BIO 150 (3 credits) & BIO 150L (1 credit) Nazareth College Department of Biology Rochester, NY (585)

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1 BIO 150 (3 credits) & BIO 150L (1 credit) HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I Nazareth College Department of Biology Rochester, NY (585)

2 PREREQUISITE: You must have completed BIO 103/103L (or equivalent) with a grade of C- or better to enroll in this course. The instructor will administratively withdraw any student who has not completed this requirement. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This course is designed to instruct students in both the structural and functional aspects of the human body. I will emphasize fundamental concepts in human anatomy and physiology; however, many specific details are discussed to enhance these fundamental concepts. The chapters in the textbook should be read before coming to lecture. Note taking is encouraged as I occasionally may add material not specifically detailed in your textbook. Our discussions will focus upon items in bold print in your textbook, however, you are responsible for all textbook and lecture material unless I specify otherwise. A rule of thumb for the amount of effort required to do well in this course is that for every hour spent in lecture, the student should devote a minimum of 3 independent study hours every week. This is a rigorous course but it can be highly instructive (and fun) for anyone, but particularly so for those who plan to continue their career in any biological discipline, especially health care. I hope you enjoy this course as much as I enjoy teaching it. TEXTBOOK: Human Anatomy and Physiology: 9 th Edition - Elaine N. Marieb & Katja Hoehn, Authors. SUGGESTED MATERIAL: Class Notes for Human Anatomy & Physiology I. Brian W. Witz, Author. STATEMENT ON STUDENTS WITH DISABILITY: If you are a student with a documented disability that requires special accommodation, please notify the instructor as soon as possible. STATEMENT ON ACADEMIC HONESTY: Students are expected to do their own original work within the confines of the course objectives and evaluation procedures. The expectation is that students will act in accordance with the Nazareth College Policy on Academic Integrity, which can be found in the Student Policies and Procedures Handbook. 2

3 EXAMINATIONS: Five unit examinations will be given during the course. Each examination will cover approximately three chapters in the textbook. Each examination will consist of multiple choice questions and possibly essays/definitions for a total of 100 points per examination. Failure to take an examination will result in a grade of zero for that test. FINAL EXAMINATION: A mandatory, cumulative final examination will be given during final examination week. The examination will consist of 100 multiple choice questions worth two points each, for a total of 200 points. You must pass this examination to pass the course. GRADING: Your final grade will be determined by calculating your average score for all six examinations plus the average on the MasteringAandP quizzes (see below), then comparing your average against that of the class using a normal curve system. The cumulative final examination is equal to two normal examinations so make this one count! Any regrade requests must be within one week of the return of your test in writing. Percent method A A B B B C C C D F Percentage is based on accumulated points divided by a total point of 800 points. *NO EXTRA CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR THIS COURSE. 3

4 ATTENDANCE: Attendance in the lecture is mandatory. No make-up examinations will be given without a valid written excuse (e.g. note from physician, copy of police report, etc.). Make-up examinations will be given in the Library Test Center no later than 1 week after the missed examination. It is your responsibility to contact me (with a written excuse) and arrange for a make-up examination. Failure to attend class will result in the student's name being dropped from the roll. It is both required and courteous to come to class on time and remain in the class for the full duration of my lecture. Continued, unexcused absences and/or tardiness will result in a lowering of your grade. MULTIMEDIA STUDY AIDS: Moodle I have established a course management system at this site. You can access this site by clicking on the Moodle courses link on the Nazareth College web site (use the Quick Links drop down menu). You should have been automatically enrolled in this web site. Your Nazareth College user name and password should allow you access. You should check this site daily for information including related links, messages, quizzes, and your grades. MasteringA&P I have established a website for the course in Please register in MasteringA&P IMMEDIATELY. The course ID is MAPDODGE Course is registered under the title BIO You will need the student access code that came with your textbook or you can purchase one as a standalone from the Nazareth College Bookstore. You will be required to take a chapter quiz for each chapter that we cover during the semester. You can use any resource available to you to take these quizzes; you may not, however, work with another student when taking these quizzes. I will calculate an average for all quizzes, and this average will be equivalent to one unit test in your final grade calculation. You will find links to A.D.A.M. Interactive Physiology and PhysioEx in the External Links folder. It is recommended to complete several assignments in these programs during the semester. A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy Program This program is available to you on the computers in S243 and on the Dell wireless notebook computers in the A&P laboratory (S242). Please be certain to use the Dissectible Anatomy module to help you learn the terminology and gain a reasonably good 3D perspective of the human body. Please see me for instructions. Human Anatomy Program This interactive cadaver dissection program is available to you on the computers in S243. 4

