Finance for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Transcription

1 Finance for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises A Report on the 2004 UK Survey of SME Finances Dr Stuart Fraser Centre for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Warwick Business School University of Warwick

2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3 FOREWORD (BY MIKE YOUNG SMALL BUSINESS INVESTMENT TASKFORCE AND, FORMERLY, BANK OF ENGLAND) 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 INTRODUCTION 23 I. BACKGROUND 1. ISSUES AFFECTING SME FINANCES 1.1 Potential market failure in SME finance markets Other issues affecting SME finance markets CONTEXTUAL DATA ANALYSIS 2.1 Business characteristics Principal owner characteristics External financial advice, managerial talents and business problems 42 II. ANALYSIS OF THE DEMAND FOR AND SUPPLY OF SME FINANCIAL PRODUCTS 3. USE OF EXTERNAL FINANCIAL PRODUCTS IN THE LAST 3 YEARS Friends and family finance NEW FINANCE SOUGHT IN THE LAST 3 YEARS Start-up finance REJECTION AND DISCOURAGEMENT Impacts of financial skills, and other business characteristics, on rejections PROVIDERS OF FINANCE Breadth of relationship with the main provider Length of relationship with main provider Price, customer satisfaction and the propensity to switch main provider 80 1

3 III. SPECIFIC ANALYSES OF FINANCIAL SERVICES 7 DEPOSIT ACCOUNTS 96 8 TERM LOANS AND OVERDRAFTS 98 9 ASSET FINANCE (LEASING AND HIRE-PURCHASE) ASSET-BASED FINANCE (FACTORING, INVOICE DISCOUNTING AND STOCK FINANCE) CREDIT CARDS EQUITY FINANCE GRANTS RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN FINANCES CONCLUSIONS 123 REFERENCES 126 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: SURVEY METHODOLOGY (BY FIONA McANDREW IFF RESEARCH LTD) 128 APPENDIX 2: CONSORTIUM MEMBERS 138 APPENDICES TO SECTIONS 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,

4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The survey, and this report, have greatly benefited from the input of the following individuals: Rupert Anderton (Barclays Bank). Bruno Ballardin (Dun and Bradstreet) Danielle Bright (IFF Research Limited) Karen Bunt (IFF Research Limited) Liang Han (University of Hull) Alan Jones (HSBC) Helene Keller (Small Business Service) Fiona McAndrew (IFF Research Limited) Craig Pickering (Consultant to FLA (Finance and Leasing Association)) Katrina Reid (Small Business Service) Dave Riley (RBS Natwest Group) Richard Roberts (Barclays Bank) David Storey (Warwick Business School) Flora Vieites (Abbey) John Wolken (Federal Reserve Board) Mike Young (Small Business Investment Taskforce and, formerly, Bank of England). I owe special thanks to Mike Young for his patient support and advice at all stages in this project. I am also deeply indebted to Elaine Pollard and Sharon West (both of Warwick Business School) for their clerical support. However, I am solely responsible for all remaining errors in this research. 3

5 FOREWORD This report is unique for three reasons. It is the first in-depth study of all the various forms of finance used by small and medium sized enterprises in the UK and has the depth and range to be a benchmark against which progress can be measured in the future. Second, it is the result of the coming together for the first time of a consortium of 19 organisations, covering business groups, finance providers and government. Third, the full results will be made widely available to researchers and policy makers and the full dataset will shortly be deposited at the UK National Data Archive at the University of Essex. This report can only cover the headline results. There is a wealth of further data analysis available and I hope that researchers will make full use of it in order to help us all to understand how and why SMEs finance themselves, where there are any problem areas and what might be done to address them. It is clear that, in general, SMEs in the UK are well served by the sophistication and flexibility of the UK financial services industry. But there will always be areas for improvement. I have been honoured to chair the consortium that was responsible for the commissioning and oversight of this survey. I am extremely grateful to them for their financial contributions and for the help and guidance they have provided over the past year. I am particularly pleased that the consortium stuck to one of the key principles on which we all agreed at the outset we have given Stuart Fraser complete independence to write up the results as he sees fit, warts and all. Mike Young Chair of the sponsoring consortium Small Business Investment Taskforce and formerly Bank of England. 4

