce gases that increase the greenhouse effect or cause acid rain accept nuclear is cheaper than fossil nuclear disadvantage accidents / waste can release very dangerous radioactive material radiation accept it produces waste that stays dangerously radioactive for thousands of years or radioactive waste has to be stored safely for thousands of years renewable advantage there are no fuel costs almost pollution free (apart from noise and visual) accept cheaper than fossil renewable disadvantage not a reliable source of energy except for hydroelectric accept (most) require large areas of land accept visual / noise pollution [6] Page 55 of 72

56 M4. (a) Using wind (advantage) any one from can be used in remote locations renewable clean accept does not cause pollution to the air / land Using wind (disadvantage) any one from does not generate much (electrical) energy many hundreds wind turbines would be needed accept many hundreds wind turbines would be needed or too much land would be needed for wind farms or wind energy is dilute the wind is unreliable accept the wind does not blow all of the time or the wind is not always strong enough noise / visual pollution do not accept just the word pollution Using coal (advantage) any one from can generate electricity all of the time accept reliable electrical / energy supply generates a lot of (electrical) energy Using coal (disadvantage) any one from pollution by carbon dioxide / greenhouse gas accept slow start-up time or production of ash or difficult to transport (coal) or there s not much coal left non renewable pollution by sulphur dioxide acid rain Page 56 of 72

57 (b) all link lines correct accept one link line correct for one mark 2 [6] M5. Read all the answer first. See below. Mark the first two advantages and disadvantages ( or X) ignoring neutral answers. Only allow a third advantage if there is only one disadvantage given. Only allow a third disadvantage if only one advantage is given. max. 3 advantages (e.g. cheap fuel, good availability, saving fossil fuels, low running costs, reliable, more energy / kg, less fuel needed, no greenhouse gases emitted, no SO 2 causing acid rain) max. 3 disadvantages (e.g. danger to health of local community, non renewable, high cost of decommissioning, long half life of waste materials, need for safe storage of waste, high cost of commissioning, danger involved in transporting fuel / waste) max. 4 marks [4] M6. (a) must give one advantage and one disadvantage of each to get 4 marks and 2 further scoring points Advantages and disadvantages relevant to: () health risk (5) cost (6) environmental factors (7) transport/ storage e.g. common coal / nuclear high cost of building both anti-nuclear examples nuclear fuel transported on roads/rail in region possible effects on public health in surrounding area high cost of de-commissioning long life very active waste materials produced how waste materials stored safely for a long time anti-coal examples unsightly pollution supplies of fuel limited acid rain non-renewable pro-nuclear examples fuel cheap no foreseeable fuel shortage Page 57 of 72

58 pro-coal examples safe reliable large coal reserves disposal of solid waste is easier to max 6 6 (b) choice 0 marks any three valid reasons each with explanation, which may or may not be comparisons with other fuel But at least two of which must be relevant to this site 3 [9] M7. (a) (i) much ash produced acid rain global warming/greenhouse effect any 2 for mark each 2 landscaping/road building* removal of exhaust gases* use alternative source not producing CO 2 * (*sequential (i)) for mark each 2 (b) (i) E = J/day 4 (for 4 generators) (sequential on P t) = (J/day) for mark each = for mark each 2 (iii) Eff = output/input Eff =.73/4.86 Eff = 0.36 or worked to a percentage for mark each 3 Page 58 of 72

59 (c) (i) boiler heat to surroundings turbine not all steam energy used/heat/sound lost to surroundings generator heat in wires/coils/heat to surroundings transformer heat in wires/coils/heat to surroundings any for mark energy spread out/diluted as surroundings become warmer/energy lost as heat difficult to use for further useful energy/transfers any 2 for mark each 2 [5] M8. the higher the voltage the smaller the current small current gives small energy loss in the form of heat (or efficiency greater, or energy/heat losses low gets ) for mark each [3] M9. coal has chemical energy when burnt heat/energy produced longest used to boil water/make steam sequence used to turn turbine(s) which now have ke turbine(s) turn generator(s) (where (ke) transferred electrical energy) (or electrical energy produced ) any 5 for mark each [5] M20. (a) 90% of (b) (i) Can be located anywhere Continuous output Sustain coal industry any 2 for mark each Low running cost No atmospheric pollution Gives calm coastal waters any 2 for mark each Page 59 of 72