5 CHEATING POLICY: You cheat-you fail. No exceptions. Note: This is a tentative syllabus. The instructor reserves the right to alter or change it at his discretion. I will make every attempt to notify the class in advance of any proposed changes. 5

6 STUDENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I Upon successful completion of this course, the student should be able to: 1. Define standard anatomical terminology dealing with body orientation. 2. Describe the structure and function of all cellular organelles and the cell membrane. 3. Summarize the events occurring during cellular respiration and protein synthesis. 4. Identify representative light micrographs of human tissue types and describe the function of each tissue. 5. Provide examples of locations for specific tissue types. 6. List the structures located in the human integument and describe the function of each structure. 7. Describe common integumentary pathologies. 8. Describe the detailed structure of both compact and spongy bone. 9. Discuss the processes of bone growth and remodeling. 10. Identify all axial bones and their topographical features. 11. Identify all appendicular bones and their topographical features. 12. List the categories of articulations found in the human body and provide examples of each type. 13. Describe common joint pathologies. 14. Discuss the diagnostic features of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissues. 15. Discuss the physiological basis of the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. 16. Describe excitation-contraction coupling. 17. Describe the unique characteristics of skeletal muscle cell metabolism. 18. Describe the biochemical events involved in smooth muscle contraction. 19. Describe the simple physics of the skeletomuscular system in terms of lever system function. 20. Identify the major skeletal muscles in the human body, their origins, insertions, and actions. 21. Describe the detailed cellular anatomy and function of neurons and neuroglial cells. 22. Discuss the basic principles of electricity. 23. Describe the electrical properties of neurons and discuss the establishment and maintenance of the resting membrane potential. 24. Describe the electrical events occurring during an action potential and during graded potentials. 25. Describe the processes of neural integration, including but not limited to chemical & electrical synapses, postsynaptic potentials, synaptic integration, and the role of neurotransmitters and receptors. 26. List the hierarchical structure of the human nervous system. 27. Identify the embryonic regions of the human brain and discuss the fate of each region in the adult. 28. Label each of the major components of the human brain and provide detailed descriptions of the function of each area. 29. Provide a functional map of the cerebral cortex. 30. Define the term lateralization. 31. Label the components of the Limbic system and discuss the function of the system. 32. Describe the anatomical and functional properties of the meninges. 33. Discuss the production, circulation, and function of cerebrospinal fluid. 34. Discuss common brain pathologies. 35. Label each of the anatomical features of the spinal cord and describe the function of each area. 36. Discuss common spinal cord pathologies/injuries. 37. List the general components of the peripheral nervous system. 38. Describe the difference between nerve, tract, ganglion, and nucleus. 39. List the 12 pair of cranial nerves and describe the location and function of, and the organs innervated by each nerve. 40. Discuss common pathologies/injuries and regeneration patterns of peripheral nerves. 6

7 41. Describe the components of a simple reflex arc. 42. List the anatomical and functional components of the autonomic nervous system. 43. Discuss the antagonistic relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. 44. Pair specific neurotransmitters with both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems and describe the function of each neurotransmitter at its target organ. 45. Discuss common pathologies of the autonomic nervous system. 46. Describe the electrical patterns of brain waves and interpret and EEG. 47. Discuss the neural basis of sleep/wake cycles and memory. 48. Describe the general senses and discuss their sensory receptor systems. 49. Compare and contrast encapsulated and non-encapsulated sensory receptors. 50. Discuss proprioception and describe the anatomy and physiology of muscle spindle organs and Golgi tendon organs. 51. Label the histological components of the olfactory system and describe its function. 52. Label the histological components of gustation and describe the function of each component. 53. Identify the anatomical features of the human eye and those of the accessory eye structures. 54. Describe the function of the accessory structures of the eye. 55. Identify the extrinsic and intrinsic eye muscles and their nerve supply. 56. Describe the histological organization of the retina. 57. Compare and contrast color and black-and-white visual systems. 58. Describe the biochemical basis of vision. 59. Describe the neural pathways associated with vision. 60. Describe the physiological processes involved in visual accommodation. 61. Identify the neurological basis of visual reflexes. 62. Discuss pathological aspects of vision and the role of corrective lenses/surgery. 63. Identify the anatomical features of the external, middle, and inner ear. 64. Describe the histological components of the inner ear. 65. Discuss the physiology of hearing. 66. Identify the neurological basis of auditory reflexes. 67. Discuss the physiology of dynamic and static equilibrium. 68. Describe common pathologies of the special and general senses. 69. Describe what a hormone is. 70. Indicate important differences between hormonal and neural controls of body functioning. 71. List the major endocrine organs, and describe their body locations. 72. Distinguish between hormones, paracrines, and autocrines. 73. Describe how hormones are classified chemically. 74. Describe the two major mechanisms by which hormones bring about their effects on their target tissues. 75. List three kinds of interaction of different hormones acting on the same target cell. 76. Explain how hormone release is regulated. 77. Describe the structural and functional relationships between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. 78. List and describe the chief effects of anterior pituitary hormones. 79. Discuss the structure of the posterior pituitary, and describe the effects of the two hormones it releases. 80. Describe important effects of the two groups of hormones produced by the thyroid gland. 81. Follow the process of thyroxine formation and release. 82. List hormones produced by the adrenal gland 83. Compare and contrast the effects of two major pancreatic hormones. 84. Describe the functional roles of hormones from the testes, ovaries, and placenta. 7

