REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS BY INCREASING EXPENDITURE IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION *

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS BY INCREASING EXPENDITURE IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION *"

Transcription

1 REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL LOADS BY INCREASING EXPENDITURE IN HOUSE CONSTRUCTION * TATSUO OKA Department of Architecture, Utsunomiya University 3-2-1, Utsunomiya, Japan NORIYOSHI YOKOO Department of Architecture, Utsunomiya University 3-2-1, Utsunomiya, Japan YUKIHIRO KAWAZU Department of Architecture, Utsunomiya University 3-2-1, Utsunomiya, Japan CO2 emission is now the most important indicator to assess the effect of building on the environment. Input-output analysis is an easy and appropriate method to calculate CO2 emission due to the construction of buildings. Results of assessment of buildings by various tools are introduced and a method of calculation of CO2 intensities in the industrial sectors of Japan is shown. The results of assessing various urban forms is shown using CO2 intensities. Assuming that the gross domestic expense is fixed, if construction costs are decreased, the equivalent amount of the expenditure should be applied to other industrial sectors. Defining the CO2 intensity of household expenses as A (kg-co2/1000yen) and that of house construction, B (kg-co2/1000yen), in the case that A>B, the total CO2 emission in Japan may be decreased by increasing the expenditure for house construction. CO2 intensities and CO2 emissions due to the construction of buildings in China and Japan are compared and ways of decreasing worldwide CO2 emission are discussed. 1. Assessment tools and features of sustainable buildings 1.1. Assessment of buildings with environmental assessment tool Many assessment tools such as HK-Beam, CEPAS, GOBAS, LEED, BREEAM, CASBEE etc. have been implemented to assess buildings around the world. Table 1 shows the results of assessment of five buildings by four assessment tools (BREEAM, LEED, GBTool and CASBEE). The main categories and criteria of the assessment are indoor environment, resource consumption including energy and environmental loads on the earth. Buildings A to D are high performance offices and the reference object is a low performance building. This study is concluded that for BREEAM, LEED, GBTool, and CASBEE, the assessment results of a high performance building follow a similar trend. To compare the features of assessment results on BREEAM, LEED, GBTool, and CASBEE, the criteria are classified into six categories based on CASBEE s criteria. In the Outdoor Environment on Site category, the assessment results differ with each method. The factors are the differences of the criteria in each method. However, in the Indoor Environment category, Quality of Service category, Energy category, Resource and Materials category, and Off-site Environment category, the assessment results show a similar trend. Nigel Howard in US-GBC predicts that all the assessment tools will have similar method and categories, and will tend to show similar results in the near future. CO2 emission and global warming is now becoming increasingly important as the US population becomes more conscious of the dangers and changes its consumption habits to decrease CO2 emission. Though the existing assessment tools now aim to provide comprehensive results with weights comparing the performances in the assessment categories, the focus of assessment tools in the future will probably be mainly to assess the CO2 emission. * Study of CO2 emission due to city construction is supported by Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan. 1

2 Features of sustainable buildings in the world Table 2 shows results of assessment of high performance buildings around the world. Embodied CO2 is 15% less than the benchmark which is set as the average value in each country, CO2 emission due to the operation is 35% less and service life is 22% longer. These values may be considered as average features for high performance buildings around the world. Table 1. Comparison of assessment results with four assessment tools Table 2. Assessment results of high performance buildings and a reference building for 1 m 2 of floor area

3 3 2. Input-output (IO) analysis 2.1. Calculation method The operating energy and CO2 emission are easy to calculate compared to embodied CO2. IO analysis is an appropriate method to calculate the embodied energy and CO2 emissions of buildings. In Japan an IO table has been published every five years since 1955, with data on the quantity of material, employment and other items. Industrial sectors in the country are related organically and input or output of the industrial sector has repercussion effects on all industrial sectors. Environmental loads caused by the demand of 1 million yen (1 yuan=15yen) for an industrial sector can be derived from the IO table and tables of quantity of material. Environmental loads due to construction and operation of a building can be calculated with the estimation sheet of construction, operation and dismantling, and table of CO2 intensities. The IO table consists of 397 industrial sectors and the amounts of materials involved, 134 materials with the costs for each industrial sector in Japan. The demand for an industrial sector is defined to be the buyer s price in this report, which consists of the cost of production and distribution margin such as transportation, storage and commercial margin. The mean values of the distribution margin are shown in the IO table. The Leontief inversion is defined as follows in this report. X = ( I ( I M ) A ) -1 ( ( I M ) Y + E ) (1) X : Domestic production (yen/year) I : Unit matrix(-) A : Activities(-) Yi, Ei : Final demand and exports (yen/year) Mi : Import of industrial sector i (yen/year) Ci : Domestic production + Import Export of industrial sector i(yen/year) mi=mi/ci (Coefficient of import) Domestic production X calculated by inputting Y (1 million yen) shows the ultimate domestic production including the repercussion effect. Environmental loads can be calculated with the domestic production X by multiplying by the calorific value, CO2 emission value of various fuels, and environmental load units corresponding to the value of production in various industrial sectors Intensities of industrial sectors Quantity of materials, NOx/SOx emission, air/water and industrial wastes from industrial sectors are provided as measured values in Japan. Assuming that these environmental loads are proportional to the domestic production of each sector, the environmental loads due to 1 million yen demand are calculated. Table 3 shows the intensities of environmental loads Table 3 Intensities of environmental loads of representative industrial sectors for 1 million yen

