Soil biology - its diversity and impacts on the soil system. Matthew Shepherd Senior Specialist, Soil Biodiversity
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1 Soil biology - its diversity and impacts on the soil system Matthew Shepherd Senior Specialist, Soil Biodiversity
2 Soils the beginning... Photos: M Shepherd Image: reconstruction of first land plants in ordovician, Jose Bonner CC BY-SA 3.0 Drawings: Aberdeen University after Scourfield (1940a, b) and Hirst 1923
3 What is this soil stuff anyway? Pore structure of soil: Wilfred Otton, Abertay University
4 Photo: Matthew Shepherd
5 Photo: Matthew Shepherd Plants Fuel supply - organic matter (C) Litter Roots Root exudates
6 Photos: Matthew Shepherd Bacteria Abundant around plant roots Chemical factories Fixing and tranforming N Decomposing and release nutrients Team up with plants fixing N and battling disease
7 Photo: Matthew Shepherd Fungi and mycorrhizas Network of tubes through soil 50km in a handful Decomposers tougher material
8 Mycorrhizae Ecto Arbuscular Team up with plants P, N and water Soil proteins glue soil together
9 Ottowphrya dragescoi ; Photo Genoveva Esteban Colpoda sp. Photo: G. Esteban. Photo: Matthew Shepherd Protozoa Euglypha sp. CC-BY-SA Trinema sp. Photo: Matthew Shepherd
10 Plant-feeding Bacterivore Predatory Nematodes Omnivore Fungivore Photo: Matthew Shepherd
11 Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd Tardigrades Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: G. Esteban.
12 Photo: Michel Vuijlsteke Photo: Matthew Shepherd Mesofauna - decomposers... Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd hoto: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd to: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd
13 Photo: Matthew Shepherd and predators Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Matthew Shepherd Photo: Palica, Wikipedia
14 Earthworms Photo: James Lindsey, CC BY-SA 3.0
15 Earthworms
16 The Soil Food Web
17 What do we do to soil life? Cultivation removes OM source (weeds!), kills larger worms, and releases stored soil C Monocropping same C sources reduce diversity in soil Agrochemicals Traffic - compaction Not feeding the soil soil stops working!
18 Soil life works for us Soil organisms are the biological engine of the earth Engines need fuel! Organic matter is the fuel Illustrations: Matthew Shepherd
19 What do we do to soil life? Russell and Sandall (2005) Corn Breeding: Lessons From the Past Overview and Objectives. Plant & Soil Sciences elibrary. Online here.
20 Policy Background Ecosystem Services
21 Soil on strike?
22 Policy Background Ecosystem Services
23 "Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936" by Sloan (?) - United States Department of Agriculture; Image Number: 00di0971. Licensed under Public Domain via Commons -
24
25 Looking after soil life More fuel: organic matter Put more in, or lose less
26 Total Soil PLFA content nm g-1 Feeding the Soil More organic matter = More soil life Soil organic matter and total soil PLFAs y = ln(x) R² = % Soil Organic Matter (Loss on Ignition) Source: Natural England, ECBN data,
27 Bulk density g/cm More organic matter = better soil structure Grassland soil organic carbon and bulk density in England and Wales y = ln(x) R² = % organic carbon (Walkley-black) Source: ADAS, Defra project BD5001
28 % Soil water content More oil organic matter = better drought resistance GB soil organic matter and soil moisture content y = ln(x) R² = % Soil Organic Matter Source: Countryside Survey, 2007
29 Cation Exchange Capactity (meq 100g_1 More soil organic matter = better nutrient retention Soil organic matter and cation exchange capacity y = ln(x) R² = Big improvements in soil function due to small changes at low SOM % Soil organic matter (loss on ignition) Source: Countryside Survey, 2007
30 Yield t ha-1 Soil Organic Matter Benefits to Agriculture Some evidence from Rothamsted expts. roots and spring crops SOM has definite benefits in drought-prone soils More marked benefits at lower N Current HGCA/Rothamsted research Andy Whitmore 3.6 t C ha t C ha -1 N kg ha -1
31 Soil Organic Matter Benefits to Agriculture DC-Agri compared compost, digestate, manure, slurry impacts on soil and crops +10% 7 study sites long and short term additions on arable and grassland a b
32 Grain yield 85% dm) Overall winter cereal grain yields at Devizes-P, Aberdeen-S and Terrington-S (2012) 9 8 P <0.05 Recommended manufactured fertiliser policy (RB209; TN622) Integrated nutrient management policy (RB209; TN622; MANNER-NPK) 7 +10% +12% +11% +6% +12% 6 a b b b ab b 5 Manufactured fertiliser Green compost Green/food compost Treatment Food-based digestate FYM Slurry I s.e.
