Effects of Ultra-High Turndown in Hydronic Boilers By Sean Lobdell and Brian Huibregtse January 2014
|
|
- Myra Bishop
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Effects of Ultra-High Turndown in Hydronic Boilers By Sean Lobdell and Brian Huibregtse January 2014 Today, hydronic boilers are producing greater efficiencies than previously thought possible, all due to the advancements of condensing technology. It is the science behind condensing that many people do not take the time to understand, which can lead to misunderstandings and the perpetuation of myths. One of the largest areas of confusion concerns high turndown. Several manufacturers promote ultra-high turndown as the solution to efficiently meeting low seasonal, partial load demands. By understanding condensing boiler operation and the basics of thermodynamics, one will realize that an extremely high-turndown burner on a hydronic condensing boiler does not promote the highest system efficiency, but actually can make the system less efficient. Conventional vs. Condensing Operation The way systems are engineered and operated today varies from the way they were designed in the past. Most heating systems were steam, not hydronic. Steam system operation is very different from a hydronic system, so the two should not be viewed in the same way. Hydronic systems provide many advantages to reduce energy consumption; however they must be operated and controlled properly to ensure a system achieves high efficiency. Below is an example system in which several key factors are presented. Observe the effect each factor plays on operational efficiency. This exercise will help you make an informed decision about proper equipment selection. Selecting the right equipment will provide an efficient, reliable system that has the lowest lifecycle cost of operation. Operating Conditions and Assumptions System set point = 130 F Constant speed pumping 40 F design delta T -- Return temperature target of 90 F Single boiler system = 1500 MBH input 94% efficiency when condensing = 1410 MBH output 88% efficiency when not condensing = 1320 MBH output Excess air levels at normal operation = 5% O 2 (30% excess air) Fuel = Natural gas Best non-condensing efficiency that can be obtained is 88% Turndown comparison = a 5:1 turndown boiler vs. a 20:1 turndown boiler with the same nominal high fire efficiency. 1
2 Understanding the Flue Gas Dew Point It is widely understood that in a traditional steam boiler and with high-temperature firetube hot-water boilers, higher excess air is required at low fire. This ensures clean, safe, stable combustion at lower firing rates but also results in lower combustion efficiency at these rates. Since these boilers are larger and commonly operate at higher firing rates, this was considered a good trade-off. FG Dew Point Temperature F %O2 (Excess Air) vs. Flue Gas Dew Point (Natural Gas) % % % % % % % % % 95 20% 90 0% Dew Point (F) X Air (%) Graph illustrates the effect of excess air with high turndown on flue gas dew point. With today s hydronic condensing boilers, the rules have changed. New premix burner technology has led to the development of burners that provide a proportionate air:fuel ratio across the entire firing range and provides a reasonable turndown. This allows for no loss in combustion efficiency and contributes to what is referred to as an inverse efficiency characteristic, wherein the condensing boiler can be more efficient at low fire rather than at high fire. Moving beyond a reasonable turndown, compromises must often be made. The compromise is that excess air must be added at higher turndown to protect the premix burner materials from overheating while still ensuring clean and stable combustion. Remember, during normal combustion, adding excess air reduces efficiency. While adding excess air lowers combustion efficiency, the effects are even more detrimental when operating condensing boilers. Because condensing boilers extract latent energy from the flue gas, we need to look at the impact excess air has on the flue gas dew point. The boiler s return water operating temperature relative to this flue gas dew point is the most essential factor in achieving condensing efficiency (greater than 90%). As the excess air level increases, the flue gas dew point decreases. A normal excess air level for a natural gasfired condensing boiler is around 5% O 2 (or 30% excess air). This correlates to a flue gas dew point of 127 F. Therefore, in order to begin to achieve condensing performance, the return water temperature must be below 127 F. If additional excess air is added with the goal of improving turndown, notice what happens. By increasing the excess air level as required to 10% O 2 (or 80% excess air) in this example, the flue gas dew point now drops to 117 F. In order to achieve the same level of condensing performance, the return water must be below 117 F. Condensing is the process by which boilers extract the latent heat that is in the combustion gas. So the lower the return water temperature is below the flue gas dew point, the more condensing that can occur and the higher the efficiencies can be. Return water temperature is not the only factor, but does play a major role in the boilers ability to extract the available latent heat energy. Unlike steam systems, hydronic systems rely on mechanical pumping and since the boilers must maintain a constant system supply water temperature, the return water temperature will increase at reduced firing rates. It is critical to understand that excess air must be increased to achieve the ultra-high turndown and the result is that the flue gas dew point is decreased, making it more difficult, if not impossible, to condense. By trying to save energy with the ultra-high turndown burner, we actually 2 move further away from the flue gas dew point, which
