SQL Tuning Proven Methodologies
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1 SQL Tuning Proven Methodologies V.Hariharaputhran
2 V.Hariharaputhran o Twelve years in Oracle Development / DBA / Big Data / Cloud Technologies o All India Oracle Users Group (AIOUG) Evangelist o Passion to learn and share o Blog: o
3 Our 60 minutes Agenda Objective Lifecycle of a SQL Cursors Why and What Get the right Execution Plan Case Studies Push predicate vs. No-Push Join Elimination Correlated sub-query Why my Index is not Used Take Away
4 Until Yesterday it was running Fine What happened now? DBA Developer
5 Typical Day Options we see 1. Why not Cache Table 2. There is Memory Problem / No partition hence you are bound to run slow 3. I learnt new features and desperate to implement them 4. Rewrite the SQL / Add Index / 5. SQL running slow Found the init parameter causing it, Let me change it. 6. I see no Histograms / must be a stats problem 7. I came across a tool, you just have to provide the table name it would generate the SQL for us.
6 Out of the BOX Recreate the Table Avoid writing the SQL / Change the Design Archive Strategy
7 SQL Lifecycle Parse Bind Execute Fetch
8 Some more Parse PARSE So what is before the syntax check Adding VPD Predicates to SQL
9 VPD Watch out for the Predicate Info
10 Why add VPD first
11 More about Parsing Syntax Check - Keywords Semantic Check - Objects Accessible View Merging/Subquery Unnesting Views to Base tables / Inline Views Query Transformation Transitivity Optimization Soft Parse Hard Parse Query Execution Plan / Load into Library Cache
12 Cursor SELECT * FROM EMP ENV STATS SQL TEXT BIND VARIABLES PARENT CURSOR CHILD CURSOR
13 Cursors
14 What is this Child Number = 0?
15
16 Identify the reason for Child Cursor
17 declare v_ename emp.ename%type; begin For x in loop select /* NORMAL */ ename into v_ename from Binding in PLSQL emp where empno = x ; end loop; end; / declare v_ename emp.ename%type; v_sql varchar2(200); begin For x in loop execute immediate 'select /* bind */ ename from emp where empno = :v_empno' into v_ename using x ; end loop; end; / In PL/SQL its free, Oracle does the binding for us
18 Explain Plan
19 Is X not a Number?
20 Estimate Vs Actual
21 Autotrace
22 Autotrace 20000/3=6666.6
23 Explain Plan Not the Real Plan, Just an estimate Treat all Bind Variable as Varchar2 Datatype Does not use Bind Variable Peeking
24 DBMS_XPLAN DBMS_XPLAN.display - Estimated DBMS_XPLAN.display_cursor Real from Memory DBMS_XPLAN.display_awr - Historic
25 CASE STUDY -1
26 Estimated Plan from DBMS_XPLAN SQL> select * from tblchk tbl1 where exists 2 (select 1 from tblchk tbl2 where tbl1.id=tbl2.id and tbl2.id_val='aioug'); no rows selected SQL> select * from table(dbms_xplan.display_cursor()); Id Operation Name Rows Bytes Cost (%CPU) Time SELECT STATEMENT 1 (100) * 1 FILTER * 2 HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI 190K 2226K 207 (2) 00:00:01 * 3 TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK K 103 (1) 00:00:01 4 TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK 220K 1289K 103 (1) 00:00: Predicate Information (identified by operation id): filter(null IS NOT NULL) 2 - access("tbl1"."id"="tbl2"."id") 3 - filter("tbl2"."id_val"='aioug')
