Adopted by the Committee on Corporate Laws of the Section of Business Law with support of the American Bar Foundation

Transcription

1 MODEL BUSINESS CORPORATION ACT 3 rd Edition OFFICIAL TEXT Revised through 2002 Adopted by the Committee on Corporate Laws of the Section of Business Law with support of the American Bar Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 General Provisions Incorporation Purposes and Powers Name Office and Agent Shares and Distributions Shareholders Directors and Officers Domestication and Conversion Amendment of Articles of Incorporation and Bylaws Mergers and Share Exchanges Disposition of Assets Appraisal Rights Dissolution Foreign Corporations Records and Reports Transition Provisions The official text of the Act with official comment and statutory cross-references is available from the ABA in the Model Business Corporation Act. The official text of the Act with official comment, statutory cross-references, and extensive annotation is available from the ABA in the Model Business Corporation Act Annotated. 1

2 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS Subchapter A. SHORT TITLE AND RESERVATION OF POWER Short title Reservation of power to amend or repeal Subchapter B. FILING DOCUMENTS Requirements for documents; extrinsic facts Forms Filing, service, and copying fees Effective time and date of document Correcting filed document Filing duty of secretary of state Appeal from secretary of state s refusal to file document Evidentiary effect of copy of filed document Certificate of existence Penalty for signing false document Subchapter C. SECRETARY OF STATE Powers Subchapter D. DEFINITIONS Act definitions Notice Number of shareholders Subchapter A. SHORT TITLE AND RESERVATION OF POWER SHORT TITLE This Act shall be known and may be cited as the [name of state] Business Corporation Act. Application of Act to existing domestic corporation, see Application of Act to qualified existing foreign corporation, see Close corporations, see Model Statutory Close Corporation Supplement. Effective date of Act, see Professional corporations, see Model Professional Corporation Supplement. Saving provisions, see

3 1.02. RESERVATION OF POWER TO AMEND OR REPEAL The [name of state legislature] has power to amend or repeal all or part of this Act at any time and all domestic and foreign corporations subject to this Act are governed by the amendment or repeal. Application of Act to existing domestic corporation, see Application of Act to existing qualified foreign corporation, see Effective date of Act, see Saving provisions, see Subchapter B. FILING DOCUMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR DOCUMENTS; EXTRINSIC FACTS (a) A document must satisfy the requirements of this section, and of any other section that adds to or varies these requirements, to be entitled to filing by the secretary of state. (b) This Act must require or permit filing the document in the office of the secretary of state. (c) The document must contain the information required by this Act. It may contain other information as well. (d) The document must be typewritten or printed or, if electronically transmitted, it must be in a format that can be retrieved or reproduced in typewritten or printed form. (e) The document must be in the English language. A corporate name need not be in English if written in English letters or Arabic or Roman numerals, and the certificate of existence required of foreign corporations need not be in English if accompanied by a reasonably authenticated English translation. (f) The document must be executed: (1) by the chairman of the board of directors of a domestic or foreign corporation, by its president, or by another of its officers; (2) if directors have not been selected or the corporation has not been formed, by an incorporator; or (3) if the corporation is in the hands of a receiver, trustee, or other court-appointed fiduciary, by that fiduciary. (g) The person executing the document shall sign it and state beneath or opposite his signature his name and the capacity in which he signs. The document may but need not contain a corporate seal, attestation, acknowledgment or verification. 3