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background to the research In January 2004, a consortium of 19 public and private sector organizations, led by the Bank of England (see Appendix 2), commissioned Warwick Business School to carry out the UK Survey of SME Finances (SMEF). This is the first representative survey of SMEs in the UK to offer a close analysis of businesses (with fewer than 250 employees), their main owners and access to external finance. The aims of the study were to: Provide benchmarking data on the availability of credit to SMEs and the types of finance used. Collect information on the relationship between SMEs and their providers of finance. Develop a general purpose micro database for quantitative research on business finance (offering, for example, scope for comparisons with US business finances). The survey was conducted among a representative sample of 2,500 SMEs, in the private sector, in the UK. The survey fieldwork was carried out by Computer Assisted Telephone Interview (CATI). This was conducted by IFF Research, an independent market research company, at IFF s CATI centre, between 5 August and 18 October Structure of the Report This report constitutes a summary analysis of the results of the survey. The report is divided into three parts. In the first part, we set out some background for the analysis. Specifically, this background is in the form of: a discussion of some key issues affecting SME finances (Section 1); and, an analysis of contextual data, relating to the characteristics of the businesses in the survey and the range of problems experienced in running them (Section 2). In Section 1, the issues discussed are: Potential sources of market failure in SME finance markets in particular, information asymmetries between lenders and borrowers. Underinvestment in financial skills and the impact on access to finance. The desire for independence/ high internal locus of control as an internal constraint on access to external finance. The lack of competition in markets for SME financial services (principally money transmission and bank debt). The analysis in Section 2 allows a perspective to be gained on businesses perceptions of their financing problems relative to other operational issues. 5

7 The second part of the report provides a general overview of the data relating to the demand and supply of SME financial products. On the demand-side, we look at: The range of financial products currently used by SMEs (Section 3) New finances sought in the last 3 years (Section 4). In Section 5, we look at the extent of unsatisfied demand among businesses needing new finance. In this context, we look at the extent of: Outright rejection. Partial Rejection (i.e., the businesses were offered less than they wanted). Discouragement (i.e., the businesses did not apply for new finance because they believed they would be rejected). The second part concludes by examining issues relating to the supply of SME financial services (Section 6). The policy setting for this analysis is public concern about a lack of competition in the supply of financial services to SMEs. These concerns have led the Competition Commission to make a number of recommendations to make it easier for businesses: to compare the prices of banking services; to purchase these services from different suppliers; and to switch banks if desired (Competition Commission, 2002). In this context we look at: The market shares of the main providers of financial services to SMEs. The number of different providers used. The nature of relationships with the main providers, principally The breadth of relationships (number of financial services supplied by the main provider) The length of relationships. The cost of banking. Levels of customer satisfaction. The propensity to switch banks. This analysis allows us to: Examine the extent to which the supply of financial services is concentrated in a single supplier. The degree of variation in charges across different providers. The willingness of businesses to seek another provider. The factors which motivate switching e.g., dissatisfaction with price or service. The third part of the report presents analysis of the average and total amounts used of the different forms of finance. The analysis concludes by looking at the relationships between finances to determine which finances could be considered to be in competition with one another. In particular, this analysis gives some indication of which types of finance are potential alternatives to traditional bank debt. Appendices are used throughout to present more extensive tabulations. Summary of the Results Section 2: Contextual Data Analysis The analysis in Section 2 relates to: 6

8 Business and principal owner characteristics. Use of external financial advice. Self-assessed skills in different aspects of running the business. Extent to which financially qualified individuals are running SME finances. Extent of problems in different aspects of business operations. Regarding business characteristics the data show that by size: By sector: By region: 2,200,000 businesses have no employees (about 61% of SMEs). 1,450,000 businesses have an annual turnover of less than 50,000 (about 40% of SMEs). 1,350,000 businesses have less than 10,000 worth of assets. More than a third of SMEs are in Real Estate, Renting and Business Activities (some 1.3 million businesses) Only 5% are in manufacturing (around 180,000 businesses). 38% of SMEs are located in London and the South East (1,400,000 businesses). 87% of SMEs are located in England (3,150,000 businesses). 5% are located in Scotland. 5% are located in Wales. 3% are located in Northern Ireland. By legal form: By age: Almost 2 in 3 businesses are sole traders (2,400,000 businesses) Less than 1 in 4 businesses are limited liability companies (870,000 businesses) About 1 in 10 businesses are partnerships (including limited liability partnerships). The majority of businesses (51%) are aged more than 15 years (1,900,000 businesses). About 7% of SMEs are start-ups (aged less than 2 years) (250,000 businesses). By growth rate: About 11% of businesses (320,000 businesses) are high growth businesses, having an average turnover growth of 30%, or more, per annum over a period going back up to 3 years. By ethnicity: 7

