First diagnosed case of bovine psoroptic mange in England. Continued decline in BS7 submissions
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1 Emerging threats AHVLA s role is to safeguard animal health and welfare as well as public health, protect the economy and enhance food security through research, surveillance and inspection. Cattle Quarterly Report: FIRST QUARTER 2011 Date: January - March 2011 Contents page The VIDA diagnoses are recorded on the AHVLA FarmFile database and SAC LIMS database and comply with agreed diagnostic criteria against which regular validations and audits are undertaken. Introduction 2 New and emerging diseases identified in the quarter 4 On-going new and emerging disease investigations 4 Unusual diagnoses 5 Changes in disease patterns and risk factors 6 Horizon-scanning other risks identified 7 The investigational expertise and comprehensive diagnostic laboratory facilities of both AHVLA and SAC are widely acknowledged, and unusual disease problems tend to be referred to either. However recognised conditions where there is either no diagnostic test, or a clinical diagnosis offers sufficient specificity to negate the need for laboratory investigation, are unlikely to be represented. The report may therefore be biased in favour of unusual incidents or those diseases that require laboratory investigation for confirmation. AHVLA Regional Laboratories and SAC Disease Surveillance Centres have UKAS Accreditation and comply with ISO standard. Highlights First diagnosed case of bovine psoroptic mange in land Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) case-control study update Continued decline in BS7 submissions Increase in non-diagnosed diarrhoea in pre-weaned and adult dairy cattle in Scotland Herd outbreak of Mycoplasma bovis mastitis and arthritis Small reduction in number of submissions, but for many diseases no equivalent reduction in number of diagnoses made
2 INTRODUCTION Economics of the cattle industries Dairy Sector Milk prices were static in the winter, but in March 2011 further price rises were announced, caused by the buoyant cheese export market and supermarket purchasing policy. However, the costs of milk production have increased in the last six months, with feed wheat costing approximately 100 per tonne more than 12 months ago and fuel prices having risen sharply. Cattle prices have remained high. All of the above is likely to indicate that there are no significant risks to cattle health, or to the surveillance of cattle health risks, arising from the economic performance of the dairy sector. Beef Sector DEFRA released their latest forecast for farm businesses income in January of this year. Income for grazing livestock farmers, including beef farmers, is expected to fall in 2010/11 compared to 2009/10. The main reason for this reduction is the higher cost of forage feed, fuel and fertilisers. The industry regards the current price for beef as unsustainably low. If confidence and profitability are low in the beef industry, there is a risk to disease surveillance on beef farms. Scanning surveillance submission numbers The numbers of submissions reduced to approximately those of 2008, after increases in 2009 and 2010 (see Figure 1). In land and Wales, this is likely to be associated with price increases for certain examinations, especially necropsy, introduced in October Concurrently, a triage system was introduced for the submission of carcases for necropsy with the aim of ensuring that carcases of high surveillance value are examined and that Defra subsidy is targeted appropriately. The reduced number of cattle diagnostic submissions will lead to a smaller denominator when the proportion of diagnoses is calculated for disease trend analysis. For many diseases, this proportion has increased this quarter (compared to Q1 of 2010), due to a smaller denominator and approximately the same numerator. There is anecdotal and circumstantial evidence that this is due to greater selection of diagnostic samples by private veterinarians, so that the smaller number of submissions received for a particular disease diagnosis are more likely to yield a positive result. 2
3 GB cattle diagnostic submissions for Q Figure Carcase subs SAC Carcase Subs AHVLA Non Carcase Subs SAC Non Carcase Subs AHVLA GB cattle diagnostic submissions for Q &2011, by region Figure 2 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 Beef Dairy Other Unknown 1,500 1, E 2011 E 2010 N 2011 N 2010 Scotland 2011 Scotland 2010 Wales 2011 Wales 2010 W 2011 W 2010 Unk 2011 Unk 3
4 NEW AND EMERGING DISEASES IDENTIFIED IN THE QUARTER No new disease threats were detected this quarter. Overview of analysis of diagnoses not reached During Q1 of 2011, 23% of cattle submissions remained undiagnosed which was a statistically significant decrease from the 25% for the equivalent period in previous years. When the percentage of non-diagnosed submissions was analysed for each presenting sign and for each affected body system, there were no statistically significant increases in Q1 of 2011 compared to the equivalent quarter of previous years. Increase in percentage of undiagnosed abortion submissions from Q to Q The percentage of undiagnosed abortion submissions was significantly greater for Q compared to Q4 2010, but similar to Q1 for previous years. Characterisation: In previous years, there appears to have been a trend of reduction in undiagnosed abortion