City of Mikkeli Trailblazer in environmental responsibility. ENERGY AND CLIMATE STRATEGY FOR THE YEARS (summary)

Transcription

1 City of Mikkeli Trailblazer in environmental responsibility ENERGY AND CLIMATE STRATEGY FOR THE YEARS (summary) City of Mikkeli Publications 2010

2 2 1. City of Mikkeli Climate and Energy Strategy for International and National Objectives The EU s objective is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 20 per cent from the 1990 level by the year 2020 and to increase the share of renewable energy to an average of 20 per cent of the total final consumption. The obligations of reducing emissions will be further tightened up in the next few years. In Finland the share of renewable energy of all consumed energy must be increased from the present 28.5 per cent to 38 per cent by the year In addition greenhouse gas emissions in Finland must be reduced from the level of 2005 by 16 per cent by the year 2020 in the sectors outside emissions trading, such as housing, traffic, agriculture and waste management. The climate and energy policy endorsed by the government on 6 November 2008 states the objective of holding the total final consumption and turning it into decrease so that the total final consumption in 2020 would be nearly the same as today. Without new measures the energy consumption would increase significantly. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry has put together a national readjustment strategy for climate change, as a part of the climate and energy strategy. The objective of the readjustment strategy is to strengthen and to improve the adaptability to climate change in Finland. At the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen in December 2009 no binding agreement was reached on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. A political mutual understanding, which is not legally binding, was agreed upon at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. The details will be further discussed along the guidelines of the political mutual understanding of Copenhagen. 1.2 Previous measures taken by the City of Mikkeli One of the targets of the environmental strategy for the years approved by the city council of Mikkeli is to increase the use of renewable sources of energy and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The objective is for 60 % of the fuels used in the production of electricity and heat in Mikkeli to come from renewable sources of energy. In 2008 they accounted for 64 %. In addition Mikkeli has been participating since 1997 in the climate protection campaign coordinated by the Association of Finnish Local Authorities, associated with the ICLEI (International Association of Local Governments) campaign for sustainable development.

3 Purchased electricity Cattle keeping Agriculture Wastewater treatment Waste treatment Road traffic Separate heating of properties Heat production of industries Electricity and heat production Figure 1. Greenhouse gas emissions (tons CO 2 -ekv.) of Mikkeli in different sectors in 1990, 1998 and The latest greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of Mikkeli, drafted in 2005, indicated that its GHG emissions had dropped about 15 % from the 1990 level. In 1990 the GHG emissions in Mikkeli were approx. 8.6 metric tons per inhabitant and in 2005 around 6.8 tons per inhabitant calculated with the Kasvener model developed by the Finnish Environment Institute and the Association of Finnish Local Authorities. The GHG emissions in the 50 municipalities participating in the campaign that same year were on average 13 tons per inhabitant. The lower than average emissions of Mikkeli are explained by the lack of energyusing industry in the city. The total GHG emissions in Finland are approx. 14 tons per inhabitant. If we set the goal to reduce the GHG emissions per inhabitant in Mikkeli by 30 % from the 1990 emission level, that would mean that the tolerated emission level would be 6 tons per inhabitant per year. 1.3 Energy production Electricity is produced in Mikkeli at the city-owned backpressure steam plant (cogenerator) of Etelä-Savon Energia Oy (ESE Oy, South Savo Energy Company Ltd.) Pursiala in combined production of district heating and power. The waste heat developed in the power production is reclaimed and conducted into the district heating network. The second generating unit of Pursiala (Pursiala 2, 100 MW) was completed during Its commercial use started on 22 December The power produced by the two power plants in 2006 was 352 GWh (over 150GWh more than the previous years). The electricity produced in 2007 was 326 GWh and 360 GWh in Since 2006 ESE Oy s own power production has increased significantly and the purchase of electricity has decreased. In the same period, the CO 2 emissions per produced energy unit were reduced because the emissions of the

