ENGLEZA JURIDICA LEGAL ENGLISH MIHAIL KOGALNICEANU UNIVERSITY IASI UNIVERSITATEA MIHAIL KOGALNICEANU IASI SEMINAR MATERIAL SUPORT DE CURS DREPT AN II

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1 UNIVERSITATEA MIHAIL KOGALNICEANU IASI MIHAIL KOGALNICEANU UNIVERSITY IASI SUPORT DE CURS SEMINAR MATERIAL ENGLEZA JURIDICA LEGAL ENGLISH DREPT AN II THE FACULTY OF LAW 2ND YEAR OF STUDY SEMESTRUL I + II 1 st AND 2 nd SEMESTER An universitar Academic year Titular: As. drd. CATALIN DRACSINEANU Lecturer: CATALIN DRACSINEANU, Univ.as. PhD. candidate

2 Cuprins 1. Introducere 2. Principalele caracteristici ale englezei juridice 3. Contractul de vânzare cumpărare 3.1. Părţile contractului/formule introductive posibile 3.2. Obiectul contractului 3.3. Valoarea contractului/preţul contractului/termeni de plată 3.4. Termene şi condiţii privind livrarea 3.5. Termene şi condiţii privind recepţia/acceptarea 3.6. Obligaţiile părţilor 3.7. Garanţii 3.8. Compensaţii/despăgubiri 3.9. Forţa majoră Răspunderea contractuală Păstrarea titlului de proprietate/ Transferul proprietăţii/ Riscurile Încetarea/Anularea contractului Drepturi de proprietate intelectuală Modificarea contractului Confidenţialitate Divizare Dispoziţii finale/diverse Legea aplicabilă/litigiile/disputele/soluţionarea disputelor Cesionare Intuitu personae Renunţarea la drepturi Non-transferabilitate 3.23 Încheieri posibile Contents 1. Introduction 2. General Features of Legal English (legalese) 3. Contract of Purchase and Sale 3.1. Contracting Parties/Possible Introductory Statements 3.2. Object of the Contract 3.3. Value of the Contract/Price of the Contract/Payment Terms 3.4. Terms and Conditions regarding Delivery 3.5. Terms and Conditions regarding Reception/Acceptance 3.6. Obligations of the Parties 3.7. Warranties, Representations and Covenants of Seller 3.8. Indemnity 3.9. Force Majeure Contractual Liability Retention of Title/Property/Transfer of Property/Risk of Loss Termination/Cancellation Intellectual Property Rights Modification Confidentiality Severability Final Dispositions. Miscellaneous Applicable Law/Litigation/Dispute/Settlement of Disputes Assignments Intuitu Personae Waiver of Rights Non-Transferability Possible Endings

3 1. INTRODUCERE 1. INTRODUCTION Scopul acestui capitol este acela de a familiariza cititorii cu termenii cheie ai englezei juridice. Deşi limbajul contractelor se schimbă în mod constant, atât în Statele Unite cât şi în Marea Britanie pe măsură ce grupurile de afaceri şi consumatori militează pentru utilizarea unui limbaj contemporan pentru a uşura înţelegerea contractelor pentru persoanele fără pregătire juridică contractele între firme înregistrează un ritm scăzut de schimbare. Este indicat prin urmare pentru profesioniştii avansaţi (avocaţi, translatori sau manageri autodidacţi) să depună eforturi pentru a înţelege acest limbaj care devine din ce în ce mai puţin comun. Cu cât mai mare este valoarea unui contract, cu atât sunt mai devastatoare implicaţiile unei traduceri proaste a unui contract de vânzare cumpărare. Este aproape o sarcină imposibilă să acoperim toate domeniile dreptului într-o singură carte şi se poate să fie nevoie de ani de zile pentru a stăpâni toate conotaţiile legale chiar şi numai dintr-un singur domeniu. Dintre domeniile cheie ale dreptului dreptul penal, dreptul funciar, drept administrativ şi drept constituţional, dreptul familiei, dreptul muncii, etc., am ales pentru o analiză mai amănunţită doar dreptul comercial sau dreptul contractelor (care acoperă majoritatea situaţiilor legate de engleza pentru afaceri), cu un accent special pe contractul de vânzare cumpărare, un subdomeniu al dreptului care conţine totuşi o mare varietate de fraze şi termeni legali comuni tuturor documentelor juridice. Este dincolo de orice îndoială că studenţii care doresc să lucreze în practica comercială trebuie să cunoască limbi străine. Atunci când un cabinet de avocatură angajează tineri aspiranţi urmăreşte în general patru aspecte: educaţia, personalitatea, experienţa profesională şi cunoaşterea unei limbi străine. De vreme ce engleza este limba comunităţii juridice This chapter aims at familiarizing readers with the key terms of legal English. While the language of contracts is constantly changing, both in U.S. and in U.K. - as consumer and business groups campaign for more contemporary language so that the agreements are easier for people without a legal background to understand - contracts between businesses have been slower to change. It is therefore advisable for more advanced professionals (lawyers, translators, or even selfeducated managers) to make efforts to understand this type of language that is becoming less common today. The higher the contract value, the more devastating the implications of a poor interpretation/translation of sale and purchase agreements may prove. It is an almost impossible task to cover all fields of law in one single book and it might take years of experience to master all legal connotations of even one field. Out of the core subjects of law criminal law, land law, equity and trusts, administrative and constitutional law, tort law, family law, employment law, etc., we have therefore selected for a more detailed analysis only commercial or contract law (covering most situations related to Business English), with a particular emphasis on the sale and purchase agreement, which nonetheless contains a variety of legal terms and phrases common to all legal documents. It is an undeniable fact that for students wishing to work in a commercial practice knowledge of foreign languages is essential. When law firms hire new recruits, they generally look at four things: education, personality, work experience and language ability. Since English is the language of the international legal community, law firms increasingly expect graduates to have a good command of English.

