DIAGNOSING SLEEP APNEA. Christie Goldsby Florida State University PHY /09/14
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1 DIAGNOSING SLEEP APNEA Christie Goldsby Florida State University PHY /09/14
2 Outline of Talk Background information -what is sleep apnea? Diagnosing sleep apnea -polysomnography -respiratory airflow sensor -respiratory effort sensor -pulse oximeter Conclusion
3 What is Sleep Apnea? Common sleep disorder Reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep Apnea = without breath Apnea is characterized by the cessation of airflow for 10 seconds or longer. 3 different types
4 Types of Sleep Apnea Three types: -Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) -Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) -Mixed or Complex Sleep Apnea Different root causes, but same effect!! -breathing stop repeatedly during sleep
5 Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Most common type of Sleep Apnea Occurs when your throat muscles intermittently relax and block your airway during sleep Typical symptoms: -Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) -Snoring Sufferer s of OSA often unaware they have it
6 obstructive-sleep-apnea/multimedia/obstructive-sleepapnea/img
7 Central Sleep Apnea (CSA) Much less common than OSA Occurs when the brain fails to properly signal the muscles involved in respiration Snoring may or may not be present Usually occurs as a result of other conditions Heart failure Stroke
8 Diagnosing Sleep Apnea Excessive daytime sleepiness or loud snoring Polysomnography (PSG) Sleep Study Used to diagnose many different sleep disorders PSG = most accurate test for diagnosing sleep apnea advancedsleepmedicine.files.wordpress.com/ 2013/07/pediatric-sleep-study-2.jpg
9 Polysomnography (PSG) Monitors: -brain waves (EEG) -eye movement (EOG) -muscle activity (EMG) -heart rhythm (EKG) (Included after identification of apnea) -respiratory airflow -respiratory effort -pulse oximetry
10 Typical PSG Readout
11 Sensor Parameter Monitored Purpose Channels EEG (electrocephalogram) Brain waves Sleep staging 2 EOG (electrooculogram) Eye movements Identification of REM EMG-SM (electromyogram submentalis) chin Muscle tone Identification of REM 2 1 EMG-SM (electromyogram anterior tibialis) legs Leg movements Identification of RLS and PLMDs 1 Nasal thermistor Airflow Respirations 1 Abdominal Belt Respiratory effort Respirations 1 Thoracic Belt Respiratory effort Respirations 1 Pulse Oximeter SaO 2 Oxygen Saturation ECG (electrocardiogram) Electrical conduction in heart Heart rate and rhythm Video monitor Body position Movements, restlessness 1 1
12 Sensor Nasal thermistor Parameter Monitored Abdominal Belt Respiratory effort Thoracic Belt Pulse Oximeter SaO 2 Purpose Airflow Respirations 1 Respiratory effort Respirations 1 Respirations 1 Oxygen Saturation Channels 1
13 Recall Transducer: converts energy from one form to another Ohm s Law: V=I X R Voltage is the difference in charge between two points Current is the rate at which charge is flowing Resistance is a material s tendency to resist the flow of charge (current)
14 Typical PSG Setup
15 Respiratory Airflow Sensor slpst/during.html
16 Respiratory Airflow Sensor Thermistor sensor Changes its resistance as a function of the temperature Inhaled air (room temp) and exhaled air (warmer) Apnea = no temperature variation R = R 0 e β " 1 $ T 1 # T 0 % ' &
17 Respiratory Effort Sensor slpst/during.html
18 Respiratory Effort Sensor used to measure the depth of a person s breathing Piezocrystal sensor Piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure ideal for transducing force into voltage ΔV = DΔF ε(a / X)
19 Pulse Oximeter slpst/during.html
20 Pulse Oximeter Measures oxygen saturation in blood Uses light emitting diode (LED) sources and a light detector Has one red LED and one infrared LED Hemoglobin = oxygen carrying metalloprotein -oxygenated -deoxygenated
21 Conclusion Chronic sleep disorder that effects more than 18 million Americans Patient's sleep is extremely fragmented and of poor quality Sufferers often unaware of apnea Diagnosis can only be confirmed by polysomnography Public should be better informed about diagnosing sleep disorders
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