60 (iii) High installation costs built in sea Coast environmental damage wildlife disturbance Time dependence need dropping tide any 2 for mark each ( for a valid disadvantage, for reason) 6 [8] M2. To gain marks the candidate must. Select one option Advantages ) Max 4 2. State 8 valid advantages/disadvantages/relevant Disadvantages) Min comparisons with either of the alternatives Comparisons ) If no A or D or C then Max 4 No option then Max 4 Look for As, Ds for chosen scheme. Then for Cs compared with A/D for chosen scheme. Below are listed some of the relevant mark scoring points. Advantages Disadvantages Wind Land available to North Initial cost No pollution Many windmills/much land Close/low transmission costs Calm day problem No fuel costs Few long term jobs Renewable energy resource Coal Waste land to North Pollution Prevailing wind to East Initial costs Good road/rail transport Fuel costs Close/low transmission costs Non-renewable energy Save coal industry Resource Overall labour intensive Hydroelectric No pollution Mountains/lake/river nearby No fuel costs Renewable energy source Possible drought Distant/transmission costs Few jobs created Possible expensive underground transmission cable Construction of dam affects environment [8] M22. (i) reduces for mark less heat/energy/power wasted (in power lines) for mark Page 60 of 72

61 (iii) for safety for mark [3] M23. (a) (i) sources of energy for mark wood coal oil gas all correct gains 2 marks 3 correct gains mark (b) geothermal nuclear tides wind solar all correct gains 2 marks 4 correct gains mark 3 2 (c) non-renewable fuels cause pollution (or reverse) conserve/limit use of coal/gas/oil; so supplies last longer/renewable sources can be replaced any 2 from 4 for mark each 2 [7] M24. any one from: basic idea of reduced use of fuels to heat homes or offices or shops for mark less (heat) energy wasted (to the environment) st reduced demand for fuels to heat homes etc simply re-quoting figures gets no credit Page 6 of 72

62 any one from: idea of less pollution for the 2 mark nd reduced (air) pollution do not accept no pollution fewer power stations required or less electricity needs to be produced less (fossil) fuels being burnt (in power stations) reduced greenhouse effect reduced global warming [2] M25. (a) (i) correct links shown link for mark 2 links for 2 marks 3 links for 3 marks 4 links for 3 marks 5 links for 4 marks do not credit if more than one link goes to or from any box 4 nuclear (power station) do not accept power station Page 62 of 72

63 (b) (i) heat from the Sun kinetic (iii) insufficient wind (to turn turbine) accept wind does not always blow do not allow it does not always work or it is switched off do not accept wind in wrong direction [8] M26. (a) (i) photosynthesis for growth accept plants require sunlight for growth plants change into coal any mention of animals negates second mark burning do not accept heating accept combustion (b) (i) heat less heat radiated into space accept increased insulation round earth accept reflects heat back to earth accept greenhouse effect accept traps heat or energy [5] M27. (a) (i) 3 accept a definition of frequency ignore units (iii) hertz Page 63 of 72

64 (b) straight line in correct direction judge by eye (from a of waves to s of across) ignore arrow accept equal angles shown on waves (c) (i) gets smaller kinetic accept movement (iii) renewable [7] M28. (a) internal or thermal or heat or kinetic or movement electrical both answers required for one mark (b) (i) Sun or solar do not accept sunshine any one of the follow: wind turbines produce no (gaseous) pollutants wind turbines use renewable energy wind turbines produce no (solid) waste reduced running costs do not allow safety a supporting statement or comparison or explanation [4] M29. (a) hydrogen converted to helium (nuclear) fusion ((small) loss in mass) which is converted to large amount of energy Page 64 of 72

65 (b) (i) any two from it is running out/ takes millions of years/finite not non renewable allow acid rain do not allow waste pollution or problem with CO 2 production allow a specific example more responsible to use fossil fuels for (important) chemical functions 2 any three from need lots of land for generators or many generators needed generators may not be conveniently located uncertainty of supply accept the wind may not always blow social resistance or visual pollution noise pollution high initial costs (possible) interference with (local) radio and TV signals 3 [8] M30. (a) light electrical (b) 5% or 0.5 correct substitution gains mark only an answer of 5 with no unit or an incorrect unit gains mark an answer of 0.5 given with a unit gains mark 2 (c) the ticket machine is a long way from other electricity supplies Page 65 of 72