3 dramatically decreases a condensing boiler s efficiency. Let s take a closer look. Load Matching with Hydronic Pumping Contrasting steam systems, wherein the steam flow is self-motivating, hydronic systems rely on circulating pumps to deliver heat energy to the load. The delivery of heat energy or the energy output ( T) is a function of the energy input and the pump flow rate. The first law of thermodynamics is: Energy in = Energy out We can use this law to demonstrate how changes in boiler input energy as a result of ultrahigh turndown will effect T given a constant pump flow rate: Energy Input = Water flow rate (GPM) x specific heat x (T water out - T water in) = GPM x 500 x (DT) (simplified calculation) Let s review our example: Energy in = 1500 MBH (at high fire) Water flow rate = 75 GPM Based on a design of 40 F delta T with the boiler at high fire For the sake of simplicity, our example assumes no losses output or efficiency. T water out (set point) = 130 F T water in = variable At high fire: 1500 MBH = x DT DT = 1500 MBH 40 F At 5:1 turndown (20% of input): 300 MBH = [70 GPM x 500] x DT DT = 300 MBH 8 F At 20:1 turndown (5% of input): Constant speed pumping scenario Boiler Input Firing rate GPM T Supply temp Return temp 1500 MBH 100% F 90 F 94% 300 MBH 20% F 122 F 94% 75 MBH 5% F 128 F 88% 3 Efficiency
4 75 MBH = [70 GPM x 500] x DT DT = 75 MBH 2 F Example 1: Return temperature at 5:1 turndown (20% firing rate) is approximately 8 F Example 2: Return temperature at 20:1 turndown (5% firing rate) is approximately 2 F When utilizing constant speed pumping, the hydronic boiler operating with 5:1 turndown will provide a system delta T of approximately 8 degrees at low fire. Contrast this with the 20:1 turndown boiler where the resulting delta T across the system is approximately 2 degrees. Not only is there less efficient heat transfer with the 20:1 boiler, but the return temperature has been elevated above the flue gas dew point (127 F) and taken the boiler out of condensing mode. Since condensing efficiencies are significantly higher with colder return water temperatures, the elevated return water temperature drops the efficiency approximately a 6%. What effect does this have on the 5:1 operational efficiency? At 5:1 turndown, the return water now comes back at 122 F. The efficiency of the 5:1 turndown boiler at 122 F return water and low fire is approximately 94%. Even though there was an increase in the return water temperature because the boiler remained below the flue gas dew point, it is still condensing and maintaining high-efficiency operation. To Cycle or Not to Cycle? One argument for ultra-high turndown boilers is, We prevent energy-wasting short cycling by keeping the boiler on. While valid for larger non-condensing boilers, this argument does not apply to today s modular systems. Optimally, boiler systems should be designed to cycle no more than two to three times per hour. In practice, five or fewer cycles per hour is considered acceptable. Let s contrast two scenarios, shutting down vs. ultra-high turndown. The amount of BTUs lost per on/off cycle of the 5:1 sample boiler compared to the loss of idling at 20:1 turndown are substantially less. Taking an average of two cycles per hour and assuming the boiler is off for 10 minutes each cycle, we can calculate, based on the mass of the boiler, pre- and post-purge durations, the water temperature and the BTU loss per on/off cycle. In this case, we calculate approximately 190 BTUs per cycle or 380 BTUs per hour. Rather than cycling off, if we allow the boiler to inefficiently operate in a non-condensing mode, this drop in efficiency equates to 6% or 4,500 BTU/hr. Allowing the ultra-high-turndown boiler to idle for 20 minutes per hour to prevent cycling, actually loses 1,500 BTU s. The ultra-high turndown boiler has lost four times the energy as the boiler that off cycled twice. The Ideal Hydronic Solution Modular Approach To maximize efficiency, it is important to right-size hydronic boilers for peak and low-load conditions to look at the overall impact the boiler design and control strategy have on the system. 4
5 Consider adding one or more boilers for several reasons, including redundancy and load matching to provide the correct system turndown. By staging a multi-boiler system, individual condensing boilers can be set to operate at low fire, thereby making better use of the inverse efficiency characteristics. Designing for system turndown: Select the smallest boiler first: this boiler should be sized to handle the low load conditions at the low firing rate. (5:1 in our example) The formula is: Min MBH = cycles/hr (SV x 8.33 x DT deviation) Where: Min BTU/hr = minimum desired input (required system turndown) Cycles per hour = # of tolerable on/off cycles Designing for 30 minutes of run time under zero load conditions will equal 2 cycles per hour SV = system volume (gallons) 8.33 = density of water DT deviation = maximum allowable tolerance above and below set point Example: Min BTU/hr = minimum desired input (required system turndown) Cycles per hour = 2 SV = 2,000 gallons 8.33 = density of water DT deviation = 10 degrees (±5 degrees) Min BTU/h = 2(2,000 x 8.33 x 10) Min BTU/h = 333,200 A boiler with a minimum output of 333,200 BTU/hr is an appropriate selection to minimize short cycling while maintaining high system operational efficiency. To learn more about hydronic boilers or for help designing a hydronic boiler system, visit cleaverbrooks.com. There is a hydronic boiler solution for almost any commercial application. To locate a representative, visit cleaverbrooks. com or call (800)
Repair, Modify or Replace?? What is the right answer?? By : Joe Mozeika
Repair, Modify or Replace?? What is the right answer?? By : Joe Mozeika First you have to determine what s really wrong with what you have? Analyze how old your unit is? What are really trying to achieve
More informationASPE Seminar Water Heater Piping Strategies. Presented by Joe Kalarickal, EIT Regional Sales Manager AERCO International
ASPE Seminar Water Heater Piping Strategies Presented by Joe Kalarickal, EIT Regional Sales Manager AERCO International Presentation Overview Water Heater Piping Strategies How to size a water heater?