4 4 of representative industrial sectors involved in the construction and operation of buildings. Though there is no description in Table 3, environmental loads due to steel production has large influence in Japan. For example, recycle steel is steel which has been recycled using an electrical furnace whereas shape steel is manufactured by a convert furnace in Japan. Not only steel but also cement with waste materials such as ash and slag from steel production etc. is treated as recycled material of lower CO2 emission CO2 emission due to city construction Cities in Asian countries have developed rapidly. CO2 emissions due to the construction of various urban forms is calculated and compared. Table 4 shows units of CO2 emission, derived from IO analysis, caused by construction, operation and dismantling of infrastructure and buildings. Using these units, CO2 emissions according to the urban form have been calculated. The results are shown in Fig 1. The urban forms are shown in Table 5. The results show that the medium density urban form is responsible for the lowest CO2 emission though many railway and cars are used. Hyper buildings are responsible for the highest CO2 emission though building life is assumed to be 180 years without cars and railways. These results should be reviewed in detail and practically, but it can be seen that CO2 emission due to urban form can be confidently predicted using IO analysis. 3. Intensities of CO2 emission 3.1. CO2 emission in Japan Fig 2 shows the CO2 emission (for 1995) in Japan. The total annual CO2 emission in Japan is estimated to be 1,310 million t-co2, in which construction works (both building and civil engineering) make up 19.2% of the whole CO2 emission and operation of buildings, 23.2%. Annual CO2 emission due to building construction is 4.6% for residential houses and 3.2% for non-residential buildings such as offices, commercial buildings and factories. The operation energy of residential houses is 12.5% and non-residential buildings, 10.7%. Energy consumption and CO2 emission are calculated with IO tables and a table of material quantities published in Japan. Table 4 Unit of energy, CO2, NOx/SOx and BOD

5 5 Fig 1 CO2 emission according to the urban form Table 5 Urban form Fig 2. CO2 emission in Japan (Total: 1,310 million t-co2 Numeric in fig is %)

6 Decrease of whole CO2 emission due to expenditure for building sector CO2 emission is discussed from economical aspect, comparing CO2 increase due to the construction of buildings and decrease of expenditure for sectors except building. Intensity is defined as the energy consumption (MJ) or CO2 emission (kg-co2) due to the expenditure of 1000 yen. The energy intensity of building construction is 1000Cx/Xa, assuming that the construction cost is Xa yen and the embodied CO2 of the building, Cx (kg- CO2). The intensity may also be considered as the value of environmental load divided by the social benefit. It is stated above that the sum of CO2 emission due to building construction, public works and building operation reaches 42.4% of the total CO2 emission in Japan, therefore CO2 emission related to construction must be decreased. However, assuming that the gross domestic expense is fixed, if the expenditure for construction is decreased, the equivalent amount of the expenditure could theoretically be applied to other industrial sectors. Defining the CO2 intensity of household expenses is A (kg-co2/1000yen) and that of the house construction as B (kg-co2/1000yen), in the case that A>B, the total CO2 emission in Japan may be decreased by increasing the expenditure for house construction. The premises are that the whole domestic production is kept constant and the amount of CO2 emission is changed by changing objective industrial sector. Taking operation energy into account, as energy saving houses may be constructed when old low performance houses are rebuilt, new houses do not always increase the CO2 emission. When the CO2 intensity of a commodity is less than the average, it is possible to decrease the whole domestic CO2 consumption while maintaining the economical level by accelerating the sale of the commodity in the market CO2 intensities of house construction and household in Japan Table 6 shows the energy and CO2 intensities due to household economy. Consumption of electricity, gas and oil is 23.2 %, and the energy consumption due to house construction, durable goods and commodities etc. is much more than direct domestic energy use. Table 7 shows the relationship between earned income and CO2 intensities, in which the CO2 intensities seem to be constant independent of the income. Table 6 Energy and CO2 emission due to household economy in Japan Table 7 Relationship between earned income and Energy and CO2 intensities Table 8 shows the CO2 intensities of household and building constructions. The CO2 intensity of wooden house construction is 1.90 (kg-co2/1000yen), a reinforced concrete multi-family house is 2.73 and household expenses are 2.42 kg-co2/1000 yen in Japan. The total CO2 emission in Japan can be decreased by increasing construction of wooden houses and the intensity of reinforced concrete multi-family houses should be reduced 11.4% of CO2 emission to cause the environmental loads due to the construction being canceled out by decreased household expenses. It appears possible to reduce 11.4% of the CO2 emission by the greening method and recycling materials currently under development. Table 8 Energy and CO2 intensities of household and building constructions

7 7 Particularly wooden houses are ecological products from the viewpoint of energy consumption and CO2 emission, therefore it may be possible to decrease the total quantity of energy and CO2 emission while maintaining the economic level in Japan by increasing the investment in such houses. 4. CO2 emission due to building construction and operation between China and Japan CO2 emission resulting from the production of building materials depends on the structure and efficiency of industry. Table 9 shows the quantity of building materials per floor area, and Table 10 and 11 show energy CO2 intensities due to the production of building materials. Though these buildings may not be considered as completely normed, the quantities of building materials used in building are different in that brick is mainly used in China and steel in Japan. Energy use and CO2 emission due to production of building materials in China are higher than in Japan. Fig 3 shows CO2 emission due to the building construction in China is 2.3 times larger. CO2 emission of electricity (kg- CO2/kWh) is also 3.2 times larger in China compared with Japan, because 40% of electricity is generated by nuclear power station in Japan. Thus, energy saving is much more effective in China. CO2 emission described in this chapter should have an influence on the design of buildings between two countries, especially HVAC systems, lighting and equipments. For example, a heat pump system has a lower CO2 emission than a gas absorption refrigerator used in Japan, but the CO2 intensity of electricity in China is much higher so that absorption refrigerator may, in fact cause less CO2 emission. Energy saving is much more effective in China, since the same energy saving method is approximately 3 times more effective in decreasing CO2 emission there than in Japan. Table 10 Energy intensities due to the production of building materials Table 11 CO2 intensities due to the production of building materials Fig 3 CO2 emission due to the building construction Table 9 Quantity of building materials per floor area 5. Conclusion 1) High performance buildings and a low performance building are assessed by four assessment tools, in which the results show a similar trend. 2) Future assessment tools tend to assess CO2 emission due to construction and operation of the buildings as the most serious factor.