9 By gender: 93% of businesses are majority white owned (3,400,000 businesses). About 7% of businesses are majority owned by individuals from ethnic minority backgrounds (220,000 businesses). 75% of businesses are majority owned by males (about 2,700,000 businesses). 25% of businesses are majority owned by females (just over 900,000 businesses). Regarding the characteristics of the principal owner: A woman is the principal owner in 1 in every 5 SMEs. 79% of principal owners are aged between 40 and 65. In addition, 61% of principal owners have more than 15 years business experience. 29% of principal owners have no or, at most, basic (O-levels/GCSE), academic qualifications. 23% have a University degree. Comparing business and principal owner characteristics with those in the US: US businesses tend to be larger, on average, than UK businesses. US businesses tend to be younger, on average, than UK businesses. The proportions of female and ethnic minority businesses, in their respective populations, are similar between the UK and US. Owner managers in the US are more likely to have a university degree than their UK counterparts. Looking at the use of external financial advice in the UK: Accountants are used as the main source of financial advice in almost onethird of the SME population. Bank managers are the main source of advice for 16% of SMEs. Over a third of SMEs use no external advisers. Also, majority female owned businesses are: More likely to use an accountant than majority male-owned businesses. Less likely to use no external advice than majority male-owned businesses. Regarding self-assessed skills in different areas of the business s operations: Production is the area of operation in which owner managers have the highest degree of self-confidence in their abilities. Coping with red-tape is the area with the lowest self-confidence. Self-confidence in financial operations is intermediate along with sales and staffing issues. Further analysis in this area shows that: The self-confidence levels, in majority female owned businesses, are similar to the average levels, across all aspects of business operations. 8

10 25% of ethnic minority owned businesses report a lack of self-confidence with finance, which is above the average level (16%). 28% of ethnic minority owned businesses report a lack of self-confidence in dealing with red-tape, again above average (22%). 16% of start-ups report a lack of self-confidence with sales (versus 10% on average). Only 1% of high growth businesses report a lack of self-confidence with sales (versus 10% on average). Regarding formal financial qualifications: Only 16% of sole traders and partnerships have their finances managed by someone with a financial qualification. There are no significant differences, in the incidence of financially qualified management, comparing: female versus male-owned businesses; ethnic minority versus white-owned businesses; start-ups versus established businesses; or high growth versus non-high growth businesses. Turning to self-reported business problems: Production is the area of business operations with the least reported problems. Finance is the second least problem area. Staffing and red-tape represent the highest problem areas. A closer inspection of business problems for different types of business suggests that: The problem levels, in majority female owned businesses, are similar to the average levels across all aspects of business operations. 20% of ethnic minority owned businesses report problems with production, which is above the average level (9%). 23% of ethnic minority owned businesses report problems with finance, again above average (11%). However, only 10% of ethnic minority owned businesses report problems in dealing with red-tape, which is below the average level (20%). 16% of start-ups report problems with production (versus 9% on average). The problem levels, in high growth businesses, are similar to the average levels across all aspects of business operations. Section 3: Use of External Finance The analysis in Section 3 relates to the types of financial products used by SMEs in the last 3 years. This analysis indicates that: 80% of SMEs have used one or more external sources of finance in the last 3 years. Use of external finance increases with the number of employees and turnover. It varies from 75% (no employees) to 98% ( employees). There are no significant differences in the likelihood of using external finance between male and female owned businesses or between white and ethnic minority owned businesses. 9