4 (h) If the secretary of state has prescribed a mandatory form for the document under section 1.21, the document must be in or on the prescribed form. (i) The document must be delivered to the office of the secretary of state for filing. Delivery may be made by electronic transmission if and to the extent permitted by the secretary of state. If it is filed in typewritten or printed form and not transmitted electronically, the secretary of state may require one exact or conformed copy to be delivered with the document (except as provided in sections 5.03 and 15.09). (j) When the document is delivered to the office of the secretary of state for filing, the correct filing fee, and any franchise tax, license fee, or penalty required to be paid therewith by this Act or other law must be paid or provision for payment made in a manner permitted by the secretary of state. (k) Whenever a provision of this Act permits any of the terms of a plan or a filed document to be dependent on facts objectively ascertainable outside the plan or filed document, the following provisions apply: (1) The manner in which the facts will operate upon the terms of the plan or filed document shall be set forth in the plan or filed document. (2) The facts may include, but are not limited to: (i) any of the following that is available in a nationally recognized news or information medium either in print or electronically: statistical or market indices, market prices of any security or group of securities, interest rates, currency exchange rates, or similar economic or financial data; (ii) a determination or action by any person or body, including the corporation or any other party to a plan or filed document; or (iii) the terms of, or actions taken under, an agreement to which the corporation is a party, or any other agreement or document. (3) As used in this subsection: (i) filed document means a document filed with the secretary of state under any provision of this Act except chapter 15 or section 16.21; and (ii) plan means a plan of domestication, nonprofit conversion, entity conversion, merger or share exchange. (4) The following provisions of a plan or filed document may not be made dependent on facts outside the plan or filed document: (i) The name and address of any person required in a filed document. (ii) The registered office of any entity required in a filed document. (iii) The registered agent of any entity required in a filed document. (iv) The number of authorized shares and designation of each class or series of shares. (v) The effective date of a filed document. (vi) Any required statement in a filed document of the date on which the underlying transaction was approved or the manner in which that approval was given. 4

5 (5) If a provision of a filed document is made dependent on a fact ascertainable outside of the filed document, and that fact is not ascertainable by reference to a source described in subsection (k)(2)(i) or a document that is a matter of public record, or the affected shareholders have not received notice of the fact from the corporation, then the corporation shall file with the secretary of state articles of amendment setting forth the fact promptly after the time when the fact referred to is first ascertainable or thereafter changes. Articles of amendment under this subsection (k)(5) are deemed to be authorized by the authorization of the original filed document or plan to which they relate and may be filed by the corporation without further action by the board of directors or the shareholders. Certificate of existence for foreign corporation, see Corporate name, see ch. 4, Section Correcting filed document, see Deliver, see Effective time and date of filing, see Electronic transmission, see Filing fees, see Forms, see Penalty for filing false document, see Secretary of corporation, see Secretary of state s filing duty, see Sign, see Terms of classes or series of shares, see 6.02(d). Terms of merger, see 11.02(d). Terms of share exchange, see 11.03(d) FORMS (a) The secretary of state may prescribe and furnish on request forms for: (1) an application for a certificate of existence, (2) a foreign corporation s application for a certificate of authority to transact business in this state, (3) a foreign corporation s application for a certificate of withdrawal, and (4) the annual report. If the secretary of state so requires, use of these forms is mandatory. (b) The secretary of state may prescribe and furnish on request forms for other documents required or permitted to be filed by this Act but their use is not mandatory. Annual report, see Application for certificate of authority, see Application for certificate of withdrawal, see Certificate of existence, see Effective time and date of filing, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see

6 1.22. FILING, SERVICE, AND COPYING FEES (a) The secretary of state shall collect the following fees when the documents described in this subsection are delivered to him for filing: Document Fee (1) Articles of incorporation $. (2) Application for use of indistinguishable name $. (3) Application for reserved name $. (4) Notice of transfer of reserved name $. (5) Application for registered name $. (6) Application for renewal of registered name $. (7) Corporation s statement of change of registered agent or registered office or both $. (8) Agent s statement of change of registered office for each affected corporation not to exceed a total of. $. (9) Agent s statement of resignation No fee. (9A) Articles of domestication $. (9B) Articles of charter surrender $. (9C) Articles of nonprofit conversion $. (9D) Articles of domestication and conversion $. (9E) Articles of entity conversion $. (10) Amendment of articles of incorporation $. (11) Restatement of articles of incorporation with amendment of articles $. (12) Articles of merger or share exchange $. (13) Articles of dissolution $. (14) Articles of revocation of dissolution $. (15) Certificate of administrative dissolution No fee. (16) Application for reinstatement following administrative dissolution $. (17) Certificate of reinstatement No fee. (18) Certificate of judicial dissolution No fee. (19) Application for certificate of authority $. (20) Application for amended certificate of authority $. (21) Application for certificate of withdrawal $. (21A) Application for transfer of authority $. (22) Certificate of revocation of authority to transact business No fee. (23) Annual report $. (24) Articles of correction $. (25) Application for certificate of existence or authorization $. (26) Any other document required or permitted to be filed by this Act $. 6