4 internaţionale, firmele de avocatură se aşteaptă din ce în ce mai mult ca studenţii să aibă cunoştinţe temeinice de limbă engleză. În cadrul dreptului comercial un accent deosebit este pus pe contractul de vânzare cumpărare. Acest document care produce efecte juridice conţine clauze care se referă la bunurile care urmează a fi transferate, preţ şi structura plăţii, garanţiile vânzătorului, etc. Deşi unele prevederi sunt comune tuturor contractelor (oferta şi acceptarea, preţul şi aşa mai departe), există de asemenea prevederi particulare care se aplică în funcţie de natura unui contract anume. Consultaţi un avocat pentru orice prevedere contractuală şi croiţi un model de contract în funcţie de necesităţile dumneavoastră particulare într-o anumită situaţie. Deoarece un contract reprezintă legea dintre părţi, trebuie să analizaţi toate clauzele şi să înţelegeţi toate conotaţiile şi interpretările legale. Nu vă bazaţi pe paragrafele de mai jos pentru a crea un contract de vânzare cumpărare şi contactaţi întotdeauna un avocat cu licenţă de practică în ţara dumneavoastră. Credem că limbajul juridic nu poate fi scos din context. Există o ofertă extraordinar de bogată în ceea ce priveşte dicţionarele juridice sau de afaceri şi toate reprezintă unelte indispensabile pentru orice cursant de limba engleză. Cu toate acestea, deoarece numeroşi termeni au înţelesuri diferite în contexte diferite, este poate o idee bună să nu rupem cuvintele de contextul lor şi iată de ce ne-a hotărât să vă oferim nu doar unul, ci mai multe contexte posibile. Se înţelege de la sine că de cele mai multe ori prevederile din prezentul capitol se exclud una pe cealaltă. Scopul principal al acestui capitol NU este acela de a vă ajuta să redactaţi un contract de vânzare cumpărare (cereţi întotdeauna sfatul unui avocat specializat) ci de a vă semnala cele mai importante interpretări lingvistice. Credem că o lectură atentă a acestui capitol vă va ajuta să vă familiarizaţi cu cei mai dificili termeni şi să folosiţi engleza juridică în mod profesionist. A major focus in contract law is dedicated to the agreement of purchase and sale. This legally binding document contains clauses dealing with the assets to be transferred, purchase price and payment structure, warranties of the seller, etc. While there are certain provisions that are basically the same for all contracts (offer and acceptance, consideration and so on), there are also particular provisions that apply depending on the nature of a specific contract. Make sure you check with a lawyer any contract provision and tailor a sample contract to suit your particular needs in your particular situation. As a contract is the law between the parties, you need to thoroughly investigate all clauses and make sure you fully understand all connotations and legal interpretations. Do not rely on the paragraphs below to substitute your need for a sale purchase contract and always contact a lawyer licensed to practice law in your state. We believe that legal language cannot be taken out of context. There is an extraordinary rich offer in legal or business English dictionaries and they all are indispensable tools for any English student. However, as various terms may have various meanings in different contexts, it is perhaps a good idea not to sever words out of their context and that is why we have decided to provide you with not one but several contexts in which these terms might appear. It goes without saying that the provisions below exclude one another most of the times. The main purpose of this chapter is NOT to help you draw up a sale purchase contract (always get legal advice from a professional lawyer) but to signal to you the most important linguistic interpretations. We believe that a careful lecture of this chapter will help you familiarize yourself with some of the most challenging terms and also use legal English in a more professional manner.

5 2. Principalele caracteristici ale englezei juridice (cunoscută de asemenea ca legaleză ) Chiar şi cei mai avansaţi vorbitori de limba engleză pot întâmpina dificultăţi atunci când trebuie să traducă documente juridice, deoarece acestea se dovedesc adesea foarte încâlcite şi cu înţeles neclar. Este adevărat că textele juridice ar trebui să fie pe înţelesul tuturor dar, deoarece sistemul de drept moştenit de ţările vorbitoare de limbă engleză dreptul cutumiar se bazează pe tradiţie şi, deoarece până nu demult nu a fost scris niciodată ci transmis prin practică, acestea conţin un număr de caracteristici neobişnuite legate în mare măsură de terminologie, convenţii lingvistice sau tehnice. Traducătorul trebuie prin urmare să fie foarte atent atunci când utilizează unele cuvinte care au o anumită semnificaţie în engleza de zi cu zi şi o cu totul altă semnificaţie în engleza juridică. Mai mult, numărul cuvintelor similare (aşa numitele false friends ) pare să crească atunci când folosim o terminologie juridică. O traducere în engleză a verbului a respecta poate fi alegerea corectă atunci când traducem respect toţi profesorii mei / I respect all of my teachers dar poate trăda slabe cunoştinţe în domeniul juridic atunci când traducem cumpărătorul nu respectă clauzele contractului prin the buyer doesn t respect the contractual provisions, care ar trebui tradus prin the buyer fails to obseve/comply with the contractual provisions. În mod similar, cumpărătorul este obligat să poate fi tradus cu the buyer is obligated to, dar versiunile preferate ar fi the buyer is bound to sau formele active the buyer binds to/undertakes to. Printre cele mai importante caracteristici ale limbajului juridic se numără: - prezenţa unor cuvinte şi expresii latineşti. După cum 2. General Features of Legal English (also casually referred to as legalese or lawspeak): Even most advanced students of English may have difficulties when it comes to translating/interpreting legal documents, as they often prove to be very dense and obscure. It is true that legal texts should be made understandable to everybody but, as the system of law inherited by the English-speaking countries the common law is based on tradition, and, until not very long time ago it was never written down but passed down in actual practice, it contains a number of unusual features largely related to terminology, linguistic conventions or technical conventions. The interpreter/translator should therefore pay extreme care when using certain words that have a particular meaning in plain, everyday English and quite another one in legal English. Note furthermore that the number of so-called false friends increases as legal terminology is used. An English translation from the Romanian a respecta, which is to respect in English may be the right choice in translating respect toţi profesorii mei/i respect all of my teachers but may be indicative of a poor legal background when translating cumpărătorul nu respectă clauzele contractului, which should be translated by the buyer fails to observe/comply with the contractual provisions. Similarly the buyer is obligated to for the Romanian cumpărătorul este obligat să may be acceptable but the preferred versions would be the buyer is bound to or the active form the buyer binds to/undertakes to. Among the most important characteristics of legalese are the following: - the presence of Latin words and phrases. As Alcaraz pointed out in his book vii, it was inevitable for English law