11 Regarding the types, and amounts, of finance used: Just under 2 million businesses (53% of SMEs) use an overdraft - The total amount owed in overdrafts is estimated to be 12 billion. A similar number use personal or business credit cards (55%) - Businesses spend 450 million per month through personal credit cards - Expenditure, through business credit cards, is about 1.4 billion per month. Approximately 900,000 businesses use term loans (24%) - The total amount outstanding on term loans is about 64 billion. A similar number use leasing and/or hire-purchase (asset finance) (27%) - Total monthly repayments on leasing/hire-purchase agreements are estimated to be 2 billion. Grants are used by just under a quarter of a million businesses (6%) - The total amount of grants accessed in the last 3 years is about 7.6 billion. Invoice finance is used by about 100,000 businesses (3%) - This represents an estimated 8 billion in monthly advances. About the same number use equity finance (3%: 100,000 businesses) - This represents an estimated 14.3 billion in total investment in the last 3 years. Estimates of the use of friends and family finance show that: About 6% of SMEs report using loans or equity finance from friends and family. There are no discernible differences, in the use of friends and family finance, by: gender; ethnicity; business age; or growth rate. Analysis of current and deposit accounts indicates that: 97% of SMEs use a current account. 41% of SMEs hold funds on deposit. - In value terms, this represents an estimated 92 billion in total deposits. Start-ups are significantly less likely to hold funds on deposit compared to established businesses (27% versus 43%). Comparisons of the use of some basic financial products, between the UK and US, reveal the following: 10

12 Table ES.1: Comparisons of Financial Products Used in the UK and US US SSBF UK SMEF (1998) 1 (2004) Any loan 2 55% 65% Personal Credit Card 45% 28% Business Credit Card 33% 34% Current Account 94% 97% Deposit Account 22% 41% Notes: 1. US Survey of Small Business Finance (see e.g., Bitler et al, 2001). 2. For the US, any loan denotes using any of the following: credit lines; mortgages; vehicle loans; equipment loans; or capital leases. For the UK any loan denotes using any one of: overdrafts; term loans; asset finance; or asset-based finance. The patterns of usage of financial products are quite similar between the UK and US. However, there is some evidence that use of personal credit cards is lower, and use of deposit accounts is higher, in the UK than the US. Section 4: New Finance Sought in the last 3 years The analysis in Section 4 relates to new finances sought in the last 3 years (not including friends and family finance). This analysis shows that: 44% of SMEs (1.6 million businesses) sought new finance in the last 3 years. This percentage varies from 36% (no employees) to 76% ( employees) Sole traders are significantly less likely to have sought new finance than either partnerships or companies (37% versus 57%). Majority female owned businesses are no less likely than majority male owned businesses to have sought new finance. However, there is some evidence that ethnic minority owned businesses are more likely to have sought new finance than white-owned businesses (61% versus 43%). Start-ups are more likely to have sought new finance than established businesses (69% versus 42%). Also, 62% of high growth businesses sought new finance versus 41% of slower growing businesses. Among businesses, which did not seek new finance, 95% report that they did not need new finance. This suggests that a lack of demand, rather than supply side constraints, is the main reason for not seeking new finance. The amounts of new finance sought are as follows: The average amount is just under 82,000 (median= 20,000). This amount increases from 29,000 (businesses with no employees) to just over 1 million ( employees). 11

13 Limited companies sought just under 200,000. This amount is significantly higher than the amounts sought by other legal forms of business. There are no statistically significant differences in the amounts sought by female-owned versus male-owned businesses. However, ethnic-minority owned businesses sought just over 28,000 on average. This is significantly less than the amount sought by white-owned businesses ( 85,000). There are no significant differences in the amounts of finance sought by age of business or growth rates. The types of new finance sought are: Overdrafts: 32% Grants: 15% Term loans: 40% Asset finance: 39% Asset-based finance: 2% Equity finance: 7%. Looking at start-up finance (businesses aged less than 2 years): Well over 2 in 3 start-ups used personal savings 1 in 8 used a friend or family loan as part of their start-up finance. The use of equity finance is very small (1.6%) with investors being mainly family and friends. Οver 1 in 20 start-ups claimed to have used no finance to establish their business. As for the main source of start-up finance: Personal savings were the principal source of finance for 2 in every 3 startups. 1 in 10 relied mainly on a bank loan. Less than 1 in 20 entrepreneurs relied mainly on a mortgage on their home. The average amount of finance used at start-up is estimated at 71,000; the median amount is just over 15,000. Section 5: Rejection and Discouragement In Section 5 we look at experiences of rejection and discouragement in applying for external finances (not including friends and family finance) in the last 3 years. This analysis estimates that: 11% were rejected outright (180,000 businesses) 19% received less than they wanted (300,000 businesses) 8% felt discouraged from applying because they believed they would be rejected (130,000 businesses). Further analysis shows: Businesses with greater assets tend to experience fewer rejections and less discouragement. This is, perhaps, unsurprising since these businesses have more collateral to offer lenders. 12