66 (d) any figure between 5 and 0 inclusive unit not required but if given must match numerical answer [6] M3. (a) generator accept dynamo accept alternator (b) (i) 400 ignore units 0.3 or 30% any incorrect unit penalise mark allow mark for the correct use of 600 or 0.3% or 30 2 Page 66 of 72

67 (c) mark for each correct link (d) (i) 0 2 if more than 3 lines are drawn, mark only 3 lines starting with those that are incorrect no tolerance no tolerance 3 (iii) wind speed may be too low to operate the generator accept wind may not always blow accept power depends on wind speed accept does not generate if wind speed is too high accept does not generate if wind speed is above 2 (m/s) accept does not generate if wind speed is below.6 (m/s) accept it is unreliable do not accept answers referring to cost only [0] M32. (a) gas (b) fuel burning stations produce electricity at any time / all the time accept fuel available all the time wind generator can only produce when the wind is strong enough accept it s not always windy Page 67 of 72

68 (c) no fuel is burnt or no fuel is used or uses only energy from wind or does not emit harmful gases / soot / smoke do not accept wind is natural / environmentally friendly / renewable answer must be in terms of wind, not negative of fuel burning specific examples of gases CO 2, SO 2, acid rain and greenhouse gases can be accepted ozone negates credit [4] M33. (a) (i) national grid (iii) increases voltage / potential difference accept decrease current accept step-up / boosts the voltage do not accept increases energy / power / current ignore reference to voltage going through any two from: reduce current ignore increased voltage / pd reduces energy loss / power loss (from cables) accept reduces heat loss do not accept stops energy loss increases efficiency (of distribution) 2 (b) any one from: produces pollutant gases accept produces carbon dioxide / sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides accept global warming / greenhouse effect / carbon emissions / air pollution / acid rain ignore ozone layer do not accept carbon monoxide produces solid waste / ash / smoke accept global dimming ignore produces pollution Page 68 of 72

69 (c) (i) any two from: any two valid points gains the marks using renewable energy accept don t use up non-renewable / fossil fuels accept named fuels non-renewable fuels can be used for other processes no pollutant gases produced accept the opposite of (b) ignore no pollution land can still be used for farming ignore economic issues 2 any two from: cause noise pollution cause visual pollution accept spoils the landscape accept sunlight flicker may interfere with TV / radio / mobile phone signals need to put in new infrastructure accept new roads needed not reliable owtte dangerous to birds lots of concrete needed for the bases or producing cement is environmentally damaging accept reduces house prices ignore any references to cost / jobs / number required ignore takes up a lot of land accept reference to obstruction of shipping etc. if clear reference tooffshore wind farm 2 [9] M34. (a) coal (b) fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time if more than 2 boxes ticked, mark incorrect boxes first a few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes Page 69 of 72

70 (c) (i) no fuel is burnt accept a named fuel accept nothing is burnt accept does not use (fossil) fuel (iii) kinetic any two from: accept causes pollution for mark need concrete for bases new roads / infrastructure needed may interfere with TV / radio / mobile phone signals dangerous to birds do not generate all of the time accept generates only when the wind blows do not accept generate when the wind blows need a lot of generators do not accept take up a lot of space / land high initial / capital costs reduces house prices 2 [7] M35. (a) coal (b) fossil fuels can be used to generate electricity at any time if more than 2 boxes ticked, mark incorrect boxes first a few large power stations can generate the electricity for a million homes Page 70 of 72

71 (c) (i) no fuel is burnt accept a named fuel accept nothing is burnt accept does not use (fossil) fuel (iii) kinetic any two from: accept causes pollution for mark need concrete for bases new roads / infrastructure needed may interfere with TV / radio / mobile phone signals dangerous to birds do not generate all of the time accept generates only when the wind blows do not accept generate when the wind blows need a lot of generators do not accept take up a lot of space / land high initial / capital costs reduces house prices 2 [7] Page 7 of 72

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