in the final quarter of the year. The seasonal calving pattern in GB (with the highest number of calvings noted in April and the lowest in December) could account for the trend seen. Conclusion: The seasonal calving pattern and trends in undiagnosed abortions in previous years indicate that this is a normal seasonal pattern. Further Action: No further action is required at this time and monitoring will continue. Increase in percentage of undiagnosed diarrhoea submissions in Scottish dairy cattle Although there was no change in the pattern of undiagnosed diarrhoea submissions for GB for Q1 2011, a significant increase was noted for SAC submissions. Characterisation: There was an increase from 24% to 31% in undiagnosed cattle diarrhoea in SAC submissions. The increase related to milking herds; both adult and pre-weaned cattle and submissions that were not carcases. Further Action: Awareness will be raised with SAC and further monitoring will occur, with action taken if deemed necessary. ON-GOING NEW AND EMERGING DISEASE INVESTIGATIONS Psoroptic mange The first case of bovine psoroptic mange in land since the 1980s was recorded by AHVLA in February It is suspected that the case is linked to the outbreak in South Wales (first identifed in early 2008, Jones et al 2008, Vet Record 162(14):460) through purchase of cattle through markets in west Wales. The affected farm is a beef finishing unit, so the risk of further spread to other farms through movement of affected or carrier cattle is low or negligible. A VO of AHVLA is to be commended for detecting the disease during a routine TB skin test. This first diagnosis in land was reported in a letter to the Veterinary Record (Millar et al 2011, Vet Record 168(12):334). 4
5 It is essential to ensure effective diagnosis and treatment of bovine psoroptic mange. Experience from other European countries has shown that it is possible for psoroptic mange to become the most common skin disease in cattle with associated severe production losses and welfare concerns. Treatment of this disease is not straightforward. There is the risk of silent spread of this disease between herds, particularly in the summer months when the disease is largely subclinical. Diagnosis is usually straightforward if the correct skin scraping/scab material is submitted for laboratory examination. However, there is some anecdotal evidence from Wales that many cases are not being sampled and that the AHVLA s number of affected herds (17 in total to date) could be a significant underestimate. Successful control of this non-statutory disease is dependent on early detection, accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Bovine neonatal pancytopenia (BNP) A Defra funded case-control study which compared factors associated with BNP affected and unaffected calves in GB was conducted by the AHVLA, SAC and Moredun Research Institute during A scientific article describing the study was submitted to an online journal (PLoS One) on 10 May A key finding of the study is that a calf is over 10 times more likely to develop BNP if its dam had been given the PregSure BVD vaccine prior to the calf s birth. It is likely that there are other, currently unknown, factors involved with BNP in addition to the PregSure BVD vaccine. PregSure BVD was voluntarily withdrawn from sale by Pfizer Limited on 2 June 2010 and the licence for distribution suspended later in the year by the European Commission after speculation that the vaccine may be associated with BNP. The Defra report of the study can be seen at: FromSearch=Y&Publisher=1&SearchText=SE0534&SortString=ProjectCode&SortOrder=Asc&Paging=1 0#Description UNUSUAL DIAGNOSES Mycoplasmal mastitis Mycoplasma bovis was identified as the cause of an outbreak of clinical mastitis in a large commercial dairy herd. The infection possibly originated from a group of heifers recently imported from mainland Europe. Some affected cows had arthritis as well as mastitis with severely impaired welfare. The outbreak is being investigated in detail with several objectives, including characterisation of the causal Mycoplasma bovis strain and attempts to determine its country of origin, obtaining isolates for antibiotic MIC testing, monitoring response to treatment and full characteristion of the clinical aspects of the outbreak. Cases of mastitis caused by Mycoplasma bovis are difficult to treat and are a source of infection for other cows. Outbreaks of mycoplasmal mastitis have been reported only sporadically in GB cattle but the prevalence may have been underestimated because specialist techniques are required for laboratory diagnosis and these are not employed routinely on bovine mastitic milk samples submitted to AHVLA and SAC laboratories. 5