33 Short-term additions of organic materials increased soil nutrient status and light fraction organic matter. Repeat additions of bulky organic matter in the longer term (>3 years) changed soil physical properties 6 years compost addition (c.30 t carbon/ha) were as effective as c.18 years of FYM (50-60 t carbon/ha) in building up SOM levels Food-based digestate and slurries supplied small quantities of OM and had little effect on soil properties
34 Ask the farmer... Source of case study Net annual financial benefit ( /ha) after 5-8 years Defra project number Arable Livestock Mixed All SP (10) 1 58 (8) 60 * (18) SP (6) 98 (6) 103 (11) 96 * (23) Average 69 (16) 98 (6) 84 (19) 80 (41) Table 1: Net annual financial benefits /ha from SOM management by farming system 1 Numbers in parenthesis show number of case studies in each category. * Statistically significant, ANOVA F = 5.381, P = Defra project: SP08014
35 Keeping soil alive Don t leave bare soil Cover Crops Put more plant C into soil Maintaining soil life over winter through exudates and links with microbes Prevents erosion and runoff Biofumigation on destruction (good thing?) Cabbage family aren t mycorrhizal... Must manage fertiliser to avoid leaching Photo: Andrew Russell, Natural England
36 Keeping soil alive Munkholm and Hamsem (2012) Soil Use and Management, 28:4,
37 C in soil from cover crop Cover crops 14 C from tillage radish cover crops Before incorporation Direct Drill Conventional tillage 30 years t long term C ha -1 stored ~0.1% increase in %C From 1.1% to 1.2% soil organic C 2x increase in water content 2.5% reduction in bulk density Mutegi et al (2013). Soil Use and Management, 29:2,
38 Grassland
39 Keeping soil organic matter Min or no-till soils have more C/SOM in topsoils, larger aggregates containing more SOC and more N Overall typically 2.1 t C ha -1 more than cultivated systems* Stable systems 12 tonnes C ha -1 more* Better for earthworms more deep burrowing and surface-active, and fungi. *Alvarez, Soil Use and Management, 21
40 No Till Years of treatment *Alvarez, Soil Use and Management 21
41 Crop diversity Crop rotations Multicropping several crops same place & time Ryegrass & clover to Agroforestry More worms, diverse organisms SOM increase trees Other plant nutrient/pest benefits Photo Martin Wolfe, Wakelyns Agroforestry
42 Does it work? See for yourself! Photo: Natural England Steve Marston
43 Is it working? A deeper look Cranfield University: Defra SP0310 Compare fields on similar soils or near fencelines SOM - typical ranges for soil type Biological tests need more benchmarking Soil communities mites and springtails DNA whole communities from a single analysis
44 Is it working? A deeper look Soil function tea bags or bait sticks Bulk density Infiltration Earthworms
45 Conclusions Soil organisms are a huge diverse community working for us They provide a vast array of valuable services to farmers They can t do this without fuel organic matter If the soil stops working, the consequences can be disastrous Farmers can help by feeding the soil, so it can get back to work Doing this can help make farming more profitable You can test your soil health by digging a pit and looking for good soil structure
46 Thank you!
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