6 Alcaraz sublinia în cartea sa i, dreptul britanic nu putea scăpa de influenţa limbii latine, sprijinită de puterea bisericii romane în Europa pe de o parte şi care era, pe de cealaltă parte, limba universală a cunoaşterii. O listă cuprinzătoare a acestor latinisme poate fi găsită pe internet ii, dar iată câteva cuvinte şi fraze latineşti frecvent folosite: de facto, bona fide, actus reus, prima facie, etc. - utilizarea arhaismelor, care dau un sentiment de formalism documentelor juridice iii. Cei mai mulţi autori contemporani preferă formele învechite precum pe spezele în loc de pe cheltuiala, diligenţe pentru eforturi sau defunct pentru decedat. Pe lângă formalism, utilizarea conservatoare a acestor termeni arhaici asigură atât siguranţă cât şi un grad de convenienţă. O dată cu folosirea repetată, unii din aceşti termeni au câştigat în timp o interpretare autoritară şi folosirea altor termeni ar prezenta un risc. Este principiul descris de Crystal şi Davy în 1986: ceea ce a fost testat şi găsit potrivit nu trebuie schimbat iv. - o redundanţă expresivă, care se poate observa cel mai bine în perechi de cuvinte folosite de avocaţi pentru a evita ambiguitatea. De cele mai multe ori aceste cuvinte provin din limbi diferite şi în timp au devenit un fel de obişnuinţă lingvistică. (unii autori consideră că această dublare nu este decât o simplă tradiţie în redactarea documentelor juridice v ). Astfel de dublete lingvistice (de cele mai multe ori pleonasme in limbajul comun) sunt: nul şi neavenit, de şi între, direct şi nemijlocit, definitiv şi irevocabil. Există de asemenea o repetiţie lexicală în ceea ce priveşte subiectul, deoarece avocaţii evită utilizarea pronumelor referenţiale pentru nu conduce la confuzii. to escape the influence of Latin which was supported by the power of the Roman Church over Europe on one hand and which was widely used on earth as a language of learning and literature, on the other hand. A comprehensive list of Latinisms can be found on the internet, but here are some commonly used Latin words and phrases: de facto, bona fide, actus reus, prima facie, etc. - the use of archaisms, which give a flavor of formality to the legal document viii. Most contemporary authors still prefer old forms such as fortwith as a substitution for right away, to inquire rather than to ask or the eth ending for the third person singular of the present tense as an alternative for the modern es : ( witnesseth instead of witnesses ). Beside formality, the conservative use of these rather old terms conveys both safety and convenience. With repeated use, some of these terms have acquired in time an authoritative interpretation and therefore altering them may come with a risk. It s the principle described by Crystal and Davy in 1986: what has been tested and found adequate is best not altered ix. - an expressive redundancy which can be best seen in pairs of words used by lawyers to avoid ambiguity. Most of the times these words come from different languages and in time they became a sort of linguistic habit (Some authors believe that this is merely a tradition when drafting legal documents. x ). Such linguistic doublets are: will and testament, lands and tenements, have and hold, represents and warrants, null and void, any and all, by and between etc. There is also a lexical repetition with respect to the subject, as lawyers avoid the use of

7 Comparaţi: cumpărătorul va plăti bunurile Vânzătorului la sediul său, ceea ce creează confuzie şi ambiguitate, forma preferată fiind cumpărătorul va plăti bunurile vânzătorului la sediul vânzătorului. - utilizarea arhaică a verbului modal shall în limba engleză. În textele juridice legiuitorii preferă adesea shall deoarece atrage cu sine o datorie sau o obligaţie, opusă funcţiei sale comune de a exprima viitorul. Comparaţi: Supplier will deliver the goods (la un anumit moment dat în viitor, exprimă o acţiune viitoare) şi Supplier shall deliver the goods (care exprimă o obligaţie de a livra şi nu doar o indicaţie a unei acţiuni ulterioare). - prezenţa în limba engleză a unor mixaje din elemente deictice ( here, there şi where ) cu anumite prepoziţii: of, under, by sau after. Câteva exemple: hereinafter, hereunder, thereto, thereafter, folosite pentru a evita repetiţia unor nume sau obiecte din document: anexat aici este mai scurt decât anexat la prezentul contract. - utilizarea în limba engleză juridică a unor verbe cu prepoziţii joacă un rol mai important decât în engleza de zi cu zi, deoarece acestea sunt folosite într-un sens cvasitehnic: a semna un contract to enter into a contract, a anula datorii to write off debts, a redacta documente to draw up documents, a opune/revendica acţiuni în instanţă to set off claims, a formula prevederi to set forth provisions, etc. - utilizarea unor cuvinte obişnuite în contexte neobişnuite: referential pronouns because legal English is highly concerned with the exactness of reference. Compare for instance: The Buyer shall pay for the goods to the Supplier at his office which creates confusion and ambiguity with the more redundant, but more accurate The Buyer shall pay for the goods to the Supplier at the office of the Supplier. - the archaic use of modal shall in legal English. In legal text draftsmen usually prefer the modal shall because it carries out an obligation or a duty as opposed to its common function of expressing futurity. Compare Supplier will deliver the goods (at a certain point in time, expressing a future action) and Supplier shall deliver the goods (expressing an obligation to deliver and not a mere reference to a future action). - the presence of a mixture of deictic elements ( here, there and where ) with certain prepositions of, under, by, after, etc. By way of illustration: hereinafter, hereunder, thereto, thereafter, used as a way of avoiding repetition of names or things in the document: annexed hereto is shorter than annexed to this contract. - the use of phrasal verbs plays a significantly larger role in legal English than in plain English as these are often used in a quasi-technical sense: the parties enter into contracts, write off debts, draw up documents, set off claims, set forth provisions, etc. - use of ordinary words in apparently peculiar contexts: construction of a contract refers to the interpretation of a