27 God TKprof call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows Parse Execute Fetch total Misses in library cache during parse: 1 Optimizer mode: ALL_ROWS Parsing user id: 143 Number of plan statistics captured: 1 Rows (1st) Rows (avg) Rows (max) Row Source Operation HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI (cr=487 pr=483 pw=0 time= us cost=207 size= card=190008) TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK (cr=487 pr=483 pw=0 time= us cost=103 size= card=36663) TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us cost=103 size= card=220000) Elapsed times include waiting on following events: Event waited on Times Max. Wait Total Waited Waited SQL*Net message to client Disk file operations I/O db file sequential read db file scattered read SQL*Net message from client
28 Add the Check Constraint SQL> select distinct id_val from tblchk; ID_VAL A B C alter table tblchk add CONSTRAINT check_idval CHECK (id_val in ('A','B','C'));
29 After Constraint TKprof call count cpu elapsed disk query current rows Parse Execute Fetch total Misses in library cache during parse: 1 Optimizer mode: ALL_ROWS Parsing user id: 143 Number of plan statistics captured: 1 Rows (1st) Rows (avg) Rows (max) Row Source Operation FILTER (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=7 us) HASH JOIN RIGHT SEMI (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us cost=276 size= card=257840) TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us cost=138 size= card=46662) TABLE ACCESS FULL TBLCHK (cr=0 pr=0 pw=0 time=0 us cost=137 size= card=280000) Elapsed times include waiting on following events: Event waited on Times Max. Wait Total Waited Waited SQL*Net message to client SQL*Net message from client
30 DBMS_XPLAN ALLSTATS LAST Rows = Num_Rows / No of Distinct records in ID_VAL More v$sql_plan_statistics_all
31 Explain Plan Access Method Table Scan / Index Join Method NL/Hash/Sort Merge Join Order Order in which tables are joined Join Type Anti / Semi / Outer Partition Pruning What partitions are used Parallel Execution Predicate / Column Projections Memory Stats 0/1/M
32 Full table Scan Majority Rows + Columns Scans up to HWM Multi block Reads Candidate for Parallel Execution
33 FTS with Filter
34 Index Fast Full Scan Not Going to Table
35 Index Unique Scan Not Going to Table
36 Index to Table
37 Transform SQL to semantically equivalent SQL - WHY Processed more efficiently Better Plan. I wrote this way because it easy for me, I can develop the application Faster
38 Query Transformation View Merging
39 CREATE VIEW V_EMP_SAL AS SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>100; View Merging SELECT EMP_ID FROM V_EMP_SAL WHERE DEPTNO = 10; SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>100 AND DEPTNO = 10; ROWNUM PSEUDOCOLUMN SET OPERATORS UNION UNION ALL INTERSECT MINUS CONNECT BY CLAUSE
40 Transitivity
41 SELECT T1.COL1, T2.COL2 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.COL1 = T2.COL1 AND T1.COL1 = 100; Transitivity SELECT T1.COL1, T2.COL2 FROM TBL1 T1, TBL2 T2 WHERE T1.COL1 = T2.COL1 AND T1.COL1 = 100 AND T2.COL1 = 100;
42 Subquery Unnesting
43 SELECT E.EMPNO, E.DEPTNO FROM EMP E WHERE E.DEPTNO IN (SELECT D.DEPTNO FROM DEPT D WHERE D.LOC = 'CHICAGO') Subquery Unnesting SELECT E.EMPNO EMPNO,E.DEPTNO DEPTNO FROM HARI.EMP E WHERE E.DEPTNO=ANY (SELECT D.DEPTNO DEPTNO FROM HARI.DEPT D WHERE D.LOC='CHICAGO') SELECT E.EMPNO EMPNO,E.DEPTNO DEPTNO FROM HARI.DEPT D,HARI.EMP E WHERE E.DEPTNO=D.DEPTNO AND D.LOC='CHICAGO'
44 Complex View Merging
45 SELECT D.DNAME, D.DEPTNO,VW.DEPT_AVG_SAL FROM DEPT D, VW_AVG_SAL VW WHERE D.DEPTNO = VW.DEPTNO AND D.LOC = 'CHICAGO'; SELECT D.DNAME,D.DEPTNO, AVG(EMP.SAL) DEPT_AVG_SAL FROM HARI.DEPT D,HARI.EMP EMP WHERE D.DEPTNO=EMP.DEPTNO AND D.LOC='CHICAGO' GROUP BY D.ROWID,D.DEPTNO,D.DNAME Complex View Merging SELECT D.DNAME DNAME,D.DEPTNO DEPTNO, VW.DEPT_AVG_SAL DEPT_AVG_SAL FROM HARI.DEPT D, ( SELECT EMP.DEPTNO DEPTNO, AVG(EMP.SAL) DEPT_AVG_SAL FROM HARI.EMP EMP GROUP BY EMP.DEPTNO ) VW WHERE D.DEPTNO=VW.DEPTNO AND D.LOC='CHICAGO'