14 Sole traders are more likely to experience discouragement than partnerships (10% versus 2%). Businesses in Northern Ireland have the lowest outright rejection rate (1%) but the second highest discouragement rate (14%). Start-ups are less likely to experience outright rejection than established businesses (4% versus 12%). However, this figure does not take into account businesses which did not get started as a result of rejection (since these businesses are not observed in the sample). There are no significant differences in rejection or discouragement rates by gender, ethnicity or growth rate. Similarly, there is no evidence that switching banks, or using more than one provider of financial services, increases the likelihood of rejection or discouragement. Among businesses needing a new overdraft: 16% were rejected outright Greater than 1 in 3 received less than they wanted 7% felt discouraged from applying. Among businesses needing a new loan: 9% were rejected outright 6% received less than they wanted 9% felt discouraged from applying. Among businesses needing a new lease/hire-purchase: 5% were rejected outright 3% received less than they wanted 7% felt discouraged from applying. Looking at businesses views of the reasons for rejection, denial rates due to no, or insufficient, security are: 22% for overdrafts. 12% for term loans. Rejection rates due to a lack of track record (no credit history) are: 8% for overdrafts. 7% for bank loans. On the other hand, rejection rates due to a poor credit history are: 5% (personal history) and 11% (business history) for overdrafts. 4% (personal history) and 4% (business history) for term loans. A further: 5% of overdraft rejections are due to the business having too much existing debt. 15% of loan rejections are due to an inadequate business plan. These results suggest that a sizeable proportion of businesses are rejected due to having no security or track record (30% overdrafts; 19% term loans). These 13

15 businesses are potential candidates for assistance through the Small Firms Loan Guarantee Scheme (although further analysis would be required to establish their eligibility for the scheme). Analysis of the impact of (term loan) rejections showed that: The project went ahead, with other funding, in 3 out of 5 rejections. The plans had to be shelved, for a short time, in just under 30% of rejections. The business had to drop its plans completely, or found itself in dire financial straits, in less than 1 in 20 cases of rejection. We conclude Section 5 by estimating an econometric model relating incidences of rejection to levels of financial skills and other business characteristics (for sole traders and partnerships only). The key findings from this model are: Businesses, with qualified financial managers, are 3 percentage points less likely to experience rejection, holding other business characteristics constant. Low self-confidence in dealing with finances has no impact on the likelihood of rejection. Also, using no external advice does not increase the likelihood of rejection. Section 6: Providers of Finance In this section we look at SMEs relationships with providers of finance. In the first analysis we look at the market shares of the main providers of financial services to SMEs. Here we find that: The largest four providers account for almost 80% of the market. The largest provider is the main provider to 1 in 4 SMEs. The two largest providers account for 42% of the market. Market shares by geographical region are as follows: In England and Wales the top four providers supply just over 80% of the market. In Scotland the top four providers supply 95% of the market. In Northern Ireland the top four providers supply almost 90% of the market. Analysis of the number of different providers of finance used indicates that: The majority of SMEs have only one main provider (59%). Less than 1 in 10 businesses have used three or more providers. Only 1 in 50 have used four or more providers. 71% of businesses, with term loans, have these loans supplied by the same bank which supplies their current account. Longer financial relationships may help lenders to assess the creditworthiness of businesses and improve businesses access to finance. In this context, our analysis finds that: On average, SMEs have been with their main provider for almost 15 years. Larger businesses tend to have had a longer relationship than smaller businesses. Majority male-owned businesses have longer financial relationships than majority female owned businesses (15 years versus 12 years). 14

