Current Assets. Current Liabilities. Quick Assets or Liquid Assets. Current Liabilities. 1. Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Formula.
|
|
- Vivian Patterson
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1. Liquidity Ratios 1 Current Ratio Current Assets Current Liabilities This ratio shows short-term financial soundness of the business. Higher ratio means better capacity to meet its current obligation. The ideal current ratio is 2 : 1. In case it is very high it shows the idleness of funds. Current Assets mean those assets which are either in the form of cash or can be converted into cash within 12 months from the date of Balance Sheet or within the period of operating cycle. It includes: Current Investments, Inventories (Other than Loose Tools and Stores and Spares), Trade Receivables (Sundry Debtors Net of Provision for Doubtful Debts and Bills Receivable), Cash and Cash Equivalents and Other Current Assets (Except Fictitious Assets such as Unamortised Discount on Issue of Shares, Unamortised Loss on Issue of Shares etc.) Current Liabilities are those liabilities which are payable within12 months from the date of Balance Sheet or within the period of operating cycle. It includes Short-term Borrowings, Trade Payables and Short-terms Provisions. 2. Liquidity Ratio/Acid Test Ratio/Quick Ratio Quick Assets or Liquid Assets Current Liabilities Quick ratio is a fairly stringent measure of liquidity. It is based on those current assets which are highly liquid. Quick ratio of 1 : 1 is considered as ideal. Higher the quick ratio better the short-term financial position. Quick Assets = Current Assets Inventories Prepaid Expenses Fictitious Assets such as Unamortised Discount on Issue of Shares, Unamortised Loss on Issue of Shares etc. Current Liabilities same as in Current Ratio.
2 II. Solvency Ratios 1. Debt-Equity Ratio Debt (Long-term External Equities) Equity (Shareholders Funds) This ratio assesses the long-term financial position and soundness of the long-term financial policies of the firm. In general, lower the debt-equity ratio higher the degree of protection enjoyed by the lenders. Long-term Debts include Long-term Borrowings, i.e., debentures, mortgage, public deposit. Other Long-term Liabilities and Long-term Provisions. Shareholders Funds = Equity Share Capital + Preference Share Capital + Reserves and Surplus + Money Received against Share Warrants + Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net) [or Deferred Tax Assets (Net)] Fictitious Assets. 2. Total Assets to Debit Ratio Total Assets Long-term Debts This ratio measures the safety margin available to the suppliers of long-term debts. It measures the extent to which debt is being covered by assets. Total Assets = Non-current Assets + Current Assets Fictitious Assets (Deferred Tax Assets (Net), Unamortised Expenses such as Unamortised Loss on Issue of Debentures). Long-term Debts = Same as in Debt-Equity Ratio.
3 3 Proprietary Ratio Shareholders Funds or Proprietary Funds Total Assets This ratio shows the extent to which the total assets have been financed by the proprietor. Higher the ratio, greater the satisfaction of lenders and creditors. Shareholders Funds: Liabilities Approach: Share Capital + Reserves and Surplus + Money Received against Share Warrants + Share Application Money Pending Allotment + Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net) [or Deferred Tax Assets (Net)] Fictitious Assets. Assets Approach: Total Assets = All Current Assets + Non-current Assets Deferred Tax Assets (Net) Fictitious Assets. 4 Interest Coverage Ratio Profit beforeinterest andtax Interest This ratio shows how many times the interest charges are covered by the profits available to pay interest charges. The higher the ratio, more secure the lender is in respect of payment of interest regularly. The ideal interest coverage ratio is 6 to 7 times. III. Activity Ratios/s 1 Stock (Inventory) Cost of Goods Sold Average Stock This ratio measures how fast the stock is moving through the firm and generating sales. Higher the ratio, the more efficient management of inventories and vice versa. Average Stock or Inventory = OpeningStock or Inventory + Closing Stock or Inventory. 2
4 2. Debtors or Trade Receivables Net Credit Sales Average Trade Receivables* This ratio indicates economy and efficiency in the collection of amount due from debtors. Higher the ratio, better it is since it indicates that debts are being collected more quickly. In this ratio meaning of debtors is considered account receivable, i.e., debtors plus bills receivable. Provision for Doubtful Debts is not deducted. *Average Trade Receivables (Opening Debtors + Opening Bills Receivables) + (Closing Debtors + Closing Bills Receivables) 2 3. Creditors or Trade Payables Net Credit Purchases Average Trade Payables It indicates the number of times the creditors are turned over in relation to purchases. A high turnover ratio or shorter payment period shows the availability of less credit or yearly payments. Average Payables = (Opening Creditors +Opening Bills Payables) + (Closing Creditors +Closing Bills Payables) 2 4 Working Capital Net Revenue from Operations, i.e., Sales o r or Cost of Goods Sold (Cost of Revenue from Operations) Net Working Capital This ratio shows the number of times the working capital has been employed in the process of carrying on business. Higher the ratio, better the efficiency in the utilisation of working capital. Working Capital = Current Assets Current Liabilities.