7 (b) The secretary of state shall collect a fee of $ each time process is served on him under this Act. The party to a proceeding causing service of process is entitled to recover this fee as costs if he prevails in the proceeding. (c) The secretary of state shall collect the following fees for copying and certifying the copy of any filed document relating to a domestic or foreign corporation: (1) $ a page for copying; and (2) $ for the certificate. Agent s change of registered office, see Agent s resignation, see Amended certificate of authority, see Amendment of articles of incorporation, see 6.03, 6.31, 10.06, Annual report, see Certificate of authority, see Certificate of withdrawal, see Corporation s change of registered agent or office, see Correction, see Dissolution: administrative, see judicial, see reinstatement, see revocation, see voluntary, see & Evidentiary effect of certified copy, see Existence, see Incorporation, see Merger, see Name of corporation, see Registered name, see Renewal of registered name, see Reserved name, see Restatement of articles of incorporation, see Revocation of certificate of authority, see Service on secretary of state, see 11.07, 15.20, Share exchange, see Transfer of registered name, see

8 1.23. EFFECTIVE TIME AND DATE OF DOCUMENT (a) Except as provided in subsection (b) and section 1.24(c), a document accepted for filing is effective: (1) at the date and time of filing, as evidenced by such means as the secretary of state may use for the purpose of recording the date and time of filing; or (2) at the time specified in the document as its effective time on the date it is filed. (b) A document may specify a delayed effective time and date, and if it does so the document becomes effective at the time and date specified. If a delayed effective date but no time is specified, the document is effective at the close of business on that date. A delayed effective date for a document may not be later than the 90th day after the date it is filed. Effective date: amendment or restatement of articles of incorporation, see merger or share exchange, see voluntary dissolution, see Filing duty of secretary of state, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see CORRECTING FILED DOCUMENT (a) A domestic or foreign corporation may correct a document filed by the secretary of state if (1) the document contains an inaccuracy, or (2) the document was defectively executed, attested, sealed, verified or acknowledged, or (3) the electronic transmission was defective. (b) A document is corrected: (1) by preparing articles of correction that (i) describe the document (including its filing date) or attach a copy of it to the articles, (ii) specify the inaccuracy or defect to be corrected, and (iii) correct the inaccuracy or defect; and (2) by delivering the articles to the secretary of state for filing. (c) Articles of correction are effective on the effective date of the document they correct except as to persons relying on the uncorrected document and adversely affected by the correction. As to those persons, articles of correction are effective when filed. 8

9 Deliver, see Effective time and date of filing, see Electronic transmission, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see FILING DUTY OF SECRETARY OF STATE (a) If a document delivered to the office of the secretary of state for filing satisfies the requirements of section 1.20, the secretary of state shall file it. (b) The secretary of state files a document by recording it as filed on the date and time of receipt. After filing a document, except as provided in sections 5.03 and 15.10, the secretary of state shall deliver to the domestic or foreign corporation or its representative a copy of the document with an acknowledgement of the date and time of filing. (c) If the secretary of state refuses to file a document, he shall return it to the domestic or foreign corporation or its representative within five days after the document was delivered, together with a brief, written explanation of the reason for his refusal. (d) The secretary of state s duty to file documents under this section is ministerial. His filing or refusing to file a document does not: (1) affect the validity or invalidity of the document in whole or part; (2) relate to the correctness or incorrectness of information contained in the document; (3) create a presumption that the document is valid or invalid or that information contained in the document is correct or incorrect. Appeal from rejection of document, see Deliver, see Effective time and date of filing, see Filing requirements: fees, see generally, see resignation of registered agent, see 5.03 & service on foreign corporation, see Powers of secretary of state, see

