Global warming potential from French grassland / livestock systems
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1 Adaptation au Changement Climatique de l'agriculture et des Ecosystèmes Global warming potential from French grassland / livestock systems Anne-Isabelle Graux Romain Lardy, Gianni Bellocchi, Jean-François Soussana (INRA - French National Institute for Agricultural Research) Clermont-Ferrand (France), October 2010, Grassland / livestock systems & Global warming / 1 Global warming potential (GWP) is a measure of how much a given mass of greenhouse gas (GHG) contributes to global warming Equal to 1 for CO 2, GWP is calculated by adding CH 4 and N 2 O emissions to the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) values (IPCC, 2007a) GWP = k N O N O + kch CH NEE A positive GWP indicates a net source of GHG to the atmosphere and conversely Of the three GHG exchanged by grasslands, CO 2 is exchanged with soil and vegetation, N 2 O is emitted by soils, and CH 4 is emitted by livestock at grazing 2
2 Grassland / livestock systems & Global warming / 2 Grassland / livestock systems differ for their impact on the magnitude of GHG fluxes and their GWP (FAO, 2006) Livestock systems generate 18% of global GHG emissions, with considerable variability depending on both the animal (breed, age, kind of production, physiological stage, etc.) and the diet (level of intake, forage / concentrate proportion, feed processing, etc.) Combined effects of elevated CO 2 and climate change may enhance net primary production and carbon (C) stocks, reducing GHG emissions by sequestering C in the soils A model-based study was employed to simulate prospective changes and feedbacks between grassland / animal performances and GWP in France 3 Sub-humid / humid Rennes Lusignan Bordeaux Versailles Toulouse Mons Theix St-Etienne Dijon Colmar The simulation study / 1 Semiarid / arid An array of scenarios was sketched to represent climate-soil-plantmanagement interactions under climate changes and CO 2 enrichment in France 4
3 The simulation study / 2 Projections of climate conditions of near future ( ) and far future ( ) were generated from the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) SRES GCM Institute Downscaling method Initialization B1 ARPEGE CNRM Variable corrections (VC) A1B ARPEGE CNRM Anomalies A1B ARPEGE CNRM VC A1B ARPEGE CNRM Statistical disaggregation (SD) 1 A1B ARPEGE CNRM SD 2 A1B CGCM 3.1 T63 CCCMA SD A1B NASA/GISS AOM GISS SD A1B CGCM 2.3.a MRI SD A1B CCSM 3.0 NCAR SD A2 ARPEGE CNRM VC crossing a range of global circulation models (GCM), downscaling methods / initializations in order to encompass the whole range of uncertainty associated with current climate modelling 5 The simulation study / 3 The Pasture Simulation Model (PASIM) was employed to generate a variety of outputs related to GWP under future ( , ) and near past ( ) climate conditions Climate Soil Vegetation Herbivores Management INPUT Radiation Precipitation Temperature Vapor pressure Wind speed CO 2 NH 3 Texture SWC Conductivity Density Depth Multi or monospecies With or without legumes Type (heifers, suckler or dairy cows, sheeps) LW, BCS, age, MP pot,max at turnout to grass Mowing N fertilization Grazing Tillage PASIM OUTPUT Fluxes GHG (CO 2, N 2 O, CH 4 ) C, N, H 2 O & energy fluxes States Forage provision MP, LW and BCS SOM SWC Optimized management Mowing N fertilization Grazing Irrigation 6
4 Changes in rainfall and air temperatures: SRES A2, ARPEGE model, variable correction downscaling 7 Changes in the GWP: irrigated temporary grassland, shallow soil 8
5 Changes in the NEE: irrigated temporary grassland, shallow soil 9 Changes in the N 2 O: irrigated temporary grassland, shallow soil 10
6 Overall findings While there are site-to-site and climate-to-climate variations, a conclusion is that the GWP may decrease in the future as result of increased soil dryness and C storage All systems were observed to be net sinks of C, with temporary irrigated grasslands offering the greatest potential to mitigate GHG in the future thanks to higher NEE Strategies to enhance fertilizer use efficiency, animal feed and return of animal waste could be explored as adaptation & mitigation measures 11 Thank you for your attention!!! Research supported by the Auvergne Region of France and by the ANR CLIMATOR project 12
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