4 CO2 Emissions, 1000t & Energy production GWh 4 purchased power production were higher than their own production s emissions. In 2008, 64.2 % of the fuels used were wood, 34.5 % peat and 0.4 % oil. The winter months in 2008 were clearly warmer than the previous year and consequently less district heating was produced in 2008: GWh which is approx. 80 GWh less than in Year CO2 Emissions,1000 t Energy Production, GWh CO2 Emissions t/gwh Figure 2: CO 2 emissions of the South Savo Energy Company (Etelä-Savon Energia Oy) power and heating plants, 1000 tons At the end of 2008 the length of the district heating network was km. In 2008, 90 properties joined the district heating network, their total cubic capacity being 258,000 cubic metres. The total number of properties fully heated by the district heating network at the end of 2008 was 1920 and the total cubic capacity of the buildings to be heated was approx. 9,050,000 m Use of energy and its forecast in Mikkeli until 2020 The year 2006 was used as the starting point for drafting the energy forecast in Mikkeli in accordance with the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy, even though the most recent energy balance for the Mikkeli district dates from The balance of 2006 has been written out according to the incorporation into bigger municipalities of 2007, in other words including also Haukivuori, which joined Mikkeli at the beginning of According to the energy balance, 200 GWh of fuel oil was used in Mikkeli in A little more than half of this amount was used for separate heating of buildings and a little less than half in the boilers of South Savo Energy Company Ltd. and as industrial heat. The largest industrial users were Helprint Oy (printing house), Mikkelin Pesula Oy (cleaner s) and Puolustusvoimien Mikkelin vaatetuskorjaamo (repair of clothing for the Armed Forces). The use of wood consisted of small-scale use of a little over 10 %, while the rest of the wood was used in the generators of South Savo Energy Company Ltd. As for the peat, nearly all of it was used by South Savo Energy Company Ltd.

5 5 The share of renewable energy sources in Mikkeli was 47% in 2006 of the gross primary energy consumption. Excluding the motor vehicle fuels, the share of renewable energy sources was 56 %. The total for wood-based fuels used in energy production in all of Finland in 2007 was 23 %. The enclosed diagram represents the shares of wood-based fuels of all fuels used by some energy production plants in Rovaniemen Energia Lappeenrannan Energia Oy Lahti Energia Kuopio Energia Kotka Energia Oy Kouvola KSS Energia Keravan Energia Oy Jyväskylän Energiatuotanto Oy Joensuu Fortum Power and Heat Etelä-Savon Energia Oy 0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % Figure 3: Share of wood-based fuels of all fuels used in 2008 (Annual Reports and Environmental Reports of energy plants). Table 1 assembles the increase forecasts (%) for the electricity and energy total final consumption according to the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy and the baseline and target scenarios in Mikkeli until Guidelines for consumption for heating were only given in the national strategy until The increase in the baseline or the decrease in the target scenario of heating, power and motor vehicle fuels must be fitted within the total final consumption forecast and the objectives.

6 6 Power consumption Total final consumption of energy Heating consumption Baseline Target scenario Baseline Target scenario 1 0,7 0,4-0,6 0,8-0,1 0,3-1 0,5-0,4 Table 1. The average increase in consumption of electricity, total final consumption of energy and heating in baseline and target scenario (% per year, according to the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy). Table 2 assembles the development of the energy consumption in Mikkeli in 2020 according to the baseline and the target scenario of the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy. According to the target scenario, the total final consumption in 2020 should be at the same level as in 2006, although according to the baseline it would increase by 12 % from the 2006 level Baseline Target scenario Power Heating Motor vehicle fuels Losses Total final consumption of energy Table 2. The development of energy consumption in Mikkeli by Unlike the forecasts regarding Finland the population in Mikkeli is expected to decrease moderately from 48,676 (in 2008) to 48,365 by 2020 (Statistics Finland, population projection), even though it is probable that some people will be moving into Mikkeli from the nearby areas. According to the forecast the population in 2040 will be 47,494. At the beginning energy consumption will increase also in Mikkeli according to the climate and energy strategy in the next few years, even if we would reach the target scenario. In particular, power consumption will increase, but the need for district heating will not increase as much, and therefore the proportion of heating and electricity in the energy production will change. We would need more district heating load in order to improve the situation. Without new investments in the power production this may have as a long-term consequence a decrease in the electrical self-sufficiency. In future it will be possible to re-