8 în limba engleză, termenul construction of a contract se referă la interpretarea unui contract, termenul consideration se referă la preţul plătit în timp ce title este un termen legal care se referă la o serie de drepturi asupra unei proprietăţi în care o parte are un interes legal sau echitabil. - utilizarea unor cuvinte tehnice. Ca orice alt domeniu, engleza juridică are un vocabular specific format din termeni tehnici. Unii din aceşti termeni nu au aplicabilitate decât în sfera legală: ipotecă, închiriere, renunţare la un drept, decret, în timp ce altele au dezvoltat un înţeles specific în context juridic (vezi mai sus). contract, the familiar term consideration refers to a promise by one party to a contract that constitutes the price for which the promise of the other party is bought (a definition from the Oxford Dictionary of Law) while title as a legal term refers to a bundle of rights in a piece of property in which a party may own either a legal interest or an equitable interest. - the use of technical words. Just like any other field, legal English has its own specific vocabulary made up of purely technical terms. Some of these terms are only applicable in the legal sphere and nowhere else: mortgage, lease, waiver, promissory estoppel, decree, while others have developed a particular meaning in a legal context (see consideration or title above).

9 3. Contractul de vânzare cumpărare Un contract comercial începe de obicei cu propria descriere, de exemplu PREZENTUL CONTRACT, după care urmează părţile contractului şi data. Apoi pot urma definiţiile unor cuvinte folosite în mod frecvent în contract şi textul introductiv care prezintă detalii privind istoricul sau scopul contractului. WHEREAS sau WITNESSETH pot fi folosite în acest context pentru a introduce informaţiile privind tranzacţia pe care cele două părţi doresc să o încheie Părţile contractante Formule introductive posibile: 1. Prezentul CONTRACT DE VÂNZARE CUMPĂRARE ( Contract ) este încheiat astăzi, de şi între ( Vânzător ) şi ( Cumpărător ). Unde: În baza prevederilor prezentului contract părţile sunt de acord ca: 2. Prezentul CONTRACT DE VÂNZARE DE BUNURI este încheiat astăzi de şi între o [corporaţie/partneriat/persoană fizică autorizată/persoană fizică] din [statul de reşedinţă], cu sediul principal în [adresa completă], (Vânzător ) şi o [corporaţie/partneriat/persoană fizică autorizată/persoană fizică] din [statul de reşedinţă], cu sediul principal în [adresa completă], ( Cumpărător ) pentru achiziţionarea bunurilor descrise mai jos. 3. Contract (Agreement) of Purchase and Sale/ Sale and Purchase Contract A commercial contract usually begins with its own description, for example THIS AGREEMENT, followed by the parties and the date. Next usually come the definitions of words used repeatedly in the contract and then recitals, giving details of the history or purpose of the contract. WHEREAS or WITNESSETH may be used in this context to introduce the information about the transaction that the two parties want to enter into Contracting parties Possible introductory statements: 1. THIS AGREEMENT OF PURCHASE AND SALE ( Agreement ) is made as of this day of, by and between ( Seller ) and the ("Buyer"). Whereas/Witnesseth: In consideration of and in reliance upon the covenants herein contained, and for other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the parties agree as follows 2. This CONTRACT FOR SALE OF GOODS is made this day of by and between, a [state of organization or residence] [corporation/partnership/sole proprietorship/resident], with its principal place of business at [complete address], ( Seller ) and, a [state of organization or residence] [corporation /partnership/sole proprietorship/resident], with its principal place of business at

10 3. Acesta este un CONTRACT din data între o companie cu sediul în, din, şi cu sediul în. Prezentul contract va intra în vigoare de la data semnării şi va fi valabil pe o perioadă de începând cu care se întinde până când cantităţile livrate în conformitate cu prezentul contract ating suma de (dacă nu se aduc modificări conform articolului ) sau până la data de (dacă nu se aduc modificări conform articolului ), care are loc mai întâi. 4. Vânzătorul, cu sediul social în, oraşul, judeţul, având obiectul principal de activitate. Cumpărătorul, cu sediul social în, oraşul, judeţul, având obiectul principal de activitate. 5. Acest CONTRACT este încheiat astăzi,, între [specificaţi vânzătorul] (numit în continuare Vânzător ), o companie din [specificaţi statul] cu sediul în [specificaţi adresa], [specificaţi cumpărătorul] (numit în continuare Cumpărător ), o companie din [specificaţi statul] cu sediul în [specificaţi adresa], şi [specificaţi garantul] (numit în continuare Garant ), o companie din [specificaţi statul] cu sediul în [specificaţi adresa]. 6. Prezentul Contract este încheiat de şi între, o persoană fizică cu adresa în ( Vânzător ) şi, o persoană fizică cu adresa în ( Cumpărător ). În baza prevederilor agreate de comun acord şi cu intenţia de a respecta legea, Vânzătorul şi Cumpărătorul sunt de acord după cum urmează: [complete address] ( Buyer ) for the purchase of the goods described below. 3. This is a CONTRACT dated between, a corporation with offices at in, and with offices at This Contract shall be in effect from its date and for a performance period of beginning and extending until the quantities delivered hereunder equals, (unless revised pursuant to article ) or (unless extended pursuant to article ), whichever occurs first. 4. Seller, whose business address is, in the city of, county of, is in the business of. Buyer, whose business address is, in the city of, state of, is in the business of. 5. AGREEMENT made this day of, between [specify seller] (hereinafter referred to as "Seller"), a [specify state] corporation having its offices at [specify address], [specify buyer] (hereinafter referred to as "Buyer"), a [specify state] corporation having its offices at [specify address], and [specify guarantor], (hereinafter referred to as "Guarantor"), a [specify state] corporation having its offices at [specify address]. 6. This Agreement is entered into by and between, an individual with an address of ("Seller"), and, an individual with an address of ("Buyer"). In consideration of the mutual covenants contained herein and other valuable consideration received, and with the intent to be legally bound, Seller and Buyer agree as follows:

11 Între: 1. SC cu sediul în, tel. fax, cod fiscal, cont (IBAN), cod SWIFT banca prin reprezentant legal (in baza procurii nr. din data ) denumita in continuare Cumpărător. Şi SC cu sediul în, înregistrată la Oficiul Registrului Comerţului sub nr., tel., fax: cont, număr de TVA reprezentată prin în calitate de administrator; denumita în continuare Vânzător/Furnizor. 2. persoană juridică, înregistrată în conformitate cu legile din / existând şi funcţionând potrivit legislaţiei statului, cu sediul la (numită în continuare "Vânzător"), reprezentată de pe baza, pe de o parte Şi persoană fizică, identificat cu CI nr. seria eliberată de, la data de, numit în continuare Client, pe de cealaltă parte. Between: 1. SC with the headquarters/social address in/located at phone: fax: tax identification number (U.S.)/ taxpayer identification number (U.K.) bank account (IBAN), SWIFT code bank legally represented by / through its duly authorized representative (duly authorized), (on the basis of proxy no: from ) hereinafter referred to as Buyer/Purchaser. And SC with the social address in, registered at the Trade Register under no., phone, fax, bank account, sales tax number (U.S.)/ VAT registration number (U.K.), represented by as administrator, hereinafter referred to as Vendor/Seller/Supplier. 2. legal entity/ legal person /juristic person, registered/incorporated under the laws of/a company organized and existing under the laws of, with the headquarters/registered office in/at (hereinafter referred to as Seller ), legally represented by on the basis of, on the one hand And individual/natural person, identified with IC no series issued by, on, hereinafter referred to as Client/Customer, on the other hand.

12 IBAN = număr de cont bancar internaţional Rolul său este de a standardiza identificarea conturilor bancare. Contul IBAN a plecat, în formarea sa, de la numerele iniţiale de cont bancare, existente anterior introducerii IBAN, la care s-au adăugat anumite caractere de identificare internaţională. După introducerea codificărilor conturilor IBAN, numerele IBAN au devenit suficiente in realizarea transferurilor financiare tot teritoriul Uniunii Europene. Cod SWIFT Cunoscut şi sub numele de SWIFT-BIC sau BIC - este un format standard al codurilor de identificare bancară aprobate de ISO (International Organization for Standardization) şi reprezintă un cod unic de identificare al unei anumite bănci. Acest cod este folosit la transferul de bani între bănci, în special la transferul internaţional, precum şi la schimbul de mesaje între bănci OBIECTUL CONTRACTULUI Clauze posibile: 1. Obiectul prezentului contract îl constituie trecerea din proprietatea vânzătorului în proprietatea cumpărătorului, după ce acesta din urmă va plăti preţul cuvenit, a produsului 2. Obiectul prezentului contract îl reprezintă vânzarea bunurilor la calitatea şi cantitatea prevăzute în anexe. 3. Obiectul prezentului contract îl constituie cumpărarea de la Vânzător de către Cumpărător a, având descrierea tehnică menţionată în Anexa la contract. IBAN: International Bank Account Number Its role is to make the identification of bank accounts standard. The IBAN account originated from the initial bank accounts prior to the introduction of IBAN, to which certain characters for national identification were added. After the introduction of IBAN accounts, the IBAN numbers were sufficient to make financial transfers on the whole territory of the European Union. SWIFT code Also known as SWIFT-BIC or BIC code is a standard format of Bank Identifier Codes approved by the International Organization Standardization (ISO) and it represents the unique identification code of a particular bank. These codes are used when transferring money between banks, particularly for international wire transfers as well as for the exchange of other messages between banks. 3.2 OBJECT OF THE CONTRACT Possible provisions: 1. The object of the hereby contract is the transfer from the Seller s property to the Buyer s property, upon payment by the latter of the due price, of the product 2. The object of the hereby contract is the sale of the goods in the quality and in the amount stipulated in the annexes. 3. The object of the hereby contract is the purchase from the Seller by the Buyer of, having the technical description mentioned in Annex

13 4. Obiectul prezentei convenţii îl constituie cumpărarea de la Vânzător de către Cumpărător de bunuri având denumirea comercială înscrisă în comanda fermă parte integrantă a prezentului contract şi caracteristicile tehnice conform ofertei. 5. Vânzătorul se obligă să vândă, iar cumpărătorul se obligă să cumpere (bunurile prevăzute în anexa numărul care cuprinde descrierea acestora, cantităţile, calitatea, preţurile, termenele de livrare şi valorile aşa cum au fost negociate şi convenite de părţi.) 6. Vânzătorul se angajează să furnizeze iar Cumpărătorul să achiziţioneze echipamentul în conformitate cu specificaţiile, termenii şi condiţiile care sunt specificate în clauzele de mai jos şi în Secţiunea anexată la prezentul Contract. 7. Parametrii tehnici şi de calitate, pentru marfa ce face obiectul prezentului contract, sunt cei menţionaţi în anexa la prezentul contract. 8. Vânzătorul vinde iar Cumpărătorul cumpără următoarele bunuri ( Bunuri ) ale Vânzătorului la preţul, condiţiile şi termenii stabiliţi în prezentul contract. 4. The object of the hereby agreement is the purchase from the Seller by the Buyer of the goods with the commercial name indicated in the firm order made a part hereof - and with the technical characteristics as per the offer. 5. The Seller binds to sell and the Buyer binds to purchase (the goods mentioned in annex no. which comprises their description, quantities, quality, price, delivery terms and values as negotiated and agreed upon by the parties) 6. The Seller undertakes to supply and the Buyer undertakes to purchase the equipment in conformity with the specifications, terms and conditions specified in the provisions below and in Section annexed hereto. 7. The technical and quality parameters for the merchandise which constitutes the object of the hereby contract are mentioned in Section annexed hereto. 8. Seller is hereby selling and Buyer is hereby purchasing the following assets ("Assets") of Seller at the price, terms and conditions hereinafter set forth.