8 BIO 150L HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY I Nazareth College Department of Biology Rochester, NY

9 PREREQUISITE: You must have taken BIO 103/103L (or equivalent) and passed the course with a grade of C- or better to enroll in this course. The instructor will administratively withdraw any student that has not satisfied this requirement. COURSE DESCRIPTION: This laboratory course is a co-requisite for BIO 150, Human Anatomy and Physiology I. You may not take this course unless you currently are enrolled in BIO 150. This laboratory is a hands-on course designed to reinforce the principles discussed in lecture. Every attempt will be made to have the laboratory exercises coincide with the related lecture material. TEXT: Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual 11 th Edition Cat Version, Elaine Marieb, Author. MULTIMEDIA STUDY AIDS: Moodle We have established a course management system at this site. Each laboratory section has its own Moodle site, which is different from the lecture site. You can access this site by clicking on the moodle course link on the Nazareth College web site (use the Quick Links drop down menu). You should have been automatically enrolled in this web site. Your Nazareth College user name and password should allow you access. You should check this site daily for information including related links, messages, and your grades. Mastering A&P We will be using the Mastering A&P website. Your lecture instructors will provide you the course ID for their section via . From this site you can access Interactive Physiology, PAL and PhysioEx. PhysioEx homework assignments will be collected as per the lab schedule A.D.A.M. Interactive Anatomy Program This program is available to you on the computers in P121 and on the computers in the A & P laboratory (P015). Please be certain to use the Dissectible Anatomy module to help you learn the terminology and gain a reasonably good 3D perspective of the human body. Please see you instructor for further directions. Human Anatomy Program This interactive cadaver dissection program is also available to you on the computers in P121. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY: Academic integrity is essential to the educational mission of Nazareth College of Rochester, for the free pursuit of knowledge and 9

10 understanding is seriously impeded by any form of academic dishonesty. Hence, no form of academic dishonesty will be condoned by the college. Academic dishonesty is understood as any act of deceit bearing on one s own or another s academic work, where academic work is understood to mean any activity pertaining to the educational mission of the college. Such acts include, but are not limited to, plagiarism in any form and the use during an exam of information of materials not authorized by the instructor for such use. BIO 150L Learning Outcomes Exercise 1: The Language of Anatomy 1. Describe the anatomical position by demonstration and explain its importance. 2. Use proper anatomical terminology to describe body directions, planes and surfaces. 3. Name the body cavities and indicate the important organs in each. Exercise 2: Organ Systems Overview 1. Name the human organ systems and indicate the major functions of each. 2. Identify human organs on a dissectible human torso model. Exercise 3: The Microscope 1. Identify the parts of the microscope and demonstrate the proper function of each. 2. Demonstrate proper focusing technique. Exercise 6: Classification of Tissues 1. Name the four primary tissue types in the human body and the major subcategories of each. 2. Identify the tissue subcategories through microscopic inspection. 3. State the location of the various tissue types in the body. 4. List the general functions and structural characteristics of each of the four major tissue types. 5. Prepare a labeled printout of a PhysioEx exercise of a Histology Tutorial. Exercise 8: Overview of the Skeleton: Classification and Structure of Bones and Cartilage 1. Identify surface bone markings and functions. 2. Identify the major anatomical areas on a longitudinally cut long bone. 3. Locate and identify the three major types of skeletal cartilages. Exercise 9: The Axial Skeleton 1. Identify the three bone groups composing the axial skeleton. 2. Identify the bones composing the axial skeleton, either by examining isolated bones or by pointing them out on an articulated skeleton or a skull and name the important bone markings on each. 3. Distinguish the different types of vertebrae. 4. Discuss the importance of intervertebral discs and spinal curvatures. 5. Distinguish three abnormal spinal curvatures. Exercise 10: The Appendicular Skeleton 10