8 8 3) IO analysis is an effective method to calculate the embodied CO2 of the buildings. CO2 emission due to construction and operation of various urban forms can be calculated using IO analysis. 4) As a result of IO analysis, domestic construction can decrease the CO2 emission of the whole country by decreasing household expenditure for other industrial sectors. 5) CO2 emissions due to production of building materials and construction of buildings in China are compared with those in Japan. Results imply that the design of buildings should be different from the viewpoint of CO2 emission in each country. References 1. National Bureau of Statistics of China, China statistical yearbook, Institute of Developing Economies, Japan Trade Organization, Multiregional input-output for China 2000, IDE JETRO, T. Oka, Design of green office, OHM, T. Oka and N. Torisu, Relationship between compact city and energy consumption, Traffic Engineering, Vol.37, Y. Kawazu, N. Yokoo, T. Oka and K. Yokoyama, A study on the transition of intensity of energy consumption and CO2 emission associated with building construction from 1965 to 2000, Transaction of A.I.J,

2. The Assessment Results Based on BREEAM, LEED, GBTool, and CASBEE

2. The Assessment Results Based on BREEAM, LEED, GBTool, and CASBEE 4-14 The 25 World Sustainable Building Conference, Tokyo, 27-29 September 25 (SB5Tokyo) COMPARISON OF THE ASSESSMENT RESULTS OF BREEAM, LEED, GBTOOL AND CASBEE Yukihiro KAWAZU 1 Nobuhiro SHIMADA 2 Noriyoshi

More information

The methodology and case study of Standards for Measuring, Accounting and Reporting of Carbon Emission from Buildings

The methodology and case study of Standards for Measuring, Accounting and Reporting of Carbon Emission from Buildings The methodology and case study of Standards for Measuring, Accounting and Reporting of Carbon Emission from Buildings Authors: Zhang Peng 1 Wang Yan 1, 2 1 China Architecture Design And Research Group,

More information

Assessment Methods. 15 th November 2010 Huw Jenkins Simon Lannon

Assessment Methods. 15 th November 2010 Huw Jenkins Simon Lannon Assessment Methods 15 th November 2010 Huw Jenkins Simon Lannon Assessment Methods Program Country Year Program Country Year 1 R-2000 Canada 1982 12 LEED US 2000 2 P-mark Sweden 1989 13 ECO-Quantum Netherlands

More information

WORKSHOP: The roles of wood in green building and green building effects on the forest sector of in the UNECE region.

WORKSHOP: The roles of wood in green building and green building effects on the forest sector of in the UNECE region. WORKSHOP: The roles of wood in green building and green building effects on the forest sector of in the UNECE region. Are ENGO s ready to promote the use of wood as the preferred building material? Alison

More information

The Economic Impacts of Reducing. Natural Gas and Electricity Use in Ontario

The Economic Impacts of Reducing. Natural Gas and Electricity Use in Ontario The Economic Impacts of Reducing Natural Gas and Electricity Use in Ontario Prepared for Blue Green Canada July 2013 Table of Contents Executive Summary... i Key Findings... i Introduction...1 Secondary

More information

Energy efficiency building standards in Japan

Energy efficiency building standards in Japan www.asiabusinesscouncil.org Energy efficiency building standards in Japan Japan s regulation of building energy efficiency falls under the Energy Conservation Law that was first adopted in 1979. Subsequently

More information

Lifestyles and Energy Consumption in Households

Lifestyles and Energy Consumption in Households East-west Center, Honolulu, HI, USA Feb. 4-5, 23 Lifestyles and Energy Consumption in Households Toru Matsumoto The University of Kitakyushu 1. Introduction CONTENTS 2. Lifestyles and energy consumption

More information

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting With climate change now a reality rather than a speculated possibility, the demand on water resources has gone up, whilst the amount of water available for supply has gone down. Forth

More information

Resource Management - The challenges and opportunities in the construction sector Miles Watkins

Resource Management - The challenges and opportunities in the construction sector Miles Watkins Resource Management - The challenges and opportunities in the construction sector Miles Watkins A Member of the Holcim Group Aggregates, construction and building materials group A major producer and supplier

More information

National Accounts for Fiscal 2003 Notice on Usage

National Accounts for Fiscal 2003 Notice on Usage National Accounts for Fiscal 2003 Notice on Usage 1. The National Accounts for Fiscal 2003 were compiled on the basis of the System of National Accounts 1993 (1993 SNA) the international standards recommended

More information

Tokyo Steel s Views to Global Warming revised on June 25, 2010 with the latest data

Tokyo Steel s Views to Global Warming revised on June 25, 2010 with the latest data Tokyo Steel s Views to Global Warming revised on June 25, 2010 with the latest data 1. Introduction A worldwide movement to control global warming is under way. In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol became the world