6 Iatrogenic mastitis associated with non-sterile application of intramammary infusions There were reports of cows developing acute mastitis caused by environmental organisms soon after the infusion of dry-cow preparations. In one outbreak, three cows in a herd of 120 died as a result of acute E. coli mastitis four to five days after the intramammary product was administered. In another incident, at least eight dry cows developed mastitis within three days of drying off and culture of two milk samples produced a pure profuse growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens. These cases highlight the need for good aseptic technique when administering intramammary infusions. Dry cow antibiotics and teat sealants are very important components of mastitis control but poor technique can result in bacteria being introduced into the udder during their administration. Abortion caused by Mycoplasma bovirhinis Mycoplasma bovirhinis was diagnosed as the cause of abortion of an eight month gestational age foetus. This case may represent opportunistic invasion of the gravid uterus by Mycoplasma bovirhinis because this organism is not believed to be a primary pathogen of cattle but it may exacerbate existing disease conditions caused by other pathogens. It is commonly found in the respiratory tract of healthy calves. It is not a zoonotic organism. Mollicutal (mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal) abortion is rarely diagnosed in GB cattle. However, it must be borne in mind that AHVLA and SAC laboratory protocols for bovine abortion investigation do not usually include the specialist examinations required to identify these organisms (see mycoplasmal mastitis section above). Abortion caused by E.coli E.coli abortion was diagnosed in a six month gestational age foetus from a 230 cow dairy herd. E.coli is potentially an emerging cause of bovine abortion in GB (thirteen cases of E.coli abortion diagnosed since 2008) and the AHVLA and SAC have recently introduced a VIDA code for E.coli abortion in cattle. Further monitoring of the situation is all that is required at present and the introduction of the new VIDA code will facilitate this. CHANGES IN DISEASE PATTERNS AND RISK FACTORS Johne s disease Figure 3: Percentage of diagnostic submissions in Q1 2011, in which Johne s disease was diagnosed In Q1 of 2011, there was a significant increase in the GB rate of diagnosis of Johne s disease (per cent of submissions tested for Johne s disease that resulted in a positive diagnosis) when compared to the 6
7 same quarter in This was due to fewer samples being tested as the actual numbers of diagnoses was very similar (927 vs 921). This suggests that samples may have been more accurately selected by PVSs for the diagnosis of Johne s disease. The GB rate of diagnosis for Q1 of 2011 (30.2%) was still lower than the GB rate of diagnosis for Q1 of 2002 (36.3%) and this type of fluctuation in the data is not particularly unusual. It must be remembered that many factors influence the submission of diagnostic samples to AHVLA and SAC laboratories, including the level of awareness of a disease and its perceived importance. An example of a factor which may have influenced the diagnostic rate of Johne s disease in Q1 of 2011 is the recent promotion of Johne s disease investigation in cattle herds as part of initiatives such as the South West Healthy Livestock Initiative and dairy company initiatives. Another factor which may have had an influence on the diagnostic rate is promotion of the blood ELISA test by AHVLA for diagnosis of suspect clinical cases, rather than faecal microscopy. The changes observed in the data do not require any further action at this stage. Respiratory Syncytial Virus pneumonia Figure 4: Percentage of diagnostic submissions in Q1 2011, in which Respiratory Syncytial Virus pneumonia was diagnosed There was a non-significant increase in the proportion of submissions diagnosed with RSV pneumonia (per cent of submissions tested for RSV that resulted in a positive diagnosis) in Q1 of 2011 in land and Wales, with virtually no change in Scotland. There was however a near 50% reduction in the submissions tested for RSV in land and Wales, but the same number of actual diagnoses as Q (total 29 for both years). The figures for Scotland show only a small decrease in submissions tested with the same number of diagnoses as in Q (total 12 for both years). A plausible explanation for this is not that there has been an increase in RSV in land and Wales but that the changes in surveillance submissions and prices have targeted the testing much more effectively on those cases where a diagnosis of RSV was more likely. The changes in surveillance submissions and prices have not occurred in Scotland. There are similar non-significant increases in land and Wales for IBR and a number of other respiratory pathogens and the apparent increases are likely to have the same explanation. HORIZON-SCANNING OTHER RISKS IDENTIFIED Brucella surveillance The fall in statutory Brucella investigation of cattle abortions (so-called BS7s) continues (Figure 5). Even when the fall in holding numbers in land and Wales is taken into account, there is still a worrying fall in statutory brucella investigations in these countries from 8% in 2004 to 4% in In Scotland, where there are relatively more suckler herds, submissions as a percentage of holding numbers have varied between 11% and 16% in the same period. 7
8 Under-reporting of abortions in cattle may impede the early detection of incursions of bovine brucellosis into GB, particularly in the event of incursions in beef cattle herds. It is crucial to maintain awareness among farmers of the requirement to report abortions in both beef and dairy cattle. The AHVLA is considering options for maintaining or improving farmer engagement with Brucella surveillance. Figure 5: BS7, other Brucella and Total cattle submissions (E&W) Quarter to Variable Other subs (cows) BS7 subs (cows) Total Submissions Statutory Brucella investigations as % of holdings E&W 8 BS7 as % of holdings Year
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