11 1. Identify on an articulated skeleton the bones of the pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs. 2. Arrange unmarked, disarticulated bones in proper relative position to form the entire skeleton. 3. Differentiate between a male and a female pelvis. 4. Discuss the common features of the human appendicular girdles (pectoral and pelvic), and note how their structure relates to their specialized functions. 5. Identify specific bone markings in the appendicular skeleton. Exercise 13: Gross Anatomy of the Muscular System 1. Name and locate the major muscles of the human body (on computer program A.D.A.M.) and state the action of each. 2. Explain how muscle actions are related to their location. 3. Name muscle origins and insertions (on computer program A.D.A.M.) Dissection Exercise 1: Dissection and Identification of Cat Muscles 1. Name and locate muscles on a dissected cat. 2. Recognize similarities and differences between human and cat musculature. Electrical Stimulation of Human Skeletal Muscle: The Intellitool Physiogrip 1. Demonstrate using a computer printout, the use of The Intellitool Physiogrip and their forearm, muscle and motor point stimulation, threshold stimulus, wave summation and single muscle twitch. 2. Prepare a print out of a PhysioEx exercise on Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Exercise 17: Cross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves 1. Identify the following brain structures on a dissected specimen, human brain model or diagram and to state their functions: o Cerebral hemisphere structures: lobes, fissures, lateral ventricles, basal ganglia, corpus callosum, fornix, septum pellucidum o Diencephalon structures: thalamus, intermediate mass, hypothalamus, optic chiasma, pituitary gland, mammillary bodies, pineal body, choroid plexus of the third ventricle, interventricular foramen o Brain stem structures: corpora quadrigemina, cerebral aqueduct, cerebral peduncles of the midbrain, pons, medulla, fourth ventricle o Cerebellum structures: cerebellar hemispheres, arbor vitae 3. Describe the composition of gray and white matter. 4. Locate the well-recognized functional areas of the human cerebral hemispheres. 5. Define gyri, fissures and sulci. 6. Identify the three meningeal layers and state their function. 7. State the function of the arachnoid villi and dural sinuses. 8. Discuss the formation, circulation and drainage of cerebrospinal fluid. 9. Identify at least four anatomical differences between the human brain and that of the sheep. 10. Identify the cranial nerves by number and name on an appropriate human or sheep model stating the origin and function of each. 11

12 Exercise 19: Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System 1. Identify important anatomical areas on a spinal cord model and name the neuron type found in these areas. 2. Indicate two major areas where the spinal cord in enlarged and then explain the reasons for the enlargement. 3. Define conus medullaris, cauda equina and filum terminale. 4. List two major functions of the spinal cord and the meningeal coverings. 5. Prepare a print out of a PhysioEx exercise on the Neurophysiology of Nerve Impulses 6. Describe the origin, fiber composition and distribution of the spinal nerves, differentiating between roots, the spinal nerve proper, and rami and discuss the result of transecting these structures. 7. Identify the brachial, lumbar and sacral nerve plexuses, the major nerves of each and their distribution. Dissection Exercise 2: Dissection of Cat Spinal Nerves Identify on a dissected cat the musculocutaneous, radial, median, and ulnar nerves of the forelimb and the femoral, saphenous, sciatic, common fibular (peroneal) and tibial nerves of the hind limb. Exercise 21: Human Reflex Physiology 1. Define reflex and reflex arc. 2. Name, identify and describe the function of each element of a reflex arc. 3. Indicate why reflex testing is an important part of every physical examination. 4. Describe and discuss several types of reflex activities as observe in the laboratory; indicate the functional or clinical importance of each and categorize each as a somatic or autonomic reflex action. Exercise 22: General Sensation 1. Recognize various types of general sensory receptors as studied in the laboratory and describe the function and location of each type. 2. Explain the tactile two-point discrimination test and state its anatomical basis. 3. Define tactile localization and describe how this ability varies in different areas of the body. 4. Demonstrate and relate differences in relative density and distribution of tactile and thermoreceptors in the skin. 5. Define adaptation and negative afterimage. Exercise 23-24: Special senses: Anatomy of the Visual System; Visual Tests and Experiments 1. Describe the structure and function of the accessory visual structure. 2. Identify the structural components of the eye when provided with a model, diagram or preserved cow eye and list the function(s) of each. 3. Describe the cellular makeup of the retina. 4. Discuss the mechanism of image formation on the retina. 5. Trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex and indicate the effects of damage to various parts of this pathway. 6. To define the following terms: refraction accommodation, convergence, astigmatism, emmetropica myopia, hyperopia, conjunctivitis, cataract and glaucoma. 7. Discuss the importance of the pupillary and convergence reflexes. 12

13 8. Explain the difference between rods and cones with respect to visual perception and retinal localization. Exercise 25: Special Senses: Hearing and Equilibrium 1. Identify on a model and labeling a diagram, the anatomical structures of the external, middle and internal ear and explain their functions. 2. Describe the anatomy of the organ of hearing (spiral organ of Corti in the cochlea), and to explain its function in sound reception. 13