More informationBeware of Exaggerated Claims and Uncertified Manufacturers Ratings Regarding Commercial Boiler Efficiency
Beware of Exaggerated Claims and Uncertified Manufacturers Ratings Regarding Commercial Boiler Efficiency For many years competent professional HVAC engineers have been aware of exaggerated or deceptive
More informationCast-Iron Performance Meeting today s commercial demands with effi ciency, strength and intelligent controls.
Cast-Iron Performance Meeting today s commercial demands with effi ciency, strength and intelligent controls. EFFICIENCY THAT CAN T BE COMPROMISED In a commercial market where efficiency is everything,
More informationMaximizing Boiler Plant Efficiency. Presenter: Dan Watkins, LEED BD+C Sales Engineer Bornquist, Inc.
Maximizing Boiler Plant Efficiency Presenter: Dan Watkins, LEED BD+C Sales Engineer Bornquist, Inc. Efficient Boiler Design Boiler Types Efficiency Definition Non-Condensing Condensing Maximizing Efficiency
More informationCentauri. Condensing Fire Tube Water Boiler 399 to 1000 MBH
Centauri Condensing Fire Tube Water Boiler 399 to 1000 MBH Pre-mix surface burner with up to a 7-to-1 turndown NOx levels as low a 5 ppm at full rate Operates on 4" gas pressure shown with optional gauges
More informationHot Water Boilers and Controls Why Condensing Boilers are Different. Presented Oct. 14, 2008 Long Island Chapter, ASHRAE
Hot Water Boilers and Controls Why Condensing Boilers are Different Presented Oct. 14, 2008 Long Island Chapter, ASHRAE H.W. Boilers and Controls Major types of boilers Advantages and disadvantages Resistance
More informationEnergy Saving Fact Sheet Boilers
Energy Saving Fact Sheet Boilers Turn a burning issue into real energy savings You need a boiler to heat your premises and provide hot water or to generate steam for use in industrial processes. Unfortunately,
More informationHOW TO SELECT A LOW VOLUME (L.V ) BOILER
HOW TO SELECT A LOW VOLUME (L.V ) BOILER FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS OR COMMENTS ON BOILERS Dear Potential Customer: Low Volume Operator Exempt boilers have been marketed in Ontario to eliminate the requirement
More informationCommercial Boiler Systems and Controls
Commercial Boiler Systems and Controls Condensing Non-condensing Hybrid Systems Steel Medium Mass Copper Instantaneous Electric Riverside R HYDRONICS An introduction to hybrid boiler systems What is a
More informationPrincipals of Condensing Boiler System Design
Principals of Condensing Boiler System Design Dennis Jones, P.E. Member ASHRAE ABSTRACT Condensing boilers can provide significant energy savings due to operating efficiencies as high as 98% as compared
More informationTHE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK
THE HUMIDITY/MOISTURE HANDBOOK Table of Contents Introduction... 3 Relative Humidity... 3 Partial Pressure... 4 Saturation Pressure (Ps)... 5 Other Absolute Moisture Scales... 8 % Moisture by Volume (%M
More informationBoiler efficiency for community heating in SAP
Technical Papers supporting SAP 2009 Boiler efficiency for community heating in SAP Reference no. STP09/B06 Date last amended 26 March 2009 Date originated 28 May 2008 Author(s) John Hayton and Alan Shiret,
More informationRetrofit or Replace Boilers? Returning Wealth to the Business S.F. Connor
Retrofit or Replace Boilers? Returning Wealth to the Business S.F. Connor With the current economic situation causing stress on every front from the crisis on Wall Street to the falling housing market
More informationO p t i m i z i n g E n e r g y M a n a g e m e n t w i t h M o d u l a r O n - D e m a n d S y s t e m s. Jason Smith, LEED A.P.
