Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department

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1 Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department

2 Cover photo Blue-ringed Octopus

3 1

4 Many local and overseas visitors enjoy the coastal environment of Hong Kong and pursue recreational activities such as snorkeling, diving and beach combing. There are many wonderful marine creatures including fishes, corals and a diverse variety of other marine invertebrates to 2

5 observe here in Hong Kong s unique marine habitats. Care is required when enjoying the sea as numerous marine animals can be potentially dangerous. No marine life should be disturbed or handled as this is important for maintaining the integrity and long-term survival of our marine resources. There is also the risk that certain marine DANGEROUS MARINE LIFE OF HONG KONG life can harm you though this is typically due to an ignorance of the behaviour and dangers of certain marine animals. The list of dangerous marine creatures is long and varied and can never be exhaustive. This serves to provide some background and general information on the features of and hazards presented by dangerous marine creatures that are known to exist in our territorial waters. There are a number of marine animals to avoid completely and others that if disturbed do have the potential to inflict nasty injuries. These are outlined below in these two categories. 3

6 Both the spines and tube-feet on the body surface of sea urchins possess venomous glands. Common species include long-spined sea urchin (Diadema setosum). Redness, swelling and excruciating pain will be caused if hurt by the spines. The spines are so sharp that they can penetrate through gloves and flippers. 4 Diadema setosum

7 AVOID COMPLETELY 5

8 The stinging cells (cnidoblasts) on tentacles of jellyfish possess toxin. If one is stung by the venomous tentacles, redness, swelling and itching will be resulted in minor case. In serious case, unconsciousness, muscle cramp and even death will be resulted. Extra care should be taken for Lion s mane jellyfish (Chrysaora melanaster). This animal possesses toxin in its tentacles which can extend up to several feet. 6 Jellyfish

9 AVOID COMPLETELY Chrysaora melanaster 7

10 Some fishes have very sharp teeth and care must be taken in approaching them as they will bite when provoked or handled. Examples of such fishes include sharks, moray eels, hairtails, barracuda and puffer fishes. Sharp spines are also present in many species of fish, particularly on the gill cover (operculum), scales, fins and tail. The spines of some species may be connected to poisonous glands and can cause very painful 8

11 AVOID COMPLETELY wounds and contact with such fishes must be avoided, for example stingrays, marine catfish, stargazer, rabbitfish, waspfish, stonefish, rockfish, scorpionfish, and lionfish. In serious cases, venomous spines may cause excrutiating pain, dizziness, nausea, vomiting and even death. It should also be noted of camouflage of some fish such as stonefish which looks like a stone but is extremely dangerous when touched with bare hands. Barracuda Stingray Morayeel 9

12 Stone fish Puffer fish Waspfish Catfish 10

13 AVOID COMPLETELY Lion fish Stone fish Scropion fish 11

14 The tiny bristles on their legs possess venomous glands. If one s skin is punctured by these sharp bristles, the venom will cause itching, redness, swelling and blisters. Chloeia parva 12

15 AVOID COMPLETELY Sea snake Most sea snakes produce venom. One should avoid touching them. If being bitten, the victim should be sent to the hospital immediately. Do not try to suck out the venom with mouth. 13

16 Conus textile 14

17 AVOID COMPLETELY The harpooned teeth of cone snails (e.g. Conus textile) possess venomous glands. One should avoid collecting cone shells with hand. If being stung, the wound will turn red, swollen and become painful. Muscle paralysis and exhaustion will be resulted. In serious case, death may occur due to heart failure. Conus textile 15

18 (Hapalochlaena spp.) Octopuses, squid and cuttlefish (the cephalopods) have sharp, beak-like mouthparts that can inflict a painful bite. Some cephalopods use venom in their saliva to paralyze and kill their prey, so care must be taken to prevent being bitten. The blue-ringed octopus (Hapalochlaena spp.) is 16

19 AVOID COMPLETELY among the deadliest of animals in the sea and must never be picked up. The blue-ringed octopus is a small, innocuous-looking animal that occurs in shallow intertidal areas such as rocky reefs and tide pools. Normally it is not aggressive and is a pale grey to tan colour, but when disturbed or threatened it will flash its brilliant blue rings and bite. The bite has been reported as painless, so often the victim is not even aware of having been bitten. However, the venom is extremely toxic. Numbness, nausea and visual disturbances may result after 5-10 minutes. In severe cases, this is followed by paralysis, respiratory failure, unconciousness and death through asphyxia. Several deaths have been reported in Australia where blue-ring octopuses are relatively common. Blue-ringed Octopus 17

20 Blue-ringed Octopus Blue-ringed Octopus 18

21 AVOID COMPLETELY 19

22 The body surface of sponge has toxic substances. These substances can cause allergy and inflammation on skin. Sponge 20

23 POTENTIAL INJURY IF DISTURBED OR HANDLED Sea anemone possesses tiny stinging cells on their tentacles. The toxin from the stinging cells can cause pain, redness and swelling on skin. Sea anemone Zoanthids 21

24 Hard coral communities 22

25 POTENTIAL INJURY IF DISTURBED OR HANDLED In Hong Kong we do not have the stinging fire coral Millepora which can inflict painful stings and rashes, however, care is needed when swimming over corals as their limestone skeletons are sharp and often abrasive. Deep cut can be inflicted by the intricate skeletal structure of corals and bacterial infections induced by not treating the wound correctly. Corals, however, are delicate and you will most likely inflict more injury to the coral colonies and exposure of the coral to bacterial and other diseases which can lead to live tissue die-off. 23

26 Some species have sharp spines and venomous glands on their surface. One should avoid touching them with hand. Luidia maculata 24

27 POTENTIAL INJURY IF DISTURBED OR HANDLED Feather star 25

28 When disturbed, some sea cucumbers can expel white sticky threads (known as Cuvierian tubules) from its anus to entangle or distract the intruder and some even eject their guts for the same purpose. It is known that the white sticky threads contain toxin which can cause skin or eye irritation and in serious case may cause dermatitis or blindness. 26 Colochirus quadrangularis

29 POTENTIAL INJURY IF DISTURBED OR HANDLED 27

30 Some advices are given below to minimize the chance of being stung or bitten by dangerous marine creatures. Under the following circumstances, one should not touch the marine organism with hand:- 28

31 SAFETY ADVICE ON DANGEROUS MARINE CREATURES The organism is unfamiliar; The organism is brightly coloured; The organism has sharp or pointed spines; The organism has mucus on their surfaces; The organism has sharp teeths; The organism is well-known to be venomous or harmful. When it is really necessary to handle the above animals (no matter it is alive or dead), one should wear thick gloves, protective clothing or other protective devices such as goggles. Instruments / assisting tools such as forceps, scissors should be used. Be alert and pay attention to the surroundings during swimming, snorkeling and diving. Avoid carrying out activities in turbid water. hands. Avoid searching in mud or crevices with bare 29

32 30

33 OTHER ADVICE Please make reference to and get familiar with First Aids Manuals provided by relevant authorities. Consult medical doctors after first aids treatment, if necessary. If the casualty is hurt by venomous/ poisonous marine creatures and there are serious symptoms such as continuous bleeding, allergic reaction, unconsciousness and difficulties in breathing, the casualty should be sent to the hospital immediately. Acknowledgement Hong Kong Marine Biological Association Photo Credit Dr Leslie CHAN Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department November

34 32

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36 DANGEROUS MARINE LIFE OF HONG KONG

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