14 Cuvintele valabil, executoriu, operativ şi în vigoare produc confuzie uneori. Un permis de muncă sau un permis de şedere poate fi valabil, adică are ştampilele corecte pe el sau nu a expirat. Un contract de muncă poate fi operativ, adică este în curs de desfăşurare şi are însemnătate legală. Ca angajat, se poate să am anumite drepturi sau pretenţii faţă de un angajator care sunt executorii, adică mă pot adresa tribunalului şi pot cere satisfacerea drepturilor şi pretenţiilor mele. Un contract fără bază legală deoarece, de exemplu, una din părţile contractante a acţionat sub constrângere sau deoarece obiectul clauzei este ilegal este nul. O lege precum şi orice alt document legal care nu a fost încă abrogată/revocată/anulată este încă în vigoare VALOAREA CONTRACTULUI/PREŢUL CONTRACTULUI/CONDIŢII DE PLATĂ Clauze posibile: 1. În absenţa unui acord special, preţurile vor fi considerate ca fiind Ex Works. Preţurile nu includ rata taxei pe valoare adăugată curentă. 2. Cambiile şi cecurile sunt acceptate doar pentru a uşura plata; costurile de încasare aferente vor fi suportate de partea care face comanda bunurilor. 3. Dacă partea care face comanda bunurilor întârzie la plată, Vânzătorul are dreptul să perceapă penalităţi de întârziere de %. Vânzătorul are dreptul de a furniza probe ale unor daune mai extinse în funcţie de caz. Obligaţia de a plăti penalităţile de The words valid, enforceable, effective and in force sometimes cause confusion. A work permit or residence permit can be valid, i.e. it has the correct stamps on it or hasn t expired. A contract of employment can be effective, i.e. it is in use and has legal relevance. As an employee, I might have certain rights or claims with respect to an employer that are enforceable, i.e. I can go to court and ask the court to ensure that my rights are respected or my claims met. A contract that has no legal basis because, for example, one of the contracting parties acted under duress or because the object of the clause is unlawful is void. A law as well as any other legal act - that hasn t been abrogated/revoked/cancelled is still in force. 3.3 VALUE OF THE CONTRACT/PRICE OF THE CONTRACT/PAYMENT TERMS Possible provisions: 1. In the absence of any special arrangement, prices shall be taken as being Ex Works. Prices shall not include the prevailing statutory value added tax. 2. The acceptance of bills of exchange and checks shall only be to facilitate payment; the costs of any discounting and collection shall be borne by the party ordering the goods. 3. If the party ordering the goods falls into arrears with payment, the supplier is entitled to charge default interest of %. The supplier is entitled to provide evidence of higher damage in the

15 întârziere se aplică de asemenea în cazul plăţilor eşalonate. 4. Cumpărătorul nu are dreptul de a reţine o plată pe motivul unor cereri reconvenţionale ce pot fi invocate de furnizor sau de a compensa aceste plăţi. 5. Dacă Vânzătorul nu a convenit în mod diferit în confirmarea comenzii, preţurile sunt în EURO şi sunt exprimate EXW conform versiunii relevante a Incoterms. Preţurile nu includ TVA care - dacă este obligatorie va fi înscrisă separat pe factură la rata curentă la data facturării. 6. În cazul unor creşteri substanţiale, neobişnuite a costurilor după semnarea prezentului contract, de ex. în costurile Vânzătorului sau a furnizorilor Vânzătorului privind materialele, energia sau transportul şi dacă aceste creşteri duc la o modificare substanţială a preţurilor de cumpărare sau a preţului materiilor prime ale Vânzătorului, acesta are dreptul de a cere să poarte negocieri cu Cumpărătorul în vederea ajustării imediate a preţurilor. 7. Dacă părţile nu au convenit altfel, sumele de peste EURO vor fi facturate în două rate de 50% fiecare din valoarea comenzii. În acest caz, şi în lipsa unui alt acord, livrarea nu va fi efectuată decât după ce prima rată a fost plătită. Cea de a doua rată este scadentă după livrare. Cambiile si cecurile sunt acceptate doar în urma unui acord explicit. În cazul întârzierii plăţii, se aplică prevederile statutare. În mod particular, Cumpărătorul trebuie să plătească penalităţi cu % peste rata de bază curentă a Băncii la cererea Vânzătorului. 8. Cumpărătorul nu are dreptul să compenseze lipsa plăţii cu cereri reconvenţionale decât dacă acestea sunt confirmate legal, nu sunt în litigiu şi au fost acceptate de Vânzător. Preţurile individual case. The obligation to pay interest also applies in the case of deferred payments. 4. The Buyer is not entitled to withhold payments on the grounds of any counterclaims which may be disputed by the supplier or to set these off against the claims of the supplier. 5. Unless otherwise agreed by Seller in the order confirmation, prices are quoted in EURO and are effective Ex Works (EXW) according to the respectively relevant version of Incoterms. Prices do not include value added tax which if mandatory will be declared separately on the invoice at the rate effective at the date of the invoice. 6. In case of unusual, substantial increases in costs after conclusion of the contract, e.g. in Seller s or Seller s suppliers costs for material, energy or freight, and shall these rises lead to a considerable increase of Seller s purchase prices or raw material costs, Seller is entitled to demand negotiations with Purchaser for price adjustment immediately. 7. Unless otherwise agreed, ordering amounts of more than EURO will be invoiced in two installments of 50% of the order value each. If so and unless otherwise agreed, delivery will not be performed until receipt of the first installment. The second installment is due after delivery. Bills of exchange and cheques (Commonwealth and Ireland)/ checks (U.S.) are only accepted on explicit agreement. In case of late payment, statutory provisions apply. Particularly, Purchaser has to pay interest at % above the current base rate of the Bank on Seller s claim. 8. Purchaser is not entitled to set off with counterclaims unless said claims are legally confirmed, undisputed or have been