5 IV. Profitability ratios 1. Gross Profit Ratio Gross Profit Net Sales (Net Revenue from Operations) This ratio indicates the relationship between gross profit and net sales. Higher the Ratio, lower the cost of goods sold. Gross Profit = Net Sales Cost of Goods Sold. 2. Operating Ratio Cost of Goods Sold + Operating Expenses 100 Net Sales (Net Revenue from Operations) Or Cost of Materials Consumed + Purchases of Stock-in-Trade + Changes in Inventories of Finished Goods, WIP and Stock-in-Trade + Employees Benefit Expenses + Other Expenses (Ot her than Non- operating Expense s) Net ( Revenue from Operations ) 3. Operating Profit Ratio This ratio is calculated to assess the operational efficiency of the business. A decline in the operating ratio, is better because it means higher margin, and thus, more profit. Cost of Goods Sold = Net Sales (Revenue from Operations) Gross Profit Or Cost of Goods Sold = Cost of Materials Consumed + Purchases of Stock-in-Trade + Changes in Inventories of Finished Goods, WIP and Stock-in-Trade + Direct Expenses. Net Revenue from Operations = Sales Sales Return. Operating Expenses = Employees Benefit Expenses + Other Expenses (Other than Non-operating Expenses). OperatingProfit Sales (Revenue from Operations) The objective of computing this ratio is to determine the operational efficiency of management. Operating Profit = Net Profit + Non-operating Expenses Non-operating Income.
6 4. Net Profit Ratio Net Profit Sales (Revenue from Operations) It indicates overall efficiency of the business. Higher the net profit ratio, better the business. 5. Return on Investment or Return on Capital Employed Profit before Interest Taxand Dividend 100 Capital Employed It assesses the overall performance of the enterprise. It measures, how efficiently the resources entrusted to the business are used. Capital Employed: Liabilities Approach: Shareholders Funds + Share Application Money Pending Allotment + Non-current Liabilities (including Deferred Tax Liabilities (Net) Deferred Tax Assets (Net)) Fictitious Assets. Assets Approach: Fixed Assets + Non-current Investments (Trade) + Long-term Loans and Advances + Other Non-current Assets (excluding Unamortised Expenses/Losses) + Working Capital) [i.e., Current Assets (excluding Unamortised Expenses/Losses) Current Liabilities].
Ratio Analysis. A) Liquidity Ratio : - 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability
A) Liquidity Ratio : - Ratio Analysis 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability 2) Quick ratio or Acid Test ratio = Quick Asset Quick liability Quick Asset = Current Asset Stock Quick Liability
More informationCOUNCIL FOR THE INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS P-35,36, Sector VI, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi-110017 NEW DELHI ISC ACCOUNTS
COUNCIL FOR THE INDIAN SCHOOL CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS P-35,36, Sector VI, Pushp Vihar, New Delhi-110017 NEW DELHI ISC ACCOUNTS Guidelines pertaining to Revised Schedule VI of Part I & II of Companies
More informationICAP GROUP S.A. FINANCIAL RATIOS EXPLANATION
ICAP GROUP S.A. FINANCIAL RATIOS EXPLANATION OCTOBER 2006 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. FINANCIAL RATIOS FOR COMPANIES (INDUSTRY - COMMERCE - SERVICES) 4 2.1 Profitability Ratios...4 2.2 Viability
More informationLESSON 6 RATIO ANALYSIS CONTENTS
LESSON 6 RATIO ANALYSIS CONTENTS 6.0 Aims and Objectives 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Definition 6.3 How the Accounting Ratios are Expressed? 6.4 Purpose, Utility & Limitations of Ratio Analysis 6.5 Classification
More informationChapter 9 Solutions to Problems
Chapter 9 Solutions to Problems 1. a. Cash and cash equivalents are cash in hand and in banks, plus money market securities with maturities of 90 days or less. Accounts receivable are claims on customers
More informationAccounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased.
Accounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased. Accounts Receivable are the total amounts customers owe your business for goods or services sold
More informationFinancial Statements and Ratios: Notes
Financial Statements and Ratios: Notes 1. Uses of the income statement for evaluation Investors use the income statement to help judge their return on investment and creditors (lenders) use it to help
More informationUsing Accounts to Interpret Performance
Using s to Interpret Performance ing information is used by stakeholders to judge the performance and efficiency of a business Different stakeholders will look for different things: STAKEHOLDER Shareholders
More informationFinancial Ratios and Quality Indicators
Financial Ratios and Quality Indicators From U.S. Small Business Administration Online Women's Business Center If you monitor the ratios on a regular basis you'll gain insight into how effectively you
More informationFor our curriculum in Grade 12 we are going to use ratios to analyse the information available in the Income statement and the Balance sheet.
SUBJECT: ACCOUNTING GRADE 12 CHAPTER: COMPANIES LESSON: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION-RATIOS LESSON OVERVIEW (KNOWLEDGE AREAS) LESSON 1. Introduction 2. Analysing of financial statements and its purpose
More informationRatio Analysis 0.75. Fixed Assets Fixed Assets + Net Working Capital =0.75 Fixed Assets
Ratio Analysis CA Past Years Exam Answer Answer to Q.1: (Nov, 009) Fixed assets ` 18,00,000 Proprietor s funds ` 4,00,000 Note: 1 Ratio of fixed assets to proprietor s funds 0.75 Properietors Fund 0.75
More informationCASH FLOW STATEMENT. MODULE - 6A Analysis of Financial Statements. Cash Flow Statement. Notes
MODULE - 6A Cash Flow Statement 30 CASH FLOW STATEMENT In the previous lesson, you have learnt various types of analysis of financial statements and its tools such as comparative statements, common size
More informationACCOUNTING RATIOS I. MODULE - 6A Analysis of Financial Statements. Accounting Ratios - I. Notes
MODULE - 6A Accounting Ratios - I 8 ACCOUNTING RATIOS I In the previous lesson, you have learnt the relationship between various items of the financial statements. You have also learnt various tools of
More informationCHAPTER 4. Final Accounts
CHAPTER 4 Final Accounts Meaning Preparation of final account is the last stage of the accounting cycle. The basic objective of every concern maintaining the book of accounts is to find out the profit
More informationUNIT 10 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION (Accounting Ratios)
UNIT 10 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION UNIT 10 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS: ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION Financial Statements: Structure 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Unit Objectives 10.2 Relationship
More informationWorking Capital Concept & Animation
Working Capital Concept & Animation Meaning A measure of both a company's efficiency and its short-term financial health. The working capital is calculated as: Working Capital = Current Assets Current
More informationFinancial/Accounting Analysis Ratios Excel Calculator
User Guide Financial/Accounting Analysis Ratios Excel Calculator Dec 2008 Version 2 copyright 2008 Business Tools Templates Financial/Accounting Analysis Ratios Excel Calculator Financial Analysis Ratios
More information9. Short-Term Liquidity Analysis. Operating Cash Conversion Cycle
9. Short-Term Liquidity Analysis. Operating Cash Conversion Cycle 9.1 Current Assets and 9.1.1 Cash A firm should maintain as little cash as possible, because cash is a nonproductive asset. It earns no
More informationFINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION
27 FINANCIAL STATEMENTS ANALYSIS - AN INTRODUCTION You have already learnt about the preparation of financial statements i.e. Balance Sheet and Trading and Profit and Loss Account in the module titled
More informationTreatment of Various Items under Revised Schedule VI of the Companies Act, 1956
Treatment of Various Items under Revised Schedule VI of the Companies Act, 1956 IMPORTANT NOTE Detail of each entry (item) in the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss is to be given by way of
More informationWORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT
WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT What is Working Capital Working capital management is the set of activities that are required to run day to day operations of the business to ensure that cash is adequate to