More information

6 18 A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through

6 18 A steam power plant receives heat from a furnace at a rate of 280 GJ/h. Heat losses to the surrounding air from the steam as it passes through Thermo 1 (MEP 261) Thermodynamics An Engineering Approach Yunus A. Cengel & Michael A. Boles 7 th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, ISBN-978-0-07-352932-5, 2008 Sheet 6:Chapter 6 6 17 A 600-MW steam power

More information

2. Environmental indicators

2. Environmental indicators Annual Report 2. Environmental indicators The Inditex system of indicators shows the measureable results of our environmental commitments in terms of natural resources and energy consumption, waste generation

More information

Civil Engineering and Architecture (CEA) Detailed Outline

Civil Engineering and Architecture (CEA) Detailed Outline Civil Engineering and Architecture (CEA) Detailed Outline Unit 1: Overview of Civil Engineering and Architecture (23 days) Lesson 1.1: History of Civil Engineering and Architecture 1. Many features of

More information

EVALUATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AS HEAT SOURCE OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN TIANJIN, CHINA

EVALUATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AS HEAT SOURCE OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN TIANJIN, CHINA EVALUATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AS HEAT SOURCE OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN TIANJIN, CHINA Jingyu Zhang, Xiaoti Jiang, Jun Zhou, and Jiangxiong Song Tianjin University, North China Municipal Engineering

More information

China s Economic Miracle in 30 Years

China s Economic Miracle in 30 Years China s Economic Miracle in 30 Years Qingjun Wu Operation and Management College, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao 276826, China Yuzhong Zhang Operation and Management College, Qufu Normal University, Rizhao

More information

The new Audi R8. Life Cycle Assessment

The new Audi R8. Life Cycle Assessment The new Audi R8 Life Cycle Assessment Audi R8 the life cycle assessment Audi has compiled a detailed life cycle assessment for the Audi R8 Coupé V10 plus 5.2 FSI quattro 449 kw S tronic** (hereinafter:

More information

Regional Economic Impact Analysis

Regional Economic Impact Analysis Section III: Applying Knowledge Regional Economic Impact Analysis Summary In this activity, teachers present a lecture related to assessing regional economic impacts and students use this knowledge to

More information

Value adding in 3D CAD models for environmental assessment of buildings

Value adding in 3D CAD models for environmental assessment of buildings Value adding in 3D CAD models for environmental assessment of buildings Selwyn Tucker Michael Ambrose Seongwon Seo CSIRO Manufacturing Infrastructure and Technology Building environmental assessment Design

More information

Chapter 2 Approach of Input Output Table at Regional Level

Chapter 2 Approach of Input Output Table at Regional Level Chapter 2 Approach of Input Output Table at Regional Level Input output analysis involves all aspects of the national accounts related to goods and services, including expenditure aggregates. Input output

More information

Fujitsu Group s Environmental Management: Outline of Environmental Protection Program (Stage IV)

Fujitsu Group s Environmental Management: Outline of Environmental Protection Program (Stage IV) Fujitsu Group s Environmental Management: Outline of Environmental Protection Program (Stage IV) V Hideru Yamaguchi (Manuscript received March 9, 2005) Environmental activities are an important element

More information

Energy consumption. Environmental indicators

Energy consumption. Environmental indicators Environmental indicators The Inditex system of indicators shows the environmental impact of the Group in terms of consuming natural resources, using energy, generating waste and generating atmospheric

More information

Annual Electricity and Heat Questionnaire

Annual Electricity and Heat Questionnaire Annual Electricity and Heat Questionnaire IEA Statistics Course Pierre Boileau International Energy Agency OVERVIEW Global trends in electricity production 1973-2009 IEA Annual Electricity and Heat Questionnaire

More information

Massachusetts $ Savings and Job Gains from Energy Efficiency in Buildings & Transportation

Massachusetts $ Savings and Job Gains from Energy Efficiency in Buildings & Transportation Massachusetts $ Savings and Job Gains from Energy Efficiency in Buildings & Transportation Marc Breslow, Ph.D. Director of Transportation & Buildings Policy Executive Office of Energy & Environmental Affairs

More information

Energy Consumption Increases Slightly in 2015. Renewables Continue to Grow / Advantages Due to Weather, Economic Trend, and Immigration

Energy Consumption Increases Slightly in 2015. Renewables Continue to Grow / Advantages Due to Weather, Economic Trend, and Immigration Nro 06 2015 Energy Consumption Increases Slightly in 2015 Renewables Continue to Grow / Advantages Due to Weather, Economic Trend, and Immigration Berlin/Cologne (December 21, 2015) In 2015, energy consumption

More information

Policy measures for the prevention and minimization of hazardous wastes

Policy measures for the prevention and minimization of hazardous wastes WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT PROGRESS AND ACHEIVEMENTS Policy measures for the prevention and minimization of hazardous wastes 1. At the international level, Mongolia joined The Basel Convention on the Control

More information

Radiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials

Radiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials Radiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials European Commission Radiation protection 112 Radiological Protection Principles concerning the Natural Radioactivity

More information

WORLD BANK CHINA RESEARCH PAPER NO. 8

WORLD BANK CHINA RESEARCH PAPER NO. 8 WORLD BANK CHINA RESEARCH PAPER NO. 8 RAW MATERIAL PRICES, WAGES, AND PROFITABILITY IN CHINA S INDUSTRY HOW WAS PROFITABILITY MAINTAINED WHEN INPUT PRICES AND WAGES INCREASED SO FAST? Song-Yi Kim * / and

More information

The new Audi TT Coupé. Life Cycle Assessment

The new Audi TT Coupé. Life Cycle Assessment The new Audi TT Coupé Life Cycle Assessment Content Foreword Life cycle assessment what s involved Life cycle assessment the boundaries Life cycle assessment the effect categories Lightweight construction

More information

The Law of Energy Management Contract

The Law of Energy Management Contract The Law of Energy Management Contract ZHANG Yudong School of Economic and Trade law, Shandong University of political science and law, China, 250014 zhangyudongde@yahoo.com.cn Abstract: Introducing the

More information

Smart Cities and Sustainable Technology

Smart Cities and Sustainable Technology Smart Cities and Sustainable Technology Liam Mulligan Head of Mobility and Sustainability Siemens Ltd. Cities are the growth engines for their national economies Megatrends imply significant challenges

More information

Undervaluation of Imputed Rents in China s GDP Compared with Japan: a Historical Review of Estimation Methods and Relevant Statistics * Dr.