16 Majority white-owned businesses have longer financial relationships than majority ethnic-minority owned businesses (15 years versus 10 years). High growth businesses have only half the average relationship of lower growth businesses (8 years versus 16 years). Looking at bank charges (not including loan interest payments) the survey indicates that: SMEs pay, on average, 51 in total monthly bank charges. This figure ranges from 25 for businesses with no employees, up to 430 for businesses with employees. By turnover, charges range from under 15 per month up to 430 per month. The amount charged, by bank, varies from 26 to 85 per month. There is little variation in the charges of the largest four banks. The four major clearing groups, Royal Bank of Scotland Group, Barclays; Lloyds TSB and HSBC, were identified, by the Competition Commission (2002), as making excess profits from their SME banking. In order to remove these profits, the big four have undertaken, with the Office of Fair Trading, to pay interest on current accounts or waive charges on money transmission services (since 1 st January 2003). Relating to this issue the survey finds that: More businesses report receiving interest on their account than free transactions. 2 in every 3 SMEs report receiving free transactions and/or interest on their current account. This figure rises to 4 in every 5 SMEs for accounts opened since Regarding satisfaction with bank charges: The majority of SMEs (61%) are satisfied, to some degree, with their bank charges. However a sizeable minority of businesses, almost 1 in 3, report some dissatisfaction with their bank charges. In respect of other aspects of the services provided by banks: Just under two-thirds of businesses are either very, or fairly, satisfied with the availability of finance at their bank. However 1 in 4 businesses are unable to say whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with the availability of finance. This could be because the business has not sought any finance from its bank. Almost 90% of businesses are satisfied with the competence of bank staff. More than two-thirds are satisfied with their bank s level of understanding of their business. However about 15% are unable to say whether they are satisfied or dissatisfied with their bank s level of understanding of their business. In a competitive environment, one means for businesses to express dissatisfaction with their current bank is to move to another bank. In this context, we look at (expost) switching rates and the propensity to switch banks in the future. Here we find that: 15

17 The annual rate of bank switching is just above 2% over all types of business. This figure rises to 5% among businesses with a turnover in the range 250, ,999. Over 7% of SMEs are currently considering switching to a new provider from their current bank. A further 29% of SMEs would consider switching if approached by another bank. In addition: Businesses with qualified financial managers are more likely to switch than businesses without qualified financial managers. This suggests that a lack of financial acumen could be a barrier to switching. Start-ups are 3 times less likely to have switched than established businesses (most likely, because they have not been around long enough to make a switch). However, start-ups are twice as likely, as established firms, to be considering switching. High growth businesses are 3 times more likely to have switched than slow growing businesses. Among switchers, the reasons for switching are because: The business was attracted by better borrowing terms and/or charges at their current bank (1 in 4 switches). The business felt compelled to change banks because they had been refused finance at their previous bank (fewer than 1 in 20 switches). The business was offered better services/facilities at their current bank and/or were generally dissatisfied with the service at their previous bank (more than 1 in 2 switches). The business was offered lower charges at their current bank (1 in 7 switches). The business was offered lower borrowing rates at their current bank (1 in 10 switches). Switching, it appears, is more sensitive to dissatisfaction with service than charges or borrowing rates. Regarding the ease of switching, the majority of switchers rate the process as being easy (the median score is 8, on a scale of 1 extremely difficult to 10 extremely easy) A potentially significant barrier to new suppliers of banking services is if they need to offer customers a local branch network. In this context, we look at the most frequently used method of doing business with the main bank. The results here show that: Visiting a branch is the most frequent method of banking among all SMEs, and businesses with fewer than 10 employees. Telephone banking is the most frequent method of banking among businesses with employees Internet banking is used by around 1 in 7 SMEs. 16

18 This figure is higher than 1 in 4 for larger SMEs ( employees) and is more popular than visiting a branch. Overall these results suggest that technology, facilitating distance banking, could have a beneficial impact on competition for larger SMEs (by circumventing the need for new entrants to provide customers with a local branch network). However, having access to a local branch remains important for smaller businesses. The key results from the analyses of specific finances (Sections 7-15) are as follows: Section 7: Deposit Accounts The average amount held on deposit by SMEs is 61,000 (± 14,000). The following motives for holding deposits are reported: A transactions motive (e.g., to meet day to day requirements or to fund a specific project ) is reported by more than 1 in 3 businesses holding deposits. A precautionary motive is reported by almost 1 in 3 businesses holding deposits ( buffer against a rainy day ). An asset motive ( to earn extra interest ) is reported by more than 1 in 4 businesses holding deposits. Section 8: Term Loans and Overdrafts The average amount outstanding on all term loans is 88,000 (± 20,000). The average size, of the largest individual term loan, is just under 100,000. Only 38% of largest term loans are secured. These loans have an average size of 148, % of largest term loans are unsecured. These loans have an average size of just under 70,000. Start-ups have smaller term loans than established businesses ( 61,000 versus 103,000). This result is robust when controlling for other business characteristics. There are no significant differences in the size of term loans by gender, ethnicity or growth rate. The main purposes of the largest term loan are to fund: Premises (28% of businesses). Working capital (16% of businesses). Motor vehicles (15% of businesses). Equipment (9% of businesses). Looking at the analysis of overdrafts: The average amount overdrawn is just over 21,000 (± 9,000). The average secured overdraft limit is 83,000. These overdrafts account for 27% of all overdrafts. The average unsecured overdraft limit is just under 20,000. These overdrafts account for 70% of all overdrafts. 17