More informationCOMPANIES INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13 MARCH 2014
COMPANIES INTERPRETATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 13 MARCH 2014 In this lesson we: Introduction Lesson Description Look at analysing financial statements and its purpose Consider users of financial statements
More informationAPPENDIX 1 The Statement of Financial Position
APPENDIX 1 The Statement of Financial Position 1. Assets: the resources of the organization which are used to provide service and generate value 2. Current assets: assets which can be converted to cash
More information3 Financial Analysis and Planning
3 Financial Analysis and Planning BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Financial Analysis and Planning Financial Analysis and Planning is carried out for the purpose of obtaining material and relevant information
More informationCHAPTER 9. Ratio Analysis
CHAPTER 9 Ratio Analysis Introduction The analysis of the financial statements and interpretations of financial results of a particular period of operations with the help of 'ratio' is termed as "ratio
More informationHow To Measure Performance In The Accommodation Industry
Key Performance Indicators A guide to help you understand the key financial drivers in your business Running any business effectively requires good decision making which is based on good and timely management
More informationSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS AND WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS
C H A P T E R 1 0 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS AND WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS I N T R O D U C T I O N Historically, profit-oriented businesses have used the accrual basis of accounting in which the income statement,
More informationFinancial Ratio Analysis A GUIDE TO USEFUL RATIOS FOR UNDERSTANDING YOUR SOCIAL ENTERPRISE S FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE
Financial Ratio Analysis A GUIDE TO USEFUL RATIOS FOR UNDERSTANDING YOUR SOCIAL ENTERPRISE S FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE December 2013 Acknowledgments This guide and supporting tools were developed by Julie
More informationE2-2: Identifying Financing, Investing and Operating Transactions?
E2-2: Identifying Financing, Investing and Operating Transactions? Listed below are eight transactions. In each case, identify whether the transaction is an example of financing, investing or operating
More informationLiquidity and Working Capital Analysis
8 Lecture Liquidity and Working Capital Analysis Liquidity and Working Capital Operating Activity Additional Liquidity Measures Current assets Current Liabilities Working Capital Current ratio Cash-based
More informationConsolidated balance sheet
Consolidated balance sheet Non current assets 31/12/2009 31/12/2008 (*) 01/01/2008 (*) Property, plant and equipment 1,352 1,350 1,144 Investment property 7 11 11 Fixed assets held under concessions 13,089
More informationThe Nature, Elements and Importance of Working Capital
C. WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT 1. The nature, elements and importance of working capital 2. Management of inventories, accounts receivable, accounts payable and cash 3. Determining working capital needs
More informationFinancial statements aim at providing financial
Accounting Ratios 5 LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this chapter, you will be able to : explain the meaning, objectives and limitations of accounting ratios; identify the various types of ratios commonly
More informationFINANCIAL ACCOUNTING TOPIC: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
SYLLABUS Compulsory part Basic ratio analysis 1. State the general functions of accounting ratios. 2. Calculate and interpret the following ratios: a. working capital/current ratio, quick/liquid/acid test
More informationIn this chapter, we build on the basic knowledge of how businesses
03-Seidman.qxd 5/15/04 11:52 AM Page 41 3 An Introduction to Business Financial Statements In this chapter, we build on the basic knowledge of how businesses are financed by looking at how firms organize
More informationRatios and interpretation
Unit Ratios and interpretation As we learnt in our earlier studies, accounting information is used to answer two key questions about a business: Is it making a profit? Are its assets sufficient to meet
More informationPROFESSOR S NAME ACC 255 FALL 2011 COVER SHEET FOR COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM 2 (CHAPTERS 2, 5-8)
COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM 2 (CHAPTERS 2, 5-8) Page 137 NAME ANSWER KEY PROFESSOR S NAME SECTION SCORE ACC 255 FALL 2011 COVER SHEET FOR COMPREHENSIVE PROBLEM 2 (CHAPTERS 2, 5-8) INSTRUCTIONS: COMPLETE ALL