7 7 duce the share of imported electricity with the investments, although the merger of the local energy companies may increase the share of imported electricity. In order to achieve the objectives in the use of renewable energy sources according to the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy, the use of wood-based fuels should be increased and the amount of peat decreased. At the power plant of South Savo Energy Company Ltd. in Mikkeli, about two thirds of the fuels used are already wood and one third is peat. Increase in the use of wood much over the actual level at this plant is technically not possible because of the superheaters getting dirty. The technology would require an additional investment of approx. 20 million Euros to enable more wood to be burnt. In the present situation also the supply of wood and the lower price of peat are limiting the increase of the share of wood. The use of oil for the heating of properties will decrease and oil has already been replaced in the Mikkeli district by geothermal heat in accordance with the climate and energy strategy forecasts. The share of wind and solar energy will not be considerable in Mikkeli, in spite of some slight increase. The share of biogas may increase with the construction of the new wastewater treatment plant. Also in the future the waste will probably be taken outside the district instead of utilising it locally. A significant feature in Mikkeli in the future will remain the nationally remarkable share of renewable energy sources. As far as traffic is concerned, electric cars will clearly influence the consumption of electricity as early as in This will also increase the need for electricity while the use of oil will be decreasing. Public bus and service transport could possibly be partly run by biogas or electricity (cf. buses running on natural gas in the Greater Helsinki area) by The development and investments also in the Mikkeli district will be considerably influenced by the prices of electricity and oil as well as by different energy subsidies and taxes. The source used in the previous paragraph is an account made by the Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences: Energy Use in Mikkeli in 2006 and Forecast for Energy Use in Mikkeli for 2020 (2050) in accordance with the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy. 1.5 Present use of energy in the City s own activities The total real estate administered by the City Administration of Premises is described by the following distinctive figures from 2009: building volume 1.7 million m 3 use of district heating 44,000 MWh oil heating 755,000 l use of electricity 24,300 MWh use of water 122,500 m 3 annual expenses: heating 2.6 million, electricity 1.6 million and water 312,000

8 8 On 21 December 2009, the municipal executive board of Mikkeli approved the energy efficiency agreement between the City of Mikkeli and the Ministry of Employment and the Economy for the years The agreement is based upon measures to be put in place by the City of Mikkeli to contribute on its behalf to the achievement of the objectives fixed by the Finnish Climate and Energy Strategy in accordance with the report given by the government to the parliament. The agreement concerns all the activities of the city and the fully city-owned companies (except energy companies). The agreement tends primarily to improve energy efficiency, but includes also the measures related to promote the use of renewable energy. 1.6 Traffic The share of the GHG emissions due to traffic in Mikkeli is about one-third and growing. When calculating traffic emissions also the emissions due to through traffic are taken into consideration. The number of registered cars increased steadily by several per cent per year in Mikkeli in the 2000s. In 2001 there were 425 private cars per 1000 inhabitants, whereas the number at the end of 2009 was 529. That is, the motorisation rate has increased by 25 per cent in nine years. 1.7 Waste management The common waste management company of the Mikkeli district municipalities, Metsäsairila Oy, started its activities at the beginning of This company operates in the area of Mikkeli, Ristiina, Puumala and Suomenniemi municipalities. The company organises the recycling of recyclable waste, manages hazardous waste and organises waste transport. The company responsible for separately collected bio-waste and operating the sludge ripening of the wastewater treatment plant is Vapo Oy. Metsäsairila Oy maintains the waste collection centre of Metsä-Sairila in Mikkeli. Landfill activities in the area began in Since the end of 2008 Metsäsairila Oy has been delivering municipal waste pre-sorted by origin to be used as fuel to the Kotka Waste-to-Energy Plant, which, in addition to electricity and district heating, also produces steam for industrial needs. The agreement covers 15 years. At the moment, the quantity delivered is approx t, which represents about 55 % of all the municipal waste received at Metsä-Sairila. The national percentage of usage of waste into recycling purposes has been around 40 in the past years and in the Mikkeli area it has followed the national level. The conversion of waste into energy raises the usage of waste into recycling purposes to 70 per cent in the area. Biogas plants At the waste water treatment plant of the Mikkeli water supply plant there is a biogas plant, where 0.4 million m 3 of biogas was produced in 2008 and 0.3 mil-