19 Ethnic minority owned businesses have significantly lower overdraft limits than white owned businesses ( 18,000 versus 35,000). Start ups have significantly lower overdraft limits than established firms ( 7,000 versus 35,000). The main purposes of having an overdraft facility are: To fund working capital (50% of businesses) As a safety net (34% of businesses) To ease pressure on cash-flow (4% of businesses). Looking at margins on bank debt, for term loans: The median margin is about 2 points over Base. The bulk of margins for businesses with no employees lie between 0 and 3 points over Base. For businesses with employees, most margins lie between 1.5 and 2.5 points over Base. There are very few instances of margins exceeding 5 points over Base. The margin data for overdrafts indicates that: The median margin is about 2 points over (Bank of England) Base. This figure is closer to 1 point over Base for medium-sized firms ( employees). The bulk of margins lie between 0 and 2 points over Base. There are very few instances of margins exceeding 5 points over Base. Comparing margins for different types of business we find that: Very long financial relationships tend to reduce margins relative to intermediate relationships. Majority female-owned businesses pay significantly higher margins on term loans than male-owned businesses (2.9 versus 1.9 percentage points over Base). This result is robust when controlling for business and loan characteristics. Ethnic-minority owned businesses pay significantly lower margins on term loans than white-owned businesses (1.2 versus 2.3 percentage points over Base). Again, this result is robust when controlling for business and loan characteristics. There are no significant differences, in either overdraft or term loan margins, by business age or growth rate. Also, switching banks, or using multiple providers, does not appear to increase the cost of borrowing. An estimated 5% of businesses failed to make one or more of the payments due on their loan in the last 12 months. Section 9: Asset Finance (Leasing and Hire-Purchase) Analysis of the types of asset finance used indicates that: About 1 in 3 use leasing only. 3 in 5 use hire-purchase only. 18

20 Less than 1 in 10 use both leasing and hire-purchase. The incidence of using both forms of asset finance increases with firm size: almost 1 in 4 medium-sized firms ( employees), using asset finance, have both forms. Regarding the amounts of these finances used The average monthly repayment on leasing and/or hire-purchase is just over 3,000. This represents total monthly repayments of 2 billion. Ethnic minority owned businesses make significantly lower monthly repayments than white owned businesses ( 709 versus 3,123). This result is robust when controlling for other business characteristics. Looking at the purposes of asset finance: 72% of businesses use it to pay for vehicles. 11% of businesses use it to pay for computer equipment. 9% of businesses use it to pay for machinery. About 1.5% of asset finance users failed to make at least one re-payment in the last year. Section 10: Asset Based Finance (Factoring, Invoice Discounting and Stock Finance) Analysis of the types of asset based finance used indicates that: More than a half use invoice discounting. 2 in 5 use factoring. 1 in 20 use stock finance. Large numbers of businesses don t know the type of asset-based finance being used. Looking specifically at invoice finance (invoice discounting and factoring): The average amount advanced per month is estimated to be 146,000. The estimated total advanced is just under 8 billion. The main purposes of using invoice finance are to: Fund working capital (2 in 3 businesses). Fund business expansion and acquisition (1 in 4 businesses). Section 11: Credit Cards The average amount charged to personal credit cards is estimated to be 433 per month. This represents a total monthly expenditure of 450 million. Business credit cards accrue estimated monthly expenditures of over 1,100. This amounts to a total of 1.4 billion per month. Regarding the purposes of credit card expenditures: The reasons for using credit cards are very similar across personal and business credit cards. 19