O p t i m i z i n g E n e r g y M a n a g e m e n t w i t h M o d u l a r O n - D e m a n d S y s t e m s Jason Smith, LEED A.P. Unlocking Energy Efficiency Boiler BEST PRACTICES Benchmark the fuel costs
More informationThe Engineer s Guide to Efficiency Requirements for Wood Burning Appliances
For more information about Intertek s testing and certification capabilities, please contact Intertek at: 1-800-WORLDLAB, icenter@intertek.com, or www.intertek.com. BPEE201-11 Introduction The Environmental
More informationCalculating System Flow Requirements
Calculating System Flow Requirements To select a pump, we need to know the flow rate (the amount of fluid to be pumped) and the system resistance or head. In the U.S., flow rates are given in gallons per
More informationHigh Altitude HVAC. Silvertip Integrated Engineering Consultants mhaughey@earthlink.net www.silvertipconsultants.com
Presentation to: Rocky Mountain ASHRAE 2013 Tech Conference April 19, 2013 High Altitude HVAC Design Considerations by: Michael D. Haughey, PE, HBDP, CEM, LEED TM AP 2013 Silvertip Integrated Engineering
More informationBoiler System Efficiency
2006 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (www.ashrae.org). Published in ASHRAE Journal (Vol. 48, July 2006). For personal use only. Additional distribution in
More informationTips for burner modulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, excess-air regulation, oxygen trim and total heat control
Boiler control Tips for burner modulation, air/fuel cross-limiting, excess-air regulation, oxygen trim and total heat control Boilers are often the principal steam or hot-water generators in industrial
More informationThe Precharge Calculator
5116 Bissonnet #341, Bellaire, TX 77401 Telephone and Fax: (713) 663-6361 www.mcadamsengineering.com The Precharge Calculator Purpose: The Precharge Calculator by Interlink Systems, Inc. is a Windows based
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS System: Quantity of matter (constant mass) or region in space (constant volume) chosen for study. Closed system: Can exchange energy but not mass; mass is constant
More informationATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM GAS FIRED HOME HEATING APPLIANCES
ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS FROM GAS FIRED HOME HEATING APPLIANCES Stefano Cernuschi, Stefano Consonni, Giovanni Lonati, Michele Giugliano, Senem Ozgen DIIAR Environmental Sect., Politecnico di Milano, P.za
More informationContinuous flow direct water heating for potable hot water
Continuous flow direct water heating for potable hot water An independently produced White Paper for Rinnai UK 2013 www.rinnaiuk.com In the 35 years since direct hot water systems entered the UK commercial
More informationHigh Performance Hot Water Systems Denver July 2010
High Performance Hot Water Systems Denver July 2010 Gary Klein Affiliated International Management, LLC 916-549-7080 gary@aim4sustainability.com Gary Klein, 2010 Gaps Hot water is a system We need systemic
More informationZero Emission Engine. An Economic and Environmental Benefit
Zero Emission Engine An Economic and Environmental Benefit Saskia Scherfling Registration number: 731805 Department: VIII Course of studies: Process and Environmental Engineering September 2007 Table of
More informationNatural Gas Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Commercial & Industrial Customers. Michael Pace Lead Engineer C & I Efficiency Programs
Natural Gas Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Commercial & Industrial Customers Michael Pace Lead Engineer C & I Efficiency Programs Agenda Energy Efficiency Opportunities for Small/Mid Commercial Facilities
More informationCONDENSING TANKLESS WATER HEATERS
Ty Tipton, Tipton Company Brian Fenske, Navien America CONDENSING TANKLESS WATER HEATERS THE BASICS OF TANKLESS WATER HEATERS Tankless water heaters are available in Electric Natural gas Propane fired
More informationSteam System Efficiency. Bill Lumsden Leidos Engineering
Steam System Efficiency Bill Lumsden Leidos Engineering Steam System Efficiency Steam System Efficiency Key Take-aways: Review of the properties of ice, water, and steam Learn the basics of steam trap
More informationDesign guidelines for hybrid boiler systems.
Design guidelines for hybrid boiler systems. The first element of designing a hybrid boiler system is to employ a multiple boiler control that incorporates both an outdoor reset function and the ability
More informationCondensing Boilers. High Efficiency. Proven Reliability, American-Made Home Heating Comfort. ANYWHERE UNMATCHED
High Efficiency Condensing Boilers Proven Reliability, American-Made Home Heating Comfort. Look for this logo throughout this literature to see the unique features that set U.S. Boiler Company apart from
More informationApplying Pressure Independent Control Valves in H.V.A.C. Systems. A Presentation to: Orange Empire ASHRAE Santa Ana Nov. 17, 2009
Applying Pressure Independent Control Valves in H.V.A.C. Systems A Presentation to: Orange Empire ASHRAE Santa Ana Nov. 17, 2009 1 Introduction I know, as building design consultants, so much of your effort
More informationsteam centre of excellence Steam Boiler System Optimization
Steam Boiler System Optimization Introduction Gas Cost Metering Fluids Fuel, Water, Steam Steam Costs Boiler House Stack Losses Boiler Waterside Surfaces Blowdown Current Natural Gas Cost Projected Cost
More informationWhen considering your heating options, keep in mind that 60% of your energy. costs are attributed to space heating. You
Heating Options Furnaces & Boilers September 2005 CONSUMERS GUIDE - TO HOME HEATING OPTIONS CONTENTS Heat Distribution Energy Source Boilers Proper Sizing Energy Efficiency - Standards - Rating System
More informationHigh Efficiency Copper Finned Tube Boilers 750,000-2,000,000 BTU/HR
High Efficiency Copper Finned Tube Boilers 750,000-2,000,000 BTU/HR The heat transfer innovators. THE RELIANCE COPPER FINNED TUBE HYDRONIC BOILER FEATURES Copper Fin-Tube Heat Exchanger Up to 88% Thermal
More informationOUTCOME 2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE. TUTORIAL No. 5 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
UNIT 61: ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS Unit code: D/601/1410 QCF level: 5 Credit value: 15 OUTCOME 2 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE PERFORMANCE TUTORIAL No. 5 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 2 Be able to evaluate
More informationCommon Boiler Excess Air Trends and Strategies to Optimize Efficiency
Common Boiler Excess Air Trends and Strategies to Optimize Efficiency Kevin Carpenter and Chris Schmidt, Energy & Resource Solutions Kelly Kissock, University of Dayton ABSTRACT Boilers are among the most
More informationCodes and High Performance Hot Water Systems. Gary Klein Affiliated International Management, LLC 916 549 7080 gary@aim4sustainability.
Codes and High Performance Hot Water Systems Gary Klein Affiliated International Management, LLC 916 549 7080 gary@aim4sustainability.com Annual Energy Use for Heating Water Natural Gas Gallons Per Day
More informationAppendix 5A: Natural Gas Use in Industrial Boilers
Appendix 5A: Natural Gas Use in Industrial Boilers Industrial boilers consumed 2.1 Tcf of natural gas in 2006, accounting for 36% of total natural gas in manufacturing. 1 In this appendix, we provide further
More informationFrequently Asked Questions
Frequently Asked Questions System and Valve Basics: 1. Q: What is good cooling coil performance? A: The temperature range is controlled within +/- 0.5 F (0.28 C) off the cooling coil at set point or below.
More informationHot Water Heating: Technologies and Use
Hot Water Heating: Technologies and Use Skip Hayden Integrated Energy Systems CanmetENERGY Better Buildings by Design 2010 Burlington Vermont February 2010 Natural Resources Canada Ressources naturelles
More informationSeries GM. Peerless Boilers. Residential/Commercial Gas Boilers
Peerless Boilers Series GM Residential/Commercial Gas Boilers The Series GM cast iron, hot water boiler is ideal for use in large residences or commercial applications. This gas-fired, atmospheric boiler
More informationSIOUX HYBRID WATER HEATER
SIOUX Hybrid Water Heater for the Concrete Industry SIOUX HYBRID WATER HEATER Patent Pending Maximizing the Benefits of Coil and Direct-Fired Heating Technologies Higher Discharge Temperature True High-Efficiency
More informationCSP-gas hybrid plants: Cost effective and fully dispatchable integration of CSP into the electricity mix
CSP-gas hybrid plants: Cost effective and fully dispatchable integration of CSP into the electricity mix Erik Zindel Director Marketing CSP (Power Block) Siemens AG PowerGen Europe 2012 Köln Messe, 12-14
More informationThe Second Law of Thermodynamics
The Second aw of Thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. The first law places no restriction
More informationCondensing Boiler Efficiency
Condensing Boiler Efficiency Date: July 17, 2012 PRES E NT ED BY DO N L E O NA RDI LE O N A RD I I NC. HV AC T RAI N I N G & C ON SU LT IN G Concepts 1 The current state of evolution in boiler design 2
More informationHow to Operate a Condensing Boiler in Cold Climates
Measure Guideline: Condensing Boilers Control Strategies for Optimizing Performance and Comfort in Residential Applications L. Arena Consortium for Advanced Residential Buildings May 2013 NOTICE This report
More informationOriginators of the Flexible Water Tube design
BRYAN FLEXIBLE WATER TUBE AB SERIES STEAM AND WATER BOILER 900,000 TO 3,000,000 BTUH FORCED DRAFT GAS, OIL OR DUAL FUEL FIRED Water Boiler AB120-W-FDGO Steam Boiler AB250-S-150-FDG Originators of the Flexible
More informationGAS HEATING IN COMMERCIAL PREMISES
ENERGY EFFICIENCY OFFICES GAS HEATING IN COMMERCIAL PREMISES www.energia.ie www.energia.ie Typically, energy reductions of 10% or more can be made easily through maintenance and low cost improvements.
