Michel TREMAUD Retired, Airbus / Aerotour / Air Martinique / Bureau Veritas. Crew Coordination. Highlighting the Monitoring Role of the PNF
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1 Michel TREMAUD Retired, Airbus / Aerotour / Air Martinique / Bureau Veritas Crew Coordination Highlighting the Monitoring Role of the PNF
2 Contents Statistics Golden Rules Airmanship Operations Crew Coordination CRM Best Practices Task Sharing Decision Making Slide 2
3 Statistics
4 Statistics Factor % of Events Inadequate decision making 74 % Omission of action or inappropriate action Inadequate CRM practice (crew coordination, crosscheck and backup) Insufficient horizontal or vertical situational awareness Inadequate or insufficient understanding of prevailing conditions 72 % 63 % 52 % 48 % Slow or delayed crew action 45 % Flight handling difficulties 45 % Incorrect or incomplete pilot / controller communication 33 % Interaction with automation 20 % Source : Flight Safety Foundation Slide 4
5 Golden Rules Airmanship Operations Crew Coordination
6 Airmanship 1 / 2 Consider aircraft trajectory as first priority at all times Adhere to SOP s and other published procedures Maintain situation awareness and situation control Stay ahead of the aircraft : Define and monitor targets / gates throughout the flight Be alert and prepared for possible flight-phaserelated emergencies Challenge and validate information Slide 6
7 Airmanship 2 / 2 Consult and evaluate before deciding Keep all options open and be ready to change initial plans Prioritize tasks as a function of prevailing condition Check result of actions Never leave a situation unresolved Share experience and lessons-learned Slide 7
8 Operations Golden Rules 1 /2 In all circumstances : Fly the aircraft like any other aircraft Fly, navigate, communicate, manage - in that order Keep one head up at all times Cross-check the accuracy of the FMS Know your guidance ( FMA ) at all times If aircraft does not respond as expected - take over Use the proper level of automation for the task Practice task sharing and back up each other Slide 8
9 Operations Golden Rules 2 / 2 In any abnormal or emergency condition : Understand prevailing condition before acting Assess risks and time factors Review and evaluate available options Consider all implications before deciding Plan for contingencies Create a shared problem model with other crew members by communicating Match response to situation Manage workload Apply agreed action-plan and monitor result of actions Slide 9
10 CRM Best Practices Task Sharing Decision Making
11 CRM Best Practices Ensure clear delegation of tasks Manage competing activities ( i.e., prioritize ) Use all system resources Use on-board documentation Assess time-critical situations Verbalize with other crewmembers Manage risk of tunnel vision ( narrow-focus ) Slide 11
12 Task Sharing Captain Leadership role of Captain : Manage priorities Distribute tasks ( if non-standard task sharing ) Consult Share situation analysis Decide Assure final authority and decision making Ensure that everyone contributes to communication / information and backup / crosscheck Slide 12
13 Task Sharing - PNF Support and monitoring roles of PNF : Relay critical information for PF awareness Provide timely inquiry statements before deviations develop Provide standard and excessive deviation callouts (as applicable) and ensure PF response on intended corrective action(s) Propose precise solutions if PF does not respond Provide emergency statement if required Take over control, if conditions warrant such action Slide 13
14 Task Sharing - PNF Shall we extend gear to reduce speed? Don t you think we are high and fast? Taking over Go-around / flaps Slide 14 Solution Statements Inquiry Statements Information Statements Callouts Take Over Emergency Statement V DEV, airspeed and GS high, Sir 500 ft, not stabilized, Go-around! Unexpected tailwind Runway condition Visibility change
15 Decision Making Establish a common reference for : Situation assessment Action plan Perform balance between : Procedural guidance ( or absence of procedure ) Technical skills Non-technical skills ( i.e., CRM best practices ) Operations Golden Rules. as decision-making model Slide 15
16 Decision Making Define and monitor action plan 1 / 2: Control and stabilize trajectory Identify / understand prevailing condition : consult ( cockpit and cabin crew, operations and maintenance control ) reach a structured and agreed representation of situation Assess time factors ( fuel, smoke, batteries, ) Define common sequential action plan : what to do? how to do? what to monitor while doing? Slide 16
17 Decision Making Define and monitor action plan 2 / 2 : Evaluate effects on systems / consequences : evaluate risks - current and future - associated with decisions : what if? Perform synthesis : implications, limitations, restrictions, specific flying techniques, effects on flight continuation Make final decisions Inform ( ATC, cabin crew ) Be alert to recognize changing or deteriorating situation and adjust or change initial plan, as required Slide 17
18 Decision Making Recognition Gather information Buildup interpretation Evaluation Assess consequences Define strategy Action Perform action plan Monitor results of actions Knowledge-based Decision Making ( Adapted from Rasmussen s model ) Slide 18
19 Conclusion
20 Associated Flight Operations Briefing Notes Standard Operating Procedures series : Operating Philosophy Operations Golden Rules Standard Calls Conducting Effective Briefings Human Performance series : CRM Aspect in Incidents / Accidents Managing Interruptions and Distractions Slide 20
21 Summary Modern operating and training philosophies promote the PF / PNF concept Industry recognizes that both the PF and PNF have a monitoring role The PNF has an important support role during critical and high-workload phases of flight Slide 21
22
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