More informationTeacher Resource Bank
Teacher Resource Bank GCE Accounting Other Guidance: ACCN2 Update on IAS ACCN3 Updates on IAS (July 2012). The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) is a company limited by guarantee registered
More informationFinancial Statements
Financial Statements The financial information forms the basis of financial planning, analysis & decision making for an organization or an individual. Financial information is needed to predict, compare
More informationReturn on Equity has three ratio components. The three ratios that make up Return on Equity are:
Evaluating Financial Performance Chapter 1 Return on Equity Why Use Ratios? It has been said that you must measure what you expect to manage and accomplish. Without measurement, you have no reference to
More informationRatios from the Statement of Financial Position
For The Year Ended 31 March 2007 Ratios from the Statement of Financial Position Profitability Ratios Return on Sales Ratio (%) This is the difference between what a business takes in and what it spends
More informationFinancing Your Dream: A Presentation at the Youth Business Linkage Forum (#EAWY2014) Akin Oyebode Head SME Banking, Stanbic IBTC Bank, Nigeria.
Financing Your Dream: A Presentation at the Youth Business Linkage Forum (#EAWY2014) Akin Oyebode Head SME Banking, Stanbic IBTC Bank, Nigeria. Content 1 Introduction 2 Profit and loss Account or Income
More informationConstruction Economics & Finance. Module 6. Lecture-1
Construction Economics & Finance Module 6 Lecture-1 Financial management: Financial management involves planning, allocation and control of financial resources of a company. Financial management is essential
More informationArticle Accounting Terminology
Article Accounting Terminology Contents Page 1. Accounting Period... 4 2. Accounts Payable (Sundry Creditors)... 4 3. Accounts Receivable (Sundry Debtors)... 4 4. Assets... 4 5. Benchmarks... 4 6. B.O.S.
More information7 Management of Working Capital
7 Management of Working Capital BASIC CONCEPTS AND FORMULAE 1. Working Capital Management Working Capital Management involves managing the balance between firm s shortterm assets and its short-term liabilities.
More informationRatio Analysis CBDC, NB. Presented by ACSBE. February, 2008. Copyright 2007 ACSBE. All Rights Reserved.
Ratio Analysis CBDC, NB February, 2008 Presented by ACSBE Financial Analysis What is Financial Analysis? What Can Financial Ratios Tell? 7 Categories of Financial Ratios Significance of Using Ratios Industry
More informationSESSION 3: COMPANIES FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (THE BALANCE SHEET)
SESSION 3: COMPANIES FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (THE BALANCE SHEET) KEY CONCEPTS: In this session we will look at: - The Balance Sheet - Notes to the Financial Statements Trading Business X-PLANATION THE BALANCE
More information6. Financial Planning. Break-even. Operating and Financial Leverage.
6. Financial Planning. Break-even. Operating and Financial Leverage. Financial planning primarily involves anticipating the impact of operating, investment and financial decisions on the firm s future
More informationConsolidated Financial Results for Fiscal Year 2013 (April 1, 2013 March 31, 2014)
Consolidated Financial Results for Fiscal Year 2013 (April 1, 2013 March 31, 2014) 28/4/2014 Name of registrant: ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd. Stock Exchange Listed: Tokyo Code number: 7224 (URL: http://www.shinmaywa.co.jp
More informationArticle - Working Capital Management By Bernard Vallely FCCA MBA Examiner Professional 1 Managerial Finance & Professional 2 Financial Management
Article - Working Capital Management By Bernard Vallely FCCA MBA Examiner Professional 1 Managerial Finance & Professional 2 Financial Management Working Capital An organisation s working capital refers
More informationBrief Report on Closing of Accounts (connection) for the Term Ended March 31, 2007
MARUHAN Co., Ltd. Brief Report on Closing of (connection) for the Term Ended March 31, 2007 (Amounts less than 1 million yen omitted) 1.Business Results for the term ended on March, 2007 (From April 1,
More informationACC 255 FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET (NEW MATERIAL)
Page 1 ACC 255 FINAL EXAM REVIEW PACKET (NEW MATERIAL) Complete these sample exam problems/objective questions and check your answers with the solutions at the end of the review file and identify where
More informationperformance of a company?