More informationBoiler efficiency measurement. Department of Energy Engineering
Boiler efficiency measurement Department of Energy Engineering Contents Heat balance on boilers Efficiency determination Loss categories Fluegas condensation principals Seasonal efficiency Emission evaluation
More informationEnergy Efficient Operations and Maintenance Strategies for Boilers
Energy Efficient Operations and Maintenance Strategies for Boilers Large, complex and widely used, industrial boilers are major consumers of fuel. Proper operations and maintenance (O&M) procedures must
More informationBoiler NOx Emissions and Energy Efficiency
Boiler NOx Emissions and Energy Efficiency Prepared For: Boiler Operators and Facility Managers Prepared By: 100 Montgomery Street, Suite 600 San Francisco, CA 94104 AGENDA Introduction Boiler NOx Formation
More informationIncreasing Natural Gas Boiler Efficiency by Capturing Waste Energy from Flue Gas
Increasing Natural Gas Boiler Efficiency by Capturing Waste Energy from Flue Gas Mark Schiffhauer, ATSI Engineering Services Cameron Veitch, Combustion and Energy Systems Scott Larsen, New York State Energy
More informationAdvanced Heating & Hot Water Systems. Ultra High Efficiency Energy Star Listed Condensing Boiler
Advanced Heating & Hot Water Systems A Trailblazing Energy Star Listed Boiler that Installs like a Mid-Efficiency Boiler with the Performance of a High-Efficiency Product Ultra High Efficiency Energy Star
More informationELECTRODE BOILERS VAPOR POWER INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRODE BOILERS WITH JET-FLO Technology VAPOR POWER INTERNATIONAL ELECTRODE boilers The Electrode Steam Boiler with Jet-Flo technology consists of an insulated pressure vessel and is fully enclosed in
More informationSaving Boiler Fuel. Figure 1: Boiler System Operation Costs
Saving Boiler Fuel By James McDonald, PE, CWT Originally Published: CSTR September 2005 On average, approximately 75% of the operational costs for a boiler is fuel cost, as shown in Figure 1. Water management,
More informationLaundry Hot Water Systems
TECHNICAL BULLETIN HE-2020 Laundry Hot Water Systems Commercial/Institutional Applications using Helitherm Heat Exchangers AERCO INTERNATIONAL, INC. 159 PARIS AVE., NORTHVALE, NJ 07647 (201) 768-2400 FAX
More informationCondensing Boilers Evaluation: Retrofit and New Construction Applications
Prepared for the U.S. General Services Administration By the National Renewable Energy Laboratory June 2014 Condensing Boilers Evaluation: Retrofit and New Construction Applications Dylan Cutler Jesse
More information(Adopted December 1, 1978)(Amended July 8, 1983)(Amended November 6, 2009) (Amended September 5, 2014)
(Adopted December 1, 1978)(Amended July 8, 1983)(Amended November 6, 2009) (Amended September 5, 2014) RULE 1111. REDUCTION OF NO x EMISSIONS FROM NATURAL-GAS- FIRED, FAN-TYPE CENTRAL FURNACES (a) (b)
More informationQuantifying Savings From Improved Boiler Operation
Quantifying Savings From Improved Boiler Operation Kevin Carpenter Kelly Kissock Graduate Research Assistant Associate Professor Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of Dayton
More informationCarbon Dioxide Membrane Separation for Carbon Capture using Direct FuelCell Systems
Carbon Dioxide Membrane Separation for Carbon Capture using Direct FuelCell Systems DFC Technology Used as Electrochemical Membrane for CO 2 Purification and Capture during Power Generation FCE s Direct
More informationBoiler and Steam Efficiency What does it mean?
PACIA Carbon Solutions Forum 3-29 September 20 Boiler and Steam Efficiency What does it mean? Andrew Hook - Area Manager, Nalco 1 Purpose, Process, Payoff Purpose: To explain boiler and steam efficiencies
More informationCGC s Hybrid System Loop Control
verview The CGC Group Hybrid Heat Pump System does NT operate with the same fluid loop temperatures as a conventional reversing Water Source Heat Pump system. The CGC system differs from a WSHP system
More informationHOT WATER SYSTEMS CONTENTS
HOT WATER SYSTEMS CONTENTS MECHANICAL CONSIDERATIONS.............................................. 3 Code Considerations..................................................... 3 Boiler Selection Considerations..............................................
More informationCase Studies in Restaurant Water Heating
Case Studies in Restaurant Water Heating Donald Fisher, Fisher-Nickel, Inc. William Pietrucha, Pacific Gas and Electric Company ABSTRACT This paper presents an overview of hot water use and the associated
More informationGEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION A PRIMER ON LOW-TEMPERATURE, SMALL-SCALE APPLICATIONS
GEOTHERMAL POWER GENERATION A PRIMER ON LOW-TEMPERATURE, SMALL-SCALE APPLICATIONS by Kevin Rafferty Geo-Heat Center January 2000 REALITY CHECK Owners of low-temperature geothermal resources are often interested
More informationPROOF GET MORE AND LEAVE LESS. HydroTherm
HydroTherm GET MORE KN-Series gas-fired condensing cast- iron boilers with HeatNet Integrated Boiler Management System deliver environmentally friendly solutions for any size commercial challenge, with
More informationNavien Condensing 98% Tankless Water Heaters. Tankless Water Heaters. Navien Condensing. The Ultimate in Energy Efficiency with Hi-Tech Comfort
Navien Condensing 98% Tankless Water Heaters The Ultimate in Energy Efficiency with Hi-Tech Comfort Navien America Inc. Navien Condensing Tankless Water Heaters Navien America is an official energy star
More informationThermodynamical aspects of the passage to hybrid nuclear power plants
Energy Production and Management in the 21st Century, Vol. 1 273 Thermodynamical aspects of the passage to hybrid nuclear power plants A. Zaryankin, A. Rogalev & I. Komarov Moscow Power Engineering Institute,
More informationEnergy Efficiency in Steam Systems
Energy Efficiency in Steam Systems Fundamentals of Energy Efficiency: An Introductory Workshop April 2008 John S. Raschko, Ph.D. Mass. Office of Technical Assistance www.mass.gov/envir/ota (617) 626-1093
More informationEcoDesign & Labelling Directive (ErP)
EcoDesign & Labelling Directive (ErP) Jeff House November 2015 Baxi Make it Easy 1 What is ErP? ErP is a European Wide Directive designed to: Improve efficiency of heating & hot water products Generate
More informationRating Water-Source Heat Pumps Using ARI Standard 320 and ISO Standard 13256-1
Rating Water-Source Heat Pumps Using ARI Standard 320 and ISO Standard 13256-1 W. Vance Payne and Piotr A. Domanski National Institute of Standards and Technology Building and Fire Research Laboratory
More informationEVALUATING SCHOOL BOILERS: BEST REPLACEMENT OPTIONS
EVALUATING SCHOOL BOILERS: BEST REPLACEMENT OPTIONS Bruce Snyder, CEM, LEED AP BD+C October 8, 2013 Integrated Design Solutions Architecture, Engineering, Interiors & Technology Agenda Background Common
More informationR&D on Oil-Burning, Environment-Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler
[N.2.1.1] R&D on Oil-Burning, Environment-Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler (Environment-Friendly, High-Efficiency Boiler Group) Takashi Murakawa, Yasuhiro Kotani, Kazuhiro Kamijo, Koichi Tsujimoto, Hiroshi
More informationHEAT RECOVERY FROM CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS. Applications for Heat Reclaim Chillers
HEAT RECOVERY FROM CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS Applications for Heat Reclaim Chillers April 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION... 3 WASTE HEAT SOURCES... 3,4 Capturing Sufficient Heat for Useful Purposes...
More informationHigh-efficient gas boiler CompactGas
High-efficient gas boiler CompactGas Patented alufer for a high efficiency and low emission. 1 CompactGas (1000-2800). Advantages at a glance. The Hoval CompactGas fulfils all expectations with regard
More informationEfficiency Metrics for CHP Systems: Total System and Effective Electric Efficiencies
Efficiency Metrics for CHP Systems: Total System and Effective Electric Efficiencies Combined heat and power (CHP) is an efficient and clean approach to generating power and thermal energy from a single
More informationBoiler Efficiency Workshop
Boiler Efficiency Workshop May 30, 2013 Presented by: Aqeel Zaidi, P.Eng., CEM, CMVP Energy Solutions Manager Questions and follow-up should be directed to: Aqeel.Zaidi@enbridge.com 416.495.6531 Safety
More informationFYI > California Title 24
FYI > California Title 24 Rinnai America Corporation ("RAC") prepared the below summary of California Title 24, primarily based on the California Energy Commission s 2013 Building Energy Efficiency Standards.
More informationThe Technology and Business of Power Andrew Valencia, P.E. Lower Colorado River Authority
The Technology and Business of Power Andrew Valencia, P.E. Lower Colorado River Authority 1 2 What is Efficiency? Efficiency: What you get divided by what you pay for Heatrate is a measure of plant efficiency
More informationThe formula for finding CFM is: CFM = BTUH OUTPUT_ Temp Rise (ACF)* *Altitude correction factor below 1000ft = 1.08
Air Volume Requirement Air conditioning systems are engineered with a specific amount of indoor air passing across the surface of the evaporator coil. The amount of air is measured in cubic feet per minute.