16 Vânzătorului se aplică gamei de performanţă şi livrare agreată de către părţi. Performanţele suplimentare sau speciale vor fi taxate separate. 9. Plăţile vor fi efectuate în termen de zile de la data facturării, în cazul în care nu se specifică diferit în oferta Vânzătorului şi/sau acceptarea comenzii. În cazul livrărilor parţiale Vânzătorul are dreptul de a factura separat. Într-un contract de vânzare, obligaţiile minime sunt ca vânzătorul să livreze bunurile şi cumpărătorul să plătească preţul. Părţile stabilesc de obicei preţul în contract aceasta este situaţia cea mai simplă şi des întâlnită. Evident, părţile pot fixa preţul în mai multe feluri (preţ global sau unitar de exemplu). Cu toate acestea, există de asemenea posibilitatea de a lăsa preţul să fie fixat de o manieră agreată prin contract. O astfel de posibilitate ar fi evaluarea făcută de o terţă parte, în timp ce părţile pot fi de acord de asemenea ca preţul să fie fixat printr-un acord ulterior (o manieră comună dar potenţial periculoasă). Nu este nicio problemă dacă părţile nu cad de acord asupra unui preţ, dar pot apare dificultăţi în caz contrar. vi. 10. Plăţile se vor face exclusiv în unul din conturile Vânzătorului şi vor fi scutite de comisioane la data scadenţei fără nicio deducere. Comisioanele, cheltuielile sau alte taxe diverse suportate de Vânzător ca urmare a acceptării cambiilor sau cecurilor conform acordului special dintre Vânzător şi Cumpărător vor fi suportate de Cumpărător. Data scadenţei va fi determinată de data de facturare sau de notificarea disponibilităţii de livrare. Data îndeplinirii tuturor obligaţiilor de plată va fi data la care suma plătită este la dispoziţia Vânzătorului. 11. Preţul total de vânzare (inclusiv valoarea oricăror obligaţii sau accepted by Seller. Seller s prices apply for the scope of performance and delivery that has been agreed. Additional or special performances will be charged separately. 9. Payments shall be made within days from the date of invoice, unless otherwise stipulated in Seller s offer and/or acknowledgment of order. In case of partial shipments Seller shall be entitled to issue invoices in part accordingly. In a contract of sale, the irreducible minimum of obligations is for the seller to deliver the goods and the buyer to pay the price. The parties usually fix the price in the contract this is the simplest and probably most common situation. Obviously, the parties may fix the price in a number of different ways (global or unit price for instance). However, there is a also the possibility to leave the price to be fixed in a manner agreed by the contract. One such manner would be third party valuation while the parties may also agree that the price shall be fixed by agreement between them later (a common but potentially dangerous course). There is no problem if the parties do not agree on a price, but difficulties arise if they do not xi. 10. Payments shall be made exclusively to one of Seller's accounts and shall be exempted of charges at the date due without any deduction. Fees, expenses or sundries incurring to Seller by accepting bills or cheques upon specific agreement between Seller and Buyer shall be at Buyer's expense. Determination when payment becomes due shall be in respect of the date of invoice or notice of readiness for dispatch. The date of fulfillment of all kind of payments shall be that on which the sum paid is actually at Seller's disposal. 11. The total purchase price (including the value of any liabilities

17 datorii ale Vânzătorului asumate de Cumpărător în conformitate cu prezentul contract) care trebuie plătit de Cumpărător către Vânzător pentru Bunurile Dobândite este de (numit în continuare Preţ de vânzare ). Preţul de vânzare constă din plata în bani lichizi a sumei de care trebuie efectuată înainte sau în ziua execuţiei prezentului contract şi din obligaţiile Vânzătorului asumate de către Cumpărător în valoare de (numite în continuare Obligaţii asumate ). 12. Ataşată şi parte integrantă la prezentul contract este o listă a tuturor contractelor de închiriere, acorduri sindicale, contracte de muncă şi orice alte contracte, angajamente sau obligaţii ale Vânzătorului de natură permanentă. Cumpărătorul nu va asuma în nici un mod şi nici nu va fi răspunzător pentru astfel de angajamente şi obligaţii iar prevederea de scutire de obligaţii din Art. din prezentul contract se va aplica şi în acest caz. 13. Toate cheltuielile, inclusiv taxele legale, suportate de Vânzător în procesul de încasare a sumelor restante de la Cumpărător vor trece în contul Cumpărătorului în vederea plăţii imediate a acestora. Vânzătorul poate percepe Cumpărătorului, iar acesta se obligă să plătească, penalităţi la oricare din sumele restante care depăşesc datele scadente stabilite în Secţiunea la o rată care nu depăşeşte rata maxim admisă de legea aplicabilă. 14. Respectarea strictă a termenilor este esenţială iar neplata oricărei rate de către Cumpărător la scadenţă va da dreptul Vânzătorului să o interpreteze ca o reziliere a întregului contract din partea Cumpărătorului şi să ceară Cumpărătorului să efectueze de îndată plata tuturor sumelor scadente sau care devin scadente şi să recupereze de la Cumpărător daune pentru o astfel de încălcare a contractului şi/sau (la alegerea Vânzătorului), de a percepe penalităţi de % pe an sau de % pe an peste rata de or debts of Seller assumed by Buyer under this agreement) to be paid by Buyer to Seller for the Acquired Assets is (hereinafter Purchase Price ). The Purchase Price consists of a cash payment in the amount of to be made on or before the execution of this agreement and liabilities of Seller to be assumed by Buyer in the amount of (hereinafter Assumed Liabilities ) 12. Annexed hereto and made a part hereof is a list of all leases, union agreements, employment agreements and any other contracts, commitments or obligations of Seller of a continuing nature. Buyer shall in no way assume or be responsible for any of said commitments and obligations and the indemnity provision of Article hereof shall apply thereto. 13. All expenses, including legal fees, incurred by Seller in the process of collecting outstanding amounts from the Purchaser will be charged to Purchaser for immediate payment. Seller may charge to Purchaser, and Purchaser agrees to pay, interest on any amounts outstanding past the due dates set forth in Section at a rate not exceeding the maximum rate allowed by applicable law. 14. Time shall be of the essence and failure by the Buyer to pay the price of any installment thereof in due time shall entitle the Seller to treat such failure as a repudiation of the whole contract by the Buyer and to require the Buyer to make immediate payment of all monies due or to become due and to recover from the Buyer damages for such breach of contract and/or (at the Seller's option) to charge interest at either % per annum or % per annum above the Base Rate of Bank, which ever shall be greater, from the due date until payment. The right to claim more extensive losses due to default remains thereby unaffected.