Undervaluation of Imputed Rents in China s GDP Compared with Japan: a Historical Review of Estimation Methods and Relevant Statistics * Dr. Journal of Economics and Development Studies September 2015, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 61-69 ISSN: 2334-2382 (Print), 2334-2390 (Online) Copyright The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. Published by American Research

More information

Details on the Carbon Tax (Tax for Climate Change Mitigation)

Details on the Carbon Tax (Tax for Climate Change Mitigation) Details on the Carbon Tax (Tax for Climate Change Mitigation) Introduction of Carbon Tax Contents 1. Background and Purpose of Carbon Tax 2. Mechanism of Carbon Tax 3. Household Burden due to Carbon Tax

More information

Residential & Commercial Sectors Overview CLIMATE

Residential & Commercial Sectors Overview CLIMATE CLIMATE TECHBOOK Residential and Commercial Emissions in the United States Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions data can be reported either by economic sector, which includes electric power generation as a separate

More information

Chairman, Working Group on Global Environment Strategy Committee on the Environment and Sft Safety KEIDANREN (Japan Business Federation)

Chairman, Working Group on Global Environment Strategy Committee on the Environment and Sft Safety KEIDANREN (Japan Business Federation) The Japanese Business Community's Initiative to Tackle Climate Change Jun.1997 *Dec. 1997 Launched "KEIDANREN Action Plan on the Environment" Adoption of Kyoto Protocol @ COP3 Jan. 2013 Launched "KEIDANREN's

More information

Higher Pressure with CNG

Higher Pressure with CNG Higher Pressure with CNG The fuel systems for LPG and CNG differ in one respect - the pressure in the tank. The CNG is in gas form - it is compressed to high pressure (around 200 bar). This is done to

More information

Questions to be responded to by the firm submitting the application. Why do you think this project should receive an award? How does it demonstrate:

Questions to be responded to by the firm submitting the application. Why do you think this project should receive an award? How does it demonstrate: Questions to be responded to by the firm submitting the application Why do you think this project should receive an award? How does it demonstrate: innovation, quality, and professional excellence transparency

More information

GREEN JOBS STUDY U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL. U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street, NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20037

GREEN JOBS STUDY U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL. U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street, NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20037 U.S. GREEN BUILDING COUNCIL GREEN JOBS STUDY Prepared for U.S. Green Building Council 2101 L Street, NW, Suite 500 Washington, DC 20037 Prepared by Booz Allen Hamilton 8283 Greensboro Drive McLean, VA

More information

LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning

LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning www.lgeaircon.com New concept Ecofriendly Highefficiency Heating solution Total heating & Hot water Solution for MULTI V LG Electronics AE Company, Commercial Air Conditioning 2 Yeouidodong, Yeongdeungpogu,

More information

CALCULATING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND BIOCAPACITY

CALCULATING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND BIOCAPACITY CALCULATING THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT AND BIOCAPACITY The National Footprint Accounts track individual countries use of ecological services and resources and the biocapacity available in each country. As

More information

Environmental Performance Data Calculation Standards

Environmental Performance Data Calculation Standards Environal Performance Data Calculation Standards Subject Period: April 1, 2012 March 31, 2013 Scope : Fujitsu and Fujitsu Group (For details, refer to the List of Companies Covered by the Report on Environal

More information

Residential and Commercial Gas and Oil Furnaces

Residential and Commercial Gas and Oil Furnaces Residential and Commercial Gas and Oil Furnaces The most complete product line available. Low operation cost with maximum efficiency. C.S.A. design certified for U.S.A. and Canada. HIGHBOY SERIES Available

More information

Goals Status Current Policies & Programmes GENERAL OVERVIEW

Goals Status Current Policies & Programmes GENERAL OVERVIEW Mauritius Air Quality Overview This document is based on research that UNEP conducted in 2015, in response to Resolution 7 of the UNEA 1. It describes countrylevel policies that impact air quality. Triple

More information

METHODOLOGY OF LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF RC STRUCTURES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

METHODOLOGY OF LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF RC STRUCTURES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE METHODOLOGY OF LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF RC STRUCTURES USING HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Ctislav FIALA CTU in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague 6, Czech Republic, ctislav.fiala@fsv.cvut.cz Magdaléna NOVOTNÁ

More information

Comparing Levels of Development

Comparing Levels of Development 2 Comparing Levels of Development Countries are unequally endowed with natural capital. For example, some benefit from fertile agricultural soils, while others have to put a lot of effort into artificial

More information

Carbon footprint and GHG Inventories : two approaches for a better understanding of climate issues

Carbon footprint and GHG Inventories : two approaches for a better understanding of climate issues Carbon footprint and GHG Inventories : two approaches for a better understanding of climate issues Monday, 7th of December 2015 COP21 Le Bourget - France Definition Carbon Footprint of a country Carbon