9 9 lion m 3 of biogas was utilised by producing 1,869 MWh of heat. The heat is utilised to heat our own properties. At the Mikkeli waste collection centre landfill 0.9 million m 3 of biogas was produced in 2008 and it was utilised by producing 1,473 MWh of electricity at the micro turbine plant. The plant produces the electricity needed for the waste collection centre, the Vapo Ltd. sludge ripening of the sewage treatment plant and for the paper collecting company s (Paperinkeräys Oy) baling hall. Part of the electricity produced is sold to the grid of the energy company Lake District Energy Ltd. (Järvi-Suomen Energia). Quantities of waste In 2008, the waste collection centre of Metsä-Sairila received 13,549 t (of which the share of Mikkeli was 77 %) of miscellaneous municipal waste, 3,081 t of bio waste, 2,694 t of waste that was transformable into energy, 384 t of waste utilisable as materials, 46 t of hazardous waste and 4,712 t of other waste, totalling 24,466 t. These numbers do not include the treated, utilised and permanently re-sited contaminated soils or the concrete, asphalt and brick waste utilised on the grounds of the waste collection centre. At the waste collection centre Mikkeli s share of municipal waste to be permanently re-sited in 2009 was 99 kg per inhabitant. The wastewater treatment plant of the Mikkeli Water Supply Plant is going to move during the year 2014 from Kenkävero to the west side of the waste collection centre of Metsä-Sairila. After that the wastewater of the waste collection centre will not need to be pumped to the city to be cleaned, and neither will the wastewater treatment plant s sludge need to be transported out of town to the sludge ripening plant operating in connection with the waste collection centre. 1.8 Procurement The volume of public procurement is big. In Finland the annual public procurement represents about 22 billion Euros. This is about 15 % of GDP. 75 % of this procurement goes to the municipal sector. Procurement of energy efficient products preserves both the environment and money. In its resolution approved on 8 April 2009 regarding sustainable procurement, the government requires that in 2010 the ecological point of view be taken into consideration by the central government for at least 70 per cent and in 2015 for all of its procurement. Procurement services coordinate and direct the City of Mikkeli procurement and ensure that it is regulated by law. They provide cost-effective procurement and logistics services to the whole city and also to the City of Mikkeli Group and to sub-regional units when appropriate. The value of the procurement from outside the city stakeholders procurement (= procurement from outside the City of Mikkeli Group, put out to tender) is approx. 65,000,000 per year. The share of services of this amount is about 90 %. The procurement value represents about 30 % of the Mikkeli city budget operating balance (in 2010 it

10 10 was 213,000,000 Euros). Included in the total economy comparison of the purchases there is often an environment related scoring. These purchases include recycled products. The executive board of the city of Mikkeli has approved the procurement guidelines in force on 13 October Cooperation with Itella Oyj has improved the logistics of the transport of goods. Since the Group (City of Mikkeli, Esko Oy, Mikkeli University of Applied Sciences, South Savo Hospital District) joined Itella transport logistics (incl. post, materials, laundry, part of the laboratory and/or medicine transport, equipment transport), the number of transport vehicles has been reduced. The number of transport kilometres has been reduced and overlapping hauling has ended. Itella Oyj invests also in responsible environmental activities and is committed, for example to reduce the CO 2 emissions by 30 % by The entire food chain (agriculture, refining and processing, transport, packaging, storage, freezing and waste) forms approx. one third of all environmental impacts of consumption. Local food and organic production of food are means of minimising the environmental impact throughout the entire chain. The City of Mikkeli owns all together 27 food and cleaning services branches in different parts of the city. All of the food service branches carry the Good from Finland restaurant identification tag granted by Finfood, which requires that all the meat, milk and eggs used are 100 % domestic. In addition Finnish and South Savo products are used as much as possible. Part of the fresh bread and all the fish, potatoes, root vegetables and other vegetables as well as berries are bought from local producers. The food services of the City of Mikkeli are spending 20 % of their food expenses on local foods and services. The food and cleaning services have joined the Steps to Organic Food programme, developed by Finfood Organic and EkoCentria ( This programme encourages professional catering to regularly use more organic ingredients. The central community kitchen Keskuskeittiö Isopata ( The Big Stew Pot ) has been certified for the use of organic food in The food and cleaning services have created an environmental programme, which includes groceries (what, where and how often to buy), use of water and energy, detergents and sorting of waste. In recognition of their achievements, the City s food and cleaning services were awarded the 2009 Good meal deed prize by the Promotion Programme for Finnish Food Culture (SRE). The prize was awarded to a professional catering kitchen whose activity is demonstrably sustainable. The criteria include among other things an honest familiarisation with cooking, cooperation with local producers and the use of locally produced food. 1.9 Forests, natural carbon dioxide sinks The City of Mikkeli owns 5,840 ha of forests of which approx. 1,684 ha are urban agglomeration forests and protection zones and about 4,156 ha are forestry. The annual forest growth is around 30,000m 3 and the average annual logging quantity during the period was about 20,000 m 3. The total out-

11 11 take in the forests owned by the City of Mikkeli is about 6,400 m 3 less than the growing stock, which means that the forest carbon stock is increasing and therefore helping to hold back the greenhouse effect. In the Mikkeli area the share of forestry land is ca. 145,136 ha. Inside the city s territory there is a total of 20.3 million m 3 of growing stock, of which 45.5 % is pine, 31.3 % spruce, 20.4 % birch and 2.8 % other tree species. 0.9 % of the forests are clearings, 22.7 % sapling stands, 58.9 % of growing stock and 17.5 % of renewable forests. The annual growth of forests is about 840,000 m 3 and the annual cutting quantity is about 570,000 m 3 (the cutting information is the average of the years ) Vision and objectives of the Mikkeli climate and energy strategy Vision Mikkeli will maintain its position as trailblazer in the task against climate change Main objectives Compared to other Finnish cities of similar size, the GHG emissions calculated per inhabitant in the City of Mikkeli are the lowest and the share of renewable energy sources in the production of energy is the highest. The GHG emissions in Mikkeli will be reduced at least by 30 % from the 1990 level by 2020 (and by 80 % by the year 2050). The emissions will be reduced especially in the use of energy and traffic emissions. Giving up the use of peat will be clarified at the latest when the Pursiala power plant boilers will have to be replaced. Within the city organisation of Mikkeli all departments will have for their part reduced the GH G emissions and been prepared to the climate change. The city will be an example to other organisations in the city and to the inhabitants and encouraged them by their own actions to reduce their GH G emissions. Detailed objectives under nine separate headings: 1. Aiming to reduce the GH G emissions with solutions of land use 2. The share of renewable energy in the production of energy will be increased 3. The consumption of energy by the city s own activities in 2016 will be reduced at least by 9% compared to the 2005 level 4. The GH G emissions due to traffic and travelling will be reduced. Light and public transport will be attractive ways of travelling

12 12 5. The quantity of waste will be reduced and waste treatment will be made more effective 6. The city will consider the impact of its procurement on climate change 7. The GH G emissions in the Mikkeli area will be reduced by setting a good example and by distributing information 8. The City of Mikkeli will be prepared for the impact of climate change on its own activities 9. The action of the forests owned by the city as a GH G binding sink will be maintained at as high a level as possible