46 Push Predicates
47 CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW V_EMP_UNION AS SELECT ENAME, EMPNO FROM EMP E1 WHERE DEPTNO <20 UNION SELECT ENAME, EMPNO FROM EMP E2 WHERE DEPTNO >30; SELECT * FROM VW_EMP_UNION WHERE EMPNO > 7788 SELECT * FROM ( SELECT ENAME, EMPNO FROM EMP E1 WHERE DEPTNO <20 AND EMPNO > 7788 UNION SELECT ENAME, EMPNO FROM EMP E2 WHERE DEPTNO >30 AND EMPNO > 7788 ) ; ; * Push Predicates
48 Do You Know (DYK) How many row source can be joined together at a time? TWO In a Full Table Scan up to what point oracle scans all the blocks in a table? HWM Hash or Sort-Merge which is more efficient in general? HASH
49 Join Methods
50 SORT MERGE JOIN
51 SORT MERGE JOIN
52 Join Type Nested Loop Retrieves row from one source and find its corresponding one from another source Hash Join Build Hash Table in memory for smaller row source Go through the other source and uses Hash function on Join Columns
53 select empno from emp where empno like '11'; Do You Know (DYK) How will my predicate info look like? select * from dept where loc like '%CHENNAI'; This operator can be used instead OR clause. How will my predicate info look like? UNION,Even after having DISTINCT clause in the query, SORT UNIQUE is not done by the Optimizer. If the Data doesn't have duplicates
54 Case Study - Correlated Subquery
55 In Action Correlated Subquery SELECT * FROM TAB1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM TAB2 WHERE TAB2.COL1 = TAB1.COL1)
56
57 Not Using my Index
58
59 Number <-> Varchar
60 Fix the Datatype
61
62 Approach of Datatype Change now - Impacts the Existing Code Don t Forget the Learning TO_Number Function
63 Correlated Subquery is the problem, do you know how it works? You should not use Correlated subquery, rewrite it with NOT IN OK?
64 IS NOT EXISTS = NOT IN?
65
66
67 Lets us dig more Data & Facts
68 NOT EXISTS ANTI JOIN
69 NOT IN ANTI JOIN
70 NOT EXISTS NOT IN ORDERS ******** SINGLE TABLE ACCESS PATH Single Table Cardinality Estimation for ORDERS[O] Table: ORDERS Alias: O Access Path: TableScan Cost: Access Path: index (FullScan) Index: PK_ORDER Cost: Best:: AccessPath: TableScan Cost: ORDERS ******** Single Table Cardinality Estimation for ORDERS[O] Table: ORDERS Alias: O Access Path: TableScan Cost: Access Path: index (FFS) Cost: index filter:"o"."book_id" IS NOT NULL Best:: AccessPath: IndexFFS Index: IDX_ORDERS1 Cost:
71 Does Index Store NULL Values
72 Back to Basics Fast Full Index Scan multiple blocks from disk in a single I/O Cost = No of blocks to be scanned + MBRC value Reads the index blocks in no particular order Accesses the data in the index itself, without accessing the table
73 Fast Full Index Scan Accesses the data in the index itself, without accessing the table
74
75 Can I do it even better Yes, Why not at the Design Stage Enforce referential Integrity Mark Columns as NOT NULL Index the Foreign Key Column
76 I have a CTD After Datatype Correction
77 CTD cont
78 Recap View Merging/Subquery Unnesting Views to Base tables / Inline Views Query Transformation Transitivity Optimization Query Execution Plan
79 Until Yesterday it was running Fine What happened now? DBA Developer Start Comparing Old Plan and New Plan Analyze the Data and understand what has changed The above 2 would help you to dig further
80 References ( NOT IN with NULL Values) Gaja Krishna Vaidyanatha CTD,TKPROF Options - Exadata Performance Mgmt AIOUG Chennai Chapter
81 Thanks
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