More informationSome Criteria for Choosing a Steam Boiler for a Microbrewery
Some Criteria for Choosing a Steam Boiler for a Microbrewery Jack Coe Rite Engineering and Manufacturing Corporation Breweries rely on steam heating for a number of functions, primarily to heat the brew
More informationVAV Laboratory Room Airflow The Lowdown on Turndown
Technology Report March, 2003 VAV Laboratory The Lowdown on Turndown Turndown comparison of these two turndown ratios. Note the small actual airflow difference between them. control ranges are normally
More informationWater Fired Chiller/Chiller-Heater. WFC-S Series: 10, 20 and 30 RT Cooling
Water Fired Chiller/Chiller-Heater WFC-S Series: 1, 2 and 3 RT Cooling W E A R E F R I E N D L Y T O T H E E A R T H Water Fired SINGLE-EFFECT Chiller or Chiller-Heater Absorption Principle Cooling Cycle
More informationVALIDATION, MODELING, AND SCALE-UP OF CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION WITH OXYGEN UNCOUPLING
VALIDATION, MODELING, AND SCALE-UP OF CHEMICAL LOOPING COMBUSTION WITH OXYGEN UNCOUPLING A research program funded by the University of Wyoming School of Energy Resources Executive Summary Principal Investigator:
More informationModel CFC ClearFire Condensing Boiler
ClearFire Condensing Boiler Table of Contents MODEL CFC FEATURES AND BENEFITS.................................................................3 MODEL CFC PRODUCT OFFERING.....................................................................5
More informationG234X-55 Conventional Gas Boiler
Engineering Submittal Sheet Boiler Overview C US Engineering Specifications There shall be provided and installed a quantity of Buderus G234X-55 fl oor standing hot water boiler(s), suitable with natural
More informationGround Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals. Southington, Connecticut 860 628 4622 John F. Sima III P.E.
Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals Southington, Connecticut 860 628 4622 John F. Sima III P.E. Winter/Spring 2010 Ground Source Heat Pumps The Fundamentals TOPICS: Heat Pump Terminology Basic Physics
More informationM&V of Hot Water Boiler Plant. Boban Ratkovich, P. Eng, CEM, BESA, LEED AP President CES Engineering Ltd
M&V of Hot Water Boiler Plant Boban Ratkovich, P. Eng, CEM, BESA, LEED AP President CES Engineering Ltd AIA Quality Assurance Learning Objectives 1. Case study examples of procedures and obstacles in measuring
More informationRESEARCH HIGHLIGHT. Performance Assessment of a Cold-Climate Air Source Heat Pump
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT December 2014 Technical Series 14-102 Performance Assessment of a Cold-Climate Air Source Heat Pump INTRODUCTION Most Canadians are familiar with air source heat pump technology in the
More informationWORKING DOCUMENT ON. Possible requirements for air heating products, cooling products and high temperature process chillers TRANSITIONAL METHODS
WORKING DOCUMENT ON Possible requirements for air heating products, cooling products and high temperature process chillers TRANSITIONAL METHODS WORKING DOCUMENT in the framework of the implementation of
More informationOverview of Baseboard Heating
Overview of Baseboard Heating If you live in an apartment equipped with a baseboard heating system, please take a moment to review the following sections so that you can better understand how your heating
More informationRules for construction of heating boilers, Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IV-2007
Boilers Introduction How Boilers Work Types of Boilers Key Components of Boilers Safety Issues Best Practices for Efficient Operation Best Practices for Maintenance References Introduction Boilers are
More informationOilonChooser Operating Instructions
OilonChooser Operating Instructions 1. Menu display and structure OilonChooser s menu display shows the data input field in the central area. The navigation bar is located in the left column. It shows
More informationEnergy Conservation: Heat Transfer Design Considerations Using Thermodynamic Principles
Energy Conservation: Heat Transfer Design Considerations Using Thermodynamic Principles M. Minnucci, J. Ni, A. Nikolova, L. Theodore Department of Chemical Engineering Manhattan College Abstract Environmental
More informationFinancing New Coal-Fired Power Plants
Financing New Coal-Fired Power Plants Guidance Note 2011 Coal is likely to be part of the energy mix for the foreseeable future. Therefore, to limit dangerous climate change, coal-fired power generation
More informationBoiler Preparation, Start-Up and Shutdown
Boiler Preparation, Start-Up and Shutdown Learning Outcome When you complete this module you will be able to: Describe the basic preparation of a boiler for start-up, and the start-up and shutdown procedures.
More informationEVALUATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AS HEAT SOURCE OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN TIANJIN, CHINA
EVALUATION OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY AS HEAT SOURCE OF DISTRICT HEATING SYSTEMS IN TIANJIN, CHINA Jingyu Zhang, Xiaoti Jiang, Jun Zhou, and Jiangxiong Song Tianjin University, North China Municipal Engineering
More informationBoiler Calculations. Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering. Sebastian Teir, Antto Kulla
Helsinki University of Technology Department of Mechanical Engineering Energy Engineering and Environmental Protection Publications Steam Boiler Technology ebook Espoo 2002 Boiler Calculations Sebastian
More informationBuilding Energy Systems. - HVAC: Heating, Distribution -
* Some of the images used in these slides are taken from the internet for instructional purposes only Building Energy Systems - HVAC: Heating, Distribution - Bryan Eisenhower Associate Director Center
More information