Key Management and Distribution
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1 and Distribution CSS322: Security and Cryptography Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Thammasat University Prepared by Steven Gordon on 23 January 2011 CSS322Y10S2L12, Steve/Courses/CSS322/Lectures/key.tex, r1640
2 Contents and Management using Encryption using Encryption Distribution of Certificates
3 and Management key cryptography: fast implementations, good for encrypting large amounts of data; requires shared secret key (public) key cryptography: inefficient for large data, good for authentication; no need to share a secret How to share symmetric keys? How to distribute public keys?
4 Contents and Management using Encryption using Encryption Distribution of Certificates
5 using Encryption Objective: two entities share same secret key Principle: change keys frequently How to exchange a secret key? 1. A physically delivers key to B 2. Third party, C, can physically deliver key to A and B 3. If A and B already have a key, can securely transmit new key to each other, encrypted with old key 4. If A and B have secure connection with third party C, C can securely send keys to A and B Option 1 and 2: manual delivery; feasible if number of entites is small (link encryption) Option 3: requires initial distribution of key; discovery of initial key releases all subsequent keys Option 4: requires initial distribution of key with C; practical for large-scale systems (end-to-end encryption)
6 Link Encryption vs End-to-End Encryption Link Encryption Encrypt data over individual links in network Each link end-point shares a secret key Decrypt/Encrypt at each device in path Requires all links/devices to support encryption End-to-End Encryption Encrypt data at network end-points (e.g. hosts or applications) Each pair of hosts/applications share a secret key Does not rely on intermediate network devices
7 How Many Keys Need To Be Exchanged? A B SW1 SW3 R2 SW5 F G C R1 SW4 R3 H D E SW2 R4 SW6 I J Link-level encryption? End-to-end encryption between hosts? End-to-end encryption between applications?
8 Using a Centre Centre (KDC) is trusted third party Hierarchy of keys used: Data sent between end-systems encrypted with temporary session key Session keys obtained from KDC over network; encrypted with master key Master keys can be distributed using manual delivery
9 Use of a Key Hierarchy
10 Scenario
11 KDC Scenario Notation End-systems: A and B, identified by ID A and ID B Master keys: K a, K b Session key (between A and B): K s Nonce values: N 1, N 2 E.g. timestamp, counter, random value Must be different for each request Must be difficult for attacker to guess
12 Practical Considerations Hierarchical Key Control Use multiple KDCs in a hierarchy E.g. KDC for each LAN (or building); central KDC to exchange keys between hosts in different LANs Reduces effort in key distribution; limits damage if local KDC is compromised Session Key Lifetime Shorter lifetime is more secure; but increases overhead of exchanges Connection-oriented protocols (e.g. TCP): new session key for each connection Connection-less protocols (e.g. UDP/IP): change after fixed period or certain number of packets sent
13 Decentralised Alternative that doesn t rely on KDC Each end-system must manually exchange n 1 master keys (K m ) with others
14 Contents and Management using Encryption using Encryption Distribution of Certificates
15 using Encryption encryption generally too slow for encrypting large amount of data Common application of asymmetric encryption is exchanging secret keys Three examples: 1. Simple Secret 2. Secret with Confidentiality and Authentication 3. Hybrid Scheme: Public- of KDC Master Keys
16 Simple Secret Simple: no keys prior to or after communication Provides confidentiality for session key Subject to man-in-the-middle attack Only useful if attacker cannot modify/insert messages
17 Man-in-the-Middle Attack
18 Secret with Confidentiality and Authentication Provides both confidentiality and authentication in exchange of secret key
19 Hybrid Scheme: Public- of KDC Master Keys Use public-key distribution of secret keys when exchaning master keys between end-systems and KDC Efficient method of delivering master keys (rather than manual delivery) Useful for large networks, widely distributed set of users with single KDC
20 Contents and Management using Encryption using Encryption Distribution of Certificates
21 Distribution of By design, public keys are made public Issue: how to ensure public key of A actually belongs to A (and not someone pretending to be A) Four approaches for distributing public keys 1. Public announcement 2. Publicly available directory 3. Public-key authority 4. Public-key certificates
22 Public Announcements Make public key available in open forum: newspaper, signature, website, conference,... Problem: anyone can announce a key pretending to be another user
23 Publicly Available Directory All users publish keys in central directory Users must provide identification when publishing key Users can access directory electronically Weakness: directory must be secure
24 Public-Key Authority Specific instance of using publicly available directory Assume each user has already security published public-key at authority; each user knows authorities public key
25 Public-Key Authority First 5 messages are for key exchange; last 2 are authentication of users Although 7 messages, public keys obtained from authority can be cached Problem: authority can be bottleneck Alternative: public-key certificates
26 Public-Key Certificates Assume public keys sent to CA can be authenticated by CA; each user has certificate of CA
27 Public Key Certificates A certificate is the ID and public-key of a user signed by CA C A = E(PR auth, [T ID A PU a ]) Timestamp T validates currency of certificate (expiration date) Common format for certificates is standard (by ITU) S/MIME (secure ) IP security (network layer security) SSL/TLS (transport layer security) SET (e-commerce)
28 Contents and Management using Encryption using Encryption Distribution of Certificates
29 Certificates Each user has a certificate, although it is created by the Certificate Authority (CA) Certificates are stored in a public directory Certificate format includes: Version of certificate Signature algorithm CA s name and unique identifier Period of validity User s name and unique identifier User s public key information Signature
30 Public-Key Certificate Use
31 Formats
32 Certificate Revocation List Certificates may be revoked before expiry CA signs a CRL, which is stored in public directory
33 Multiple Certificate Authorities Multiple CA s can be arranged in hierarchy Notation: Y << X >> certificate of X issued by CA Y
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