More information

Hitachi s Energy Conservation and Environmental Activities in China

Hitachi s Energy Conservation and Environmental Activities in China Hitachi Review Vol. 61 (2012), No. 5 195 Hitachi s Energy Conservation and Environmental Activities in China Progress of Energy Conservation and Environmental Projects Yoshikatsu Kosuge Masayuki Akatsu

More information

Parameter variations in Hybrid LCA of embodied energy and carbon. emission intensities of construction materials in Australia and Malaysia

Parameter variations in Hybrid LCA of embodied energy and carbon. emission intensities of construction materials in Australia and Malaysia *Manuscript without Author Identifiers Click here to view linked References Parameter variations in Hybrid LCA of embodied energy and carbon emission intensities of construction materials in Australia

More information

Energy efficiency improvement and environmental protection have ranked first priorities in utility policies, in developed and developing countries.

Energy efficiency improvement and environmental protection have ranked first priorities in utility policies, in developed and developing countries. Introduction Energy efficiency improvement and environmental protection have ranked first priorities in utility policies, in developed and developing countries. Over the past ten years, electrical energy

More information

Implications of the 12 th Five-Year Programme for Hong Kong Businesses

Implications of the 12 th Five-Year Programme for Hong Kong Businesses Implications of the 12 th Five-Year Programme for Hong Kong Businesses Wing Chu Economist April 2011 2 Energy conservation and environmental protection: a priority in 12 th Five-Year Programme Rapid economic

More information

Some micro- and macro-economics of offshore wind*

Some micro- and macro-economics of offshore wind* Some micro- and macro-economics of offshore wind* EPSRC SUPERGEN Wind Energy Hub University of Strathclyde May 2016 Fraser of Allander Institute Energy Modelling Team Fraser of Allander Institute Department

More information

REFERENCES. American Coal Ash Association (ACAA), 2006. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Use Survey.

REFERENCES. American Coal Ash Association (ACAA), 2006. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Use Survey. REFERENCES American Coal Ash Association (ACAA), 2006. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production American Coal Ash Association (ACAA), 2005. Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production American Coal Ash Association

More information

Chapter 15: Spending, Income and GDP

Chapter 15: Spending, Income and GDP Chapter 15: Spending, Income and GDP By the end of this chapter, you will be able to: Define GDP Calculate GDP by: adding up value added of production. adding up expenditure. adding up income. Distinguish

More information

Solar urban planning. The National state of the art in Sweden

Solar urban planning. The National state of the art in Sweden Solar urban planning The National state of the art in Sweden Entity Lund University Developers Elisabeth Kjellsson Date 2009-11-15 1 INDICE Solar urban planning...1 1. Political, Legal and economic framework...3

More information

Energy Efficiency Agreement between the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Municipality of (2008 2016)

Energy Efficiency Agreement between the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Municipality of (2008 2016) Dnro 7202/804/2008 Unofficial translation Energy Efficiency Agreement between the Ministry of Trade and Industry and the Municipality of (2008 2016) 1 The starting points and grounds for the agreement

More information

Fact Sheet on China s energy sector and Danish solutions

Fact Sheet on China s energy sector and Danish solutions Fact Sheet on China s energy sector and Danish solutions 1. EXPANSION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY: China focuses on a massive expansion with non fossil energy that is renewable energy and nuclear energy. The

More information

Carbon Footprint Calculator for Royal Society of Arts

Carbon Footprint Calculator for Royal Society of Arts Carbon Footprint Calculator for Royal Society of Arts This Carbon Calculator has been produced for Royal Society of Arts to enable the company to better understand its environmental performance in terms

More information

THE MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN Is Much Bigger Than You Think!

THE MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN Is Much Bigger Than You Think! THE MANUFACTURING VALUE CHAIN Is Much Bigger Than You Think! Coal mined for making domestic steel Sheet steel manufactured for auto production Electricity, water, and gas used by manufacturing and distribution

More information

International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities

International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Cities The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) advices that, to avoid the worst impacts from climate change, global CO 2

More information

Za abeel Energy City Master Plan. Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Za abeel Energy City Master Plan. Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dubai, United Arab Emirates Dubai, United Arab Emirates The Energy Master Plan is uniquely positioned as a center for both commerce and residential development. The project will embody modern, sustainable

More information

Klosterenga, Oslo, Norway, 1998-2000 page - 1

Klosterenga, Oslo, Norway, 1998-2000 page - 1 Klosterenga, Oslo, Norway, 1998-2000 page - 1 Introduction Klosterenga is an urban revitalisation project close to the city centre of Oslo. The 3 apartments were built with a focus on energy saving. Next

More information

Daikin Altherma Hybrid Heat Pump

Daikin Altherma Hybrid Heat Pump your comfort. our world. Daikin Altherma Hybrid Heat Pump The natural combination Heating Integrated Solutions Ventilation Air Conditioning Refrigeration About Daikin Forward thinking... Daikin has a worldwide

More information

Steel Production in Czech Republic. Eurofer Economic Committee Meeting Brussels April 2015

Steel Production in Czech Republic. Eurofer Economic Committee Meeting Brussels April 2015 Steel Production in Czech Republic Eurofer Economic Committee Meeting Brussels April 2015 Main Economic Indicators % Change Czech Republic 10 11 12 13 14 15E 16P Private Consumption 1,0 0.2-1,8 0,4 1,7

More information

Energy Efficiency in The Food Processing and Garment Sector in Vietnam. Nguyen Dang Anh Thi, November 2012

Energy Efficiency in The Food Processing and Garment Sector in Vietnam. Nguyen Dang Anh Thi, November 2012 Energy Efficiency in The Food Processing and Garment Sector in Vietnam Nguyen Dang Anh Thi, November 2012 Agenda Vietnam Energy Efficiency Outlook & Potential Energy Saving. Energy consumption in food

More information

Can old buildings be just as energy-efficient as new ones?

Can old buildings be just as energy-efficient as new ones? Can old buildings be just as energy-efficient as new ones? Intelligent, energy-efficient building automation reduces emissions and costs in every building. Answers for infrastructure. Efficient energy

More information

Generating Heat. Part 1: Breathing Earth. Part 2: The Growth of Carbon Emitters. Introduction: Materials:

Generating Heat. Part 1: Breathing Earth. Part 2: The Growth of Carbon Emitters. Introduction: Materials: Generating Heat Introduction: Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is the primary greenhouse gas contributing to global climate change. A greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs the sunlight being reflected back towards

More information

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS ARE RED HOT BUT ARE THEY REALLY GREEN?

GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS ARE RED HOT BUT ARE THEY REALLY GREEN? GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS ARE RED HOT BUT ARE THEY REALLY GREEN? Richard C. Niess 1 Gilbert & Associates / Apogee Interactive, Inc., Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062 Phone & Fax (804) 642 0400 ABSTRACT

More information

Main trends in industry in 2014 and thoughts on future developments. (April 2015)

Main trends in industry in 2014 and thoughts on future developments. (April 2015) Main trends in industry in 2014 and thoughts on future developments (April 2015) Development of the industrial sector in 2014 After two years of recession, industrial production returned to growth in 2014.

More information

THE CHALLENGES TO INTRODUCE NEW CEMENT TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE MARKET PLACE

THE CHALLENGES TO INTRODUCE NEW CEMENT TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE MARKET PLACE THE CHALLENGES TO INTRODUCE NEW CEMENT TECHNOLOGIES INTO THE MARKET PLACE Ladies & Gentlemen, In discussing the challenges that are facing new cement technologies to enter the market, I can give no better

More information

Facts about flying you shouldn't miss. Flying is

Facts about flying you shouldn't miss. Flying is Facts about flying you shouldn't miss Flying is 2 shopping in London carnival in Rio business as usual cappuccino in Rome Christmas under palm trees bananas the whole year round Flying is the most climate-damaging

More information

Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels

Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels international energy agency agence internationale de l energie Energy Efficiency Indicators for Public Electricity Production from Fossil Fuels IEA Information paper In Support of the G8 Plan of Action

More information

High-efficient gas boiler CompactGas

High-efficient gas boiler CompactGas High-efficient gas boiler CompactGas Patented alufer for a high efficiency and low emission. 1 CompactGas (1000-2800). Advantages at a glance. The Hoval CompactGas fulfils all expectations with regard

More information

MAKE RECYCLING BUSINESS

MAKE RECYCLING BUSINESS MAKE RECYCLING YOUR BUSINESS Barriers and Opportunities for Recycling and Going Green in Small to Medium Businesses Sponsored by Supported by Prepared by Planet Ark and Pollinate for National Recycling

More information

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS

ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS ANSWERS TO END-OF-CHAPTER QUESTIONS 7-1 In what ways are national income statistics useful? National income accounting does for the economy as a whole what private accounting does for businesses. Firms

More information

New technical solutions for energy efficient buildings

New technical solutions for energy efficient buildings - New technical solutions for energy efficient buildings State of the Art Report New technologies for heat pumps Authors: Heimo Staller, Angelika Tisch, IFZ Oct. 2010 Background Heat pumps are machines

More information

SingleBTS Product Portfolio

SingleBTS Product Portfolio Highlights Huawei s 3900 series multi-mode base stations offer a future-oriented network solution integrating radio resources and multiple technologies. The design of the 3900 series multi-mode base stations

More information

PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT 2013/2014

PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT 2013/2014 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 Carbon emissions (kgco2) Page 1 PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ANNUAL PERFORMANCE REPORT 2013/2014 1. INTRODUCTION

More information

NC General Statutes - Chapter 143 Article 8C 1

NC General Statutes - Chapter 143 Article 8C 1 Article 8C. Performance Standards for Sustainable, Energy-Efficient Public Buildings. 143-135.35. Findings; legislative intent. The General Assembly finds that public buildings can be built and renovated

More information

Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency Using Cfd Modeling

Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency Using Cfd Modeling IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-issn: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 8, Issue 6 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 25-29 Performance of the Boiler and To Improving the Boiler Efficiency

More information

The Role of Green Electricity Purchases in Reducing Commercial/Institutional Entity s Carbon Footprint

The Role of Green Electricity Purchases in Reducing Commercial/Institutional Entity s Carbon Footprint The Role of Green Electricity Purchases in Reducing Commercial/Institutional Entity s Carbon Footprint Extended Abstract #66 Y. Anny Huang 1, Christopher L. Weber 2, and H. Scott Matthews 3 1 Formerly

More information

Econ 102 Measuring National Income and Prices Solutions

Econ 102 Measuring National Income and Prices Solutions Econ 102 Measuring National Income and Prices Solutions 1. Measurement of National Income and Decomposing GDP This question is designed to see if you understand how Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is measured.