How to deal with questions on assessing the performance of a company? (Relevant to ATE Paper 7 Advanced Accounting) Dr. M H Ho This article provides guidance for candidates in dealing with examination
More informationEaster School Accounting Grade 12. Interpretation of Financial Statements 27 March 2013
KEY CONCEPTS: In this session we will focus on: - Ratios X-PLANATION INTRODUCTION: Ratios For our curriculum in Grade 12 we are going to use ratios to analyse the information available in the Income Statement
More informationCurrent liabilities - Obligations that are due within one year. Obligations due beyond that period of time are classified as long-term liabilities.
Accounting Fundamentals Lesson 8 8.0 Liabilities Current liabilities - Obligations that are due within one year. Obligations due beyond that period of time are classified as long-term liabilities. Current
More information5. Provisions for decrease in value of marketable securities (-)
Balance sheet ASSETS I. CURRENT ASSETS A. Liquid Assets: 1. Cash. 2. Cheques received. 3. Banks. 4. Cheques given and payment orders (-). 5. Other liquid assets. B. Marketable Securities: 1. Share certificates.
More informationPreparation Of The Statement Of Cash Flows In Accordance With IAS 7
Preparation Of The Statement Of Cash Flows In Accordance With IAS 7 Ephraim Hudson Mazvidza Matavire, Tawanda Dzama Abstract: International Accounting Standard (IAS) 1: Presentation of financial statements,
More informationProblems on Balance Sheet of a Company as per Revised Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013
Problems on Balance Sheet of a Company as per Revised Schedule III of the Companies Act 2013 FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEET BALANCE SHEET of.company Limited as on 31 st March. Particulars Note No. Amount (Rs.)
More informationEngineering Economics 2013/2014 MISE
Problem: JS, Inc. shows the following accounting records for 2011: Sales commissions 15000 Beginning merchandise inventory 16000 Ending merchandise inventory 9000 Sales 185000 Advertising 10000 Purchases
More informationCash Flow Statement. IPCC Paper 1: Accounting/Financial Management Chapter 2 -Unit 2. CA. Pankaj Goel
Cash Flow Statement IPCC Paper 1: Accounting/Financial Management Chapter 2 -Unit 2 1 CA. Pankaj Goel Questions that Cash Flow Statement Answers 1 Where did the cash come from? 2 3 What purpose cash used
More informationINTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS. CIE Guidance for teachers of. 7110 Principles of Accounts and. 0452 Accounting
www.xtremepapers.com INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS CIE Guidance for teachers of 7110 Principles of Accounts and 0452 Accounting 1 CONTENTS Introduction...3 Use of this document... 3 Users of financial
More informationModule 2: Preparing for Capital Venture Financing Financial Forecasting Methods TABLE OF CONTENTS
Module 2: Preparing for Capital Venture Financing Financial Forecasting Methods Module 2: Preparing for Capital Venture Financing Financial Forecasting Methods 1.0 FINANCIAL FORECASTING METHODS 1.01 Introduction
More informationCASH FLOW STATEMENT (AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT)
CASH FLOW STATEMENT (AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT) - At the most fundamental level, firms do two different things: (i) They generate cash (ii) They spend it. Cash is generated by selling a product, an asset
More informationCredit Analysis 10-1
Credit Analysis 10-1 10-2 Liquidity and Working Capital Basics Liquidity - Ability to convert assets into cash or to obtain cash to meet short-term obligations. Short-term - Conventionally viewed as a
More informationGuidance on Accounting Elements
Guidance on Accounting Elements OCR GCE in Business Studies August 2012 The following guidance has been prepared in order to assist centres in the preparation of their candidates for the accounting elements
More informationCA CPT SAMPLE PAPER FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING (60MARKS)
CA CPT SAMPLE PAPER FUNDAMENTAL ACCOUNTING (60MARKS) 1. Which of the following provide frame work and accounting policies so that the financial statements of different enterprises become comparable? (a)
More informationTrading Profit and Loss Account
Trading Profit and Loss Account Trading Account The trading account shows the income from sales and the direct costs of making those sales. It includes the balance of stocks at the start and end of the
More informationYou have learnt about the financial statements