18 bază a Băncii, care din ele va fi mai mare, de la data scadenţei până la efectuarea plăţii. Dreptul de a cere daune mai extinse ca urmare a neefectuării plăţii rămâne neatins. 15. Dacă cumpărătorul întârzie plata mai mult de zile, vom avea dreptul de a cere scadenţa tuturor restanţelor apărute de-a lungul întregii relaţii de afaceri, chiar în măsura în care amânarea plăţilor sau plata în rate a fost agreată, pentru colectarea întregii balanţe. Vom avea dreptul de a suspenda orice livrări şi servicii restante. Angajamentul faţă de datele de livrare cu privire la întreg spectrul relaţiei de afaceri îşi va pierde valabilitatea. 16. Personalul nostru de teren nu are dreptul de a accepta plăţi. 17. Plăţile primite vor fi folosite mai întâi pentru acoperirea oricăror cheltuieli suferite, pentru acoperirea penalităţilor, apoi pentru servicii auxiliare şi în fine pentru cel mai vechi preţ de vânzare/serviciu respectiv. 18. Preţul bunurilor este echivalentul în a Euro fără TVA şi fără taxe de import. Preţul total este înscris în factura proformă emisă de Vânzător, parte integrantă a prezentului contract. 19. Preţul total al utilajului este echivalentul a Euro + TVA. Cumpărătorul va plăti Furnizorului suma de Euro + TVA la zile după primirea Contractului de cumpărare semnat, a facturii, a prezentării documentaţiei tehnice şi a declaraţiei de conformitate. 15. If the customer falls in arrears of payment of more than days, we shall be entitled to make due all claims arising from the entire business relationship, even in so far as deferment or installment payments have been agreed, and to collect the total balance. We shall be entitled to hold back further outstanding deliveries and services. The commitment to delivery dates within the scope of the overall business relationship shall lapse. 16. Our field sales staff is not authorized to accept payments. 17. Incoming payments shall be offset firstly against any incurred expenses, next against interest, then against claims for any ancillary services and finally against the oldest respective purchase price/service wage. 18. The price of the goods is the equivalent in of EURO without VAT and import duties. The total price is indicated in the proforma invoice issued by the Seller, annexed hereto, made a part hereof. 19. The total price of the equipment is the equivalent of EURO + VAT. The Buyer shall pay the Supplier the amount of EURO + VAT within days from the receipt of the following documents: signed copy of the sale purchase contract, invoice, technical documentation and declaration of conformity.

19 Grammar Simple Present We normally use simple present: - when we talk about permanent situations: I live in Iasi. - about things that happen regularly: I go to work by car. - to express general truths or common knowledge: The Danube flows into the Black See. We also use simple present in demonstrations, commentaries, instructions or stories: Go straight on to the traffic lights and then turn right. Jameson shoots and it s a goal! So I open my eyes and I see the lion right in front of me and I say When adding s to the 3 rd person singular, affirmative, there are some changes in spelling: - verbs ending in s(s), -sh, -ch, -x and o add -es : He crosses/washes/watches - verbs ending in y preceded by a consonant change the y into I and receive -es : He tries/cries (but he plays/enjoys ) - have changes to has. Grammar Present Tense in Legal English In legal English avoid using present tense continuous as the situations are deemed to be permanent: The Buyer binds to pay NOT The Buyer is binding to pay. The Seller delivers the goods and the Buyer makes the payment NOT The Seller is delivering the goods and the Buyer is making the payment. The negative forms don t/doesn t are generally avoided in legal English. Here are some alternative suggestions: The Seller doesn t warrant The Seller makes no warranties If the Buyer doesn t pay on due time Unless the Buyer pays on due time If the Seller doesn t deliver If the Seller fails to deliver If the parties don t reach an agreement Should the parties fail to reach an agreement 20. Valoarea totală a mărfii vândute este de USD. Preţul, defalcat pe sortimente de produse, este cel menţionat în anexa nr. la prezentul contract. Preţul include cheltuielile de transport până la 21. Cumpărătorul se obligă să plătească preţurile aşa cum sunt 20. The total value of the sold merchandise is of USD. The price, broken down into various product ranges, is mentioned in Annex no. annexed hereto. The price includes transportation expenses to 21. The Buyer binds to pay the prices as negotiated, agreed upon

20 negociate, convenite şi prevăzute în anexa numărul la contract. 22. Plata se va face pe baza facturilor emise de vânzător şi semnate de cumpărător. În preţul mărfurilor a fost inclusă şi taxa pe valoarea adăugată aferentă. Pentru a traduce avans, sau plată în avans în limba engleză este bine să reţineţi următoarele aspecte: Down payment: sumă plătită în avans fără garanţii pentru cumpărător sau pentru cel care împrumută. Advance payment: plată care atrage o serie de răspunderi. Cumpărătorul sau cel care împrumută primeşte o serie de garanţii din partea vânzătorului sau a persoanei care dă cu împrumut. 23. Dacă cumpărătorul nu plăteşte la scadenţă, va suporta penalităţi de întârziere în decontare de % pe zi de întârziere, calculată la suma datorată. 24. Instrumentul de plată agreat de vânzător este. 25. Vânzătorul poate majora preţul mărfurilor în raport de 26. Preţul utilajelor este cel înscris în oferta confirmată; oferta confirmată este parte integrantă a prezentului contract. Scadenţarul ce precizează termenele de plata şi sumele ce urmează a fi achitate face parte din prezenta convenţie. 27. În absenţa unui acord special, condiţia de livrare este and stipulated in Annex no. annexed hereto. 22. The payment is made on the basis of the invoices issued by the Seller and signed by the Buyer. The corresponding value added tax has been included in the price of the merchandise. In order to translate a payment made in advance you should pay attention to the following distinction: Down payment: a sum paid in advance with no warranties for the buyer or for the borrower. Advance payment: a payment that implies a series of liabilities. The buyer or the borrower receives certain warranties from the seller or the lender. 23. Should the Buyer fall into arrears with the payment, the Buyer shall be bound to pay default interest of % for each day of delay, calculated at the outstanding amount. 24. The payment instrument the Seller agrees upon is 25. The Seller may increase the price of the merchandise depending on 26. The price of the machines is that indicated in the confirmed offer, annexed hereto and made a part hereof. The bills payable book indicating the payment terms and the amounts to be paid is a constituent part of the hereby agreement. 27. In the absence of a special agreement, the delivery condition

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