10 1.26. APPEAL FROM SECRETARY OF STATE S REFUSAL TO FILE DOCUMENT (a) If the secretary of state refuses to file a document delivered to his office for filing, the domestic or foreign corporation may appeal the refusal within 30 days after the return of the document to the [name or describe] court [of the county where the corporation s principal office (or, if none in this state, its registered office) is or will be located] [of county]. The appeal is commenced by petitioning the court to compel filing the document and by attaching to the petition the document and the secretary of state s explanation of his refusal to file. (b) The court may summarily order the secretary of state to file the document or take other action the court considers appropriate. (c) The court s final decision may be appealed as in other civil proceedings. Deliver, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see Principal office : defined, see designated in annual report, see Registered office: designated in annual report, see requirement, see 2.02 & Secretary of state s filing duty, see EVIDENTIARY EFFECT OF COPY OF FILED DOCUMENT A certificate from the secretary of state delivered with a copy of a document filed by the secretary of state, is conclusive evidence that the original document is on file with the secretary of state. Certifying fee, see Forms, see Secretary of state s filing duty, see CERTIFICATE OF EXISTENCE (a) Anyone may apply to the secretary of state to furnish a certificate of existence for a domestic corporation or a certificate of authorization for a foreign corporation. 10

11 (b) A certificate of existence or authorization sets forth: (1) the domestic corporation s corporate name or the foreign corporation s corporate name used in this state; (2) that (i) the domestic corporation is duly incorporated under the law of this state, the date of its incorporation, and the period of its duration if less than perpetual; or (ii) that the foreign corporation is authorized to transact business in this state; (3) that all fees, taxes, and penalties owed to this state have been paid, if (i) payment is reflected in the records of the secretary of state and (ii) nonpayment affects the existence or authorization of the domestic or foreign corporation; (4) that its most recent annual report required by section has been delivered to the secretary of state; (5) that articles of dissolution have not been filed; and (6) other facts of record in the office of the secretary of state that may be requested by the applicant. (c) Subject to any qualification stated in the certificate, a certificate of existence or authorization issued by the secretary of state may be relied upon as conclusive evidence that the domestic or foreign corporation is in existence or is authorized to transact business in this state. Certificate of existence for nonqualified foreign corporation, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see Forms, see Principal office : defined, see designated in annual report, see Registered office: designated in annual report, see requirement, see 2.02, 5.01, PENALTY FOR SIGNING FALSE DOCUMENT (a) A person commits an offense if he signs a document he knows is false in any material respect with intent that the document be delivered to the secretary of state for filing. (b) An offense under this section is a [ ] misdemeanor [punishable by a fine of not to exceed $ ]. 11

12 Deliver, see Judicial dissolution, see Revocation of certificate of authority of foreign corporation, see Sign, see Subchapter C. SECRETARY OF STATE POWERS The secretary of state has the power reasonably necessary to perform the duties required of him by this Act. Administrative dissolution, see Judicial dissolution, see Revocation of certificate of authority of foreign corporation, see Secretary of state s filing duty, see Subchapter D. DEFINITIONS ACT DEFINITIONS In this Act: (1) Articles of incorporation means the original articles of incorporation, all amendments thereof, and any other documents permitted or required to be filed by a domestic business corporation with the secretary of state under any provision of this Act except section If an amendment of the articles or any other document filed under this Act restates the articles in their entirety, thenceforth the articles shall not include any prior documents. (2) Authorized shares means the shares of all classes a domestic or foreign corporation is authorized to issue. (3) Conspicuous means so written that a reasonable person against whom the writing is to operate should have noticed it. For example, printing in italics or boldface or contrasting color, or typing in capitals or underlined, is conspicuous. (4) Corporation, domestic corporation or domestic business corporation means a corporation for profit, which is not a foreign corporation, incorporated under or subject to the provisions of this Act. (5) Deliver or delivery means any method of delivery used in conventional commercial practice, including delivery by hand, mail, commercial delivery, and electronic transmission. 12