Analysis of Financial Statements 4 You have learnt about the financial statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) of companies. Basically, these are summarised financial reports which provide the
More informationFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
100 Arbor Drive, Suite 108 Christiansburg, VA 24073 Voice: 540-381-9333 FAX: 540-381-8319 www.becpas.com Providing Professional Business Advisory & Consulting Services Douglas L. Johnston, II djohnston@becpas.com
More informationLiquidity analysis: Length of cash cycle
2. Liquidity analysis: Length of cash cycle Operating cycle of a merchandising firm: number of days it takes to sell inventory + number of days until the resulting receivables are converted to cash Acquisition
More informationhow to prepare a cash flow statement
business builder 4 how to prepare a cash flow statement zions business resource center zions business resource center 2 how to prepare a cash flow statement A cash flow statement is important to your business
More informationSANYO TRADING COMPANY LIMITED. Financial Statements
Financial Statements Year Ended September 30, 2014 English translation from original Japanese-language documents Balance Sheets As of September 30, 2014 ASSETS Current Assets Cash and deposits US$ 18,509,007
More informationAnalyzing the Statement of Cash Flows
Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows Operating Activities NACM Upstate New York Credit Conference 2015 By Ron Sereika, CCE,CEW NACM 1 Objectives of this Educational Session u Show how the statement of
More informationBusiness Plan. In completing the following proposal provide as much detailed information as possible.
Business Plan A business plan is an integral part of a financing request. It is an introduction to your business, and it provides us with the initial information that we require to start to an application.
More informationChapter. Working capital
Chapter 10 Working capital 1 10.1 Working capital Working capital is the capital available for conducting the day-to-day operations of the business and consists of current assets and current liabilities.
More informationManaging Cash Flow: Practical ways to Improving Cash Flow & Optimise Funding
Managing Cash Flow: Practical ways to Improving Cash Flow & Optimise Funding A Practical Guide to understanding Effective Financial Management Module 6 Brendan Binchy CEO ROCG Europe W: www.europe.rocg.com
More informationWelcome to workshop on revised schedule VI. K. Chandra Sekhar Company Secretary Ace Designers Limited, Bangalore
Welcome to workshop on revised schedule VI K. Chandra Sekhar Company Secretary Ace Designers Limited, Bangalore 1 Relevant provisions Indian Companies Act, 1956 Rules Notifications Circulars Accounting
More informationAccounting: Cash Flow Statement
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-issn: 2278-487X. Volume 7, Issue 4 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 109-116 Accounting: Cash Flow Statement Aghdas Jafari Motlagh Masters Accounting Student Islamicazad
More informationTYPES OF FINANCIAL RATIOS
TYPES OF FINANCIAL RATIOS In the previous articles we discussed how to invest in the stock market and unit trusts. When investing in the stock market an investor should have a clear understanding about
More informationAudited (Restated) (*)
31 December 2015 31 December 2014 31 December 2013 ASSETS Current assets 459.875.342 251.625.938 233.029.758 Cash and cash equivalents 5 123.908.125 123.909.277 101.043.123 Financial investments 6 -- 15.126.664
More informationSelecting sources of finance for business
Selecting sources of finance for business by Steve Jay 08 Sep 2003 This article considers the practical issues facing a business when selecting appropriate sources of finance. It does not consider the
More informationABOUT FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS
ABOUT FINANCIAL RATIO ANALYSIS Over the years, a great many financial analysis techniques have developed. They illustrate the relationship between values drawn from the balance sheet and income statement
More informationTOTAL 567.16 2,605.14 470.70 2,072.21
Balance Sheet - - - - Laboratorios Torrent, S.A. de C.V. As at As at As at As at Notes EQUITY AND LIABILITIES Shareholder's funds Share capital 1 747.41 3,433.08 747.41 3,290.40 Reserves and surplus 2
More informationFinancial Statements Tutorial
Financial Statement Review: Financial Statements Tutorial There are four major financial statements used to communicate information to external users (creditors, investors, suppliers, etc.) - 1. Balance
More informationCreating a Successful Financial Plan
Creating a Successful Financial Plan Basic Financial Reports Balance Sheet - Estimates the firm s worth on a given date; built on the accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Owner s Equity Income Statement
More informationHow To Calculate Financial Leverage Ratio
What Do Short-Term Liquidity Ratios Measure? What Is Working Capital? HOCK international - 2004 1 HOCK international - 2004 2 How Is the Current Ratio Calculated? How Is the Quick Ratio Calculated? HOCK
More informationCourse 1: Evaluating Financial Performance
Excellence in Financial Management Course 1: Evaluating Financial Performance Prepared by: Matt H. Evans, CPA, CMA, CFM This course provides a basic understanding of how to use ratio analysis for evaluating
More informationIncome Measurement and Profitability Analysis
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS The following financial statements for Spencer Company will be used to demonstrate the calculation of the various ratios in profitability analysis. Spencer Company Comparative Balance
More informationDiscussion Board Articles Ratio Analysis
Excellence in Financial Management Discussion Board Articles Ratio Analysis Written by: Matt H. Evans, CPA, CMA, CFM All articles can be viewed on the internet at www.exinfm.com/board Ratio Analysis Cash
More informationAppendix. Selected Financial Ratios Useful in Analytical Procedures
Selected Financial Ratios Useful in Analytical Procedures < Appendix D A number of financial ratios are used by auditors as analytical procedures. These ratios are broken down into four categories: short-term
More informationILLUSTRATION 5-1 BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATIONS
ILLUSTRATION 5-1 BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATIONS MAJOR BALANCE SHEET CLASSIFICATIONS ASSETS = LIABILITIES + OWNERS' EQUITY Current Assets Long-Term Investments Current Liabilities Long-Term Debt Capital
More informationCENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION BBA (AVIATION OPERATION)
CENTRE FOR CONTINUING EDUCATION BBA (AVIATION OPERATION) BATCH: SEMESTER: NAME: ROLL NO: ASSIGNMENT 1 & 2 FOR BUSINESS ACCOUNTING BBCF 131 UNIVERSITY OF PETROLEUM & ENERGY STUDIES Assignment-1 Note: All
More informationInterpretation of Financial Statements
Interpretation of Financial Statements Author Noel O Brien, Formation 2 Accounting Framework Examiner. An important component of most introductory financial accounting programmes is the analysis and interpretation
More informationGlossary of Accounting Terms Peter Baskerville
Glossary of Accounting Terms Peter Baskerville Account for or 'bring to account': An accounting phrase used to describe the recording of a financial transaction that is required under the generally accepted
More informationFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (PART-7) WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PART 2
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT (PART-7) WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT PART 2 1. INTRODUCTION Dear Students, Welcome to the lecture series on financial management. Today in this lecture we shall cover the topic Working
More informationFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
STUDY MATERIAL:- FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT VERY SHORT QUESTIONS ( 1 MARK) 1 Define Financial Management. Ans financial management is that specialized activity which is responsible for obtaining and affectively
More informationAccount Numbering. By separating each account by several numbers, many new accounts can be added between any two while maintaining the logical order.
Chart of Accounts The chart of accounts is a listing of all the accounts in the general ledger, each account accompanied by a reference number. To set up a chart of accounts, one first needs to define
More informationReport Description. Business Counts. Top 10 States (by Business Counts) Page 1 of 16
5-Year County-Level Financial Profile Industry Report Architectural Services (SIC Code: 8712) in Prince George County, Maryland Sales Range: $500,000 - $999,999 Date: 11/07/08 Report Description This 5-Year
More informationBusiness Studies - Financial Planning and Management Study Notes. Financial Planning and Management Study Notes:
Business Studies - Financial Planning and Management Study Notes Financial Planning and Management Study Notes: The Role of Financial Planning: The strategic role of financial management: Organisational
More information