More information

STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY STRUCTURE OF THE WORLD ECONOMY Outline of a Simple Input-Output Formulation* Nobel Memorial Lecture, December 11, 1973 by WA SSILY LE ONTIEF Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. I The world

More information

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT. Performance Assessment of a Cold-Climate Air Source Heat Pump

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT. Performance Assessment of a Cold-Climate Air Source Heat Pump RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT December 2014 Technical Series 14-102 Performance Assessment of a Cold-Climate Air Source Heat Pump INTRODUCTION Most Canadians are familiar with air source heat pump technology in the

More information

Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary

Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary Golden Gate Baptist Theological Seminary Economic Impact Report Marin Economic Forum Original - August 4, 2010 Final Draft Updated March 25, 2011 Page 1 Table of Contents Section Page Executive Summary

More information

Economic Impact Study

Economic Impact Study Economic Impact Study U.S.- Based Scrap Recycling Industry 2015 Prepared for the Institute for Scrap Recycling Industries, Inc. Executive Summary Scrap recycling is a major U.S.-based industry dedicated

More information

Section 2 Offshore outsourcing trends in the US and Japan and their impact on employment

Section 2 Offshore outsourcing trends in the US and Japan and their impact on employment Section 2 Offshore outsourcing trends in the US and Japan and their impact on employment 1. Overview of outsourcing According to the results of a survey conducted by a private research institute,

More information

Multiproject Scheduling in Construction Industry

Multiproject Scheduling in Construction Industry Multiproject Scheduling in Construction Industry Y. Gholipour Abstract In this paper, supply policy and procurement of shared resources in some kinds of concurrent construction projects are investigated.

More information

New Trends in Data Center Metrics

New Trends in Data Center Metrics New Trends in Data Center Metrics Chuck Carroll September 14, 2011 Critical Infrastructure of the Cable Industry Critical Infrastructure can encompass a number of different types of facilities Data Centers

More information

Reference: Gregory Mankiw s Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 nd edition, Chapters 10 and 11. Gross Domestic Product

Reference: Gregory Mankiw s Principles of Macroeconomics, 2 nd edition, Chapters 10 and 11. Gross Domestic Product Macroeconomics Topic 1: Define and calculate GDP. Understand the difference between real and nominal variables (e.g., GDP, wages, interest rates) and know how to construct a price index. Reference: Gregory

More information

Chapter 24. What will you learn in this chapter? Valuing an economy. Measuring the Wealth of Nations

Chapter 24. What will you learn in this chapter? Valuing an economy. Measuring the Wealth of Nations Chapter 24 Measuring the Wealth of Nations 2014 by McGraw-Hill Education 1 What will you learn in this chapter? How to calculate gross domestic product (GDP). Why each component of GDP is important. What

More information

Information Guide Domestic Air Source Heat Pumps

Information Guide Domestic Air Source Heat Pumps Information Guide Domestic Air Source Heat Pumps Issue 41 Domestic Air Source Heat Pumps This is an independent guide produced by Mitsubishi Electric to enhance the knowledge of its customers and provide

More information

Boilers and cogeneration/trigeneration. Abhi Sawant Business Development Manager Simons Green Energy

Boilers and cogeneration/trigeneration. Abhi Sawant Business Development Manager Simons Green Energy Boilers and cogeneration/trigeneration Abhi Sawant Business Development Manager Simons Green Energy HEATING - COOLING - SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN BOILERS, COGENERATION & TRIGENERATION Presented

More information

Practical decisions facing urban planners

Practical decisions facing urban planners Module : Practical decisions facing urban planners Alain Bertaud Urbanist Summary 1. Should densities be controlled? 2. Should planners favor monocentric or polycentric cities? 3. Side effects of green

More information

The Promise of Green Building in China

The Promise of Green Building in China James Connelly LEED ap Fulbright Research Fellow Tsinghua University Dept. of Building Science The Promise of Green Building in China The growth of building energy consumption and the potential of green

More information

fire & soundproofing Insulation Roxul Safe n Sound Fire and Soundproofing Insulation for Interior Partition Walls and Floors

fire & soundproofing Insulation Roxul Safe n Sound Fire and Soundproofing Insulation for Interior Partition Walls and Floors fire & soundproofing Insulation Roxul Safe n Sound Fire and Soundproofing Insulation for Interior Partition Walls and Floors Roxul Safe n Sound Sound Control and Fire Safety From One Batt Insulation Roxul

More information

Low temperatures provide a poor increase in energy consumption. Decreasing economy lessens energy demand / Renewables continue to grow

Low temperatures provide a poor increase in energy consumption. Decreasing economy lessens energy demand / Renewables continue to grow Low temperatures provide a poor increase in energy consumption Decreasing economy lessens energy demand / Renewables continue to grow Berlin/Cologne (19 December 2012) - Energy consumption in Germany in

More information

Japan s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy Updates. Naoko Doi Institute of Energy Economics, Japan

Japan s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy Updates. Naoko Doi Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Japan s Energy Efficiency and Conservation Policy Updates Naoko Doi Institute of Energy Economics, Japan Final Energy Consumption 400 Mtoe Industry Transport Residential/Commercial Non-energy 350 Non-energy

More information

11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives

11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives 11.1 Estimating Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Objectives Describe what the gross domestic product measures. Learn two ways to calculate the gross domestic product, and explain why they are equivalent. 11.1

More information

Methodology of calculating core inflation measures published by Narodowy Bank Polski

Methodology of calculating core inflation measures published by Narodowy Bank Polski March 2016 Methodology of calculating core inflation measures published by Narodowy Bank Polski [Wpisz podtytuł dokumentu] Economic Institute NBP Warsaw, 2016 Published by: Bureau of Inflation Analysis

More information

Where to start: Understanding building energy use

Where to start: Understanding building energy use Buildings energy efficiency sessions done in partnership with: Energy Efficiency Training Week Where to start: Understanding building energy use Buildings Session 1 Energy Efficiency Training Week Buildings:

More information