13 (6) Distribution means a direct or indirect transfer of money or other property (except its own shares) or incurrence of indebtedness by a corporation to or for the benefit of its shareholders in respect of any of its shares. A distribution may be in the form of a declaration or payment of a dividend; a purchase, redemption, or other acquisition of shares; a distribution of indebtedness; or otherwise. (6A) Domestic unincorporated entity means an unincorporated entity whose internal affairs are governed by the laws of this state. (7) Effective date of notice is defined in section (7A) Electronic transmission or electronically transmitted means any process of communication not directly involving the physical transfer of paper that is suitable for the retention, retrieval, and reproduction of information by the recipient. (7B) Eligible entity means a domestic or foreign unincorporated entity or a domestic or foreign nonprofit corporation. (7C) Eligible interests means interests or memberships. (8) Employee includes an officer but not a director. A director may accept duties that make him also an employee. (9) Entity includes domestic and foreign business corporation; domestic and foreign nonprofit corporation; estate; trust; domestic and foreign unincorporated entity; and state, United States, and foreign government. (9A) The phrase facts objectively ascertainable outside of a filed document or plan is defined in section 1.20(k). (9B) Filing entity means an unincorporated entity that is of a type that is created by filing a public organic document. (10) Foreign corporation means a corporation incorporated under a law other than the law of this state; which would be a business corporation if incorporated under the laws of this state. (10A) Foreign nonprofit corporation means a corporation incorporated under a law other than the law of this state, which would be a nonprofit corporation if incorporated under the laws of this state. (10B) Foreign unincorporated entity means an unincorporated entity whose internal affairs are governed by an organic law of a jurisdiction other than this state. (11) Governmental subdivision includes authority, county, district, and municipality. (12) Includes denotes a partial definition. (13) Individual means a natural person. (13A) Interest means either or both of the following rights under the organic law of an unincorporated entity: (i) the right to receive distributions from the entity either in the ordinary course or upon liquidation; or (ii) the right to receive notice or vote on issues involving its internal affairs, other than as an agent, assignee, proxy or person responsible for managing its business and affairs. (13B) Interest holder means a person who holds of record an interest. (14) Means denotes an exhaustive definition. (14A) Membership means the rights of a member in a domestic or foreign nonprofit corporation. (14B) Nonfiling entity means an unincorporated entity that is of a type that is not created by filing a public organic document. 13

14 (14C) Nonprofit corporation or domestic nonprofit corporation means a corporation incorporated under the laws of this state and subject to the provisions of the Model Nonprofit Corporation Act. (15) Notice is defined in section (15A) Organic document means a public organic document or a private organic document. (15B) Organic law means the statute governing the internal affairs of a domestic or foreign business or nonprofit corporation or unincorporated entity. (15C) Owner liability means personal liability for a debt, obligation or liability of a domestic or foreign business or nonprofit corporation or unincorporated entity that is imposed on a person: (i) solely by reason of the person s status as a shareholder, member or interest holder; or (ii) by the articles of incorporation, bylaws or an organic document under a provision of the organic law of an entity authorizing the articles of incorporation, bylaws or an organic document to make one or more specified shareholders, members or interest holders liable in their capacity as shareholders, members or interest holders for all or specified debts, obligations or liabilities of the entity. (16) Person includes an individual and an entity. (17) Principal office means the office (in or out of this state) so designated in the annual report where the principal executive offices of a domestic or foreign corporation are located. (17A) Private organic document means any document (other than the public organic document, if any) that determines the internal governance of an unincorporated entity. Where a private organic document has been amended or restated, the term means the private organic document as last amended or restated. (17B) Public organic document means the document, if any, that is filed of public record to create an unincorporated entity. Where a public organic document has been amended or restated, the term means the public organic document as last amended or restated. (18) Proceeding includes civil suit and criminal, administrative, and investigatory action. (19) Record date means the date established under chapter 6 or 7 on which a corporation determines the identity of its shareholders and their shareholdings for purposes of this Act. The determinations shall be made as of the close of business on the record date unless another time for doing so is specified when the record date is fixed. (20) Secretary means the corporate officer to whom the board of directors has delegated responsibility under section 8.40(c) for custody of the minutes of the meetings of the board of directors and of the shareholders and for authenticating records of the corporation. (21) Shareholder means the person in whose name shares are registered in the records of a corporation or the beneficial owner of shares to the extent of the rights granted by a nominee certificate on file with a corporation. (22) Shares means the units into which the proprietary interests in a corporation are divided. (22A) Sign or signature includes any manual, facsimile, conformed or electronic signature. (23) State, when referring to a part of the United States, includes a state and commonwealth (and their agencies and governmental subdivisions) and a territory and insular possession (and their agencies and governmental subdivisions) of the United States. (24) Subscriber means a person who subscribes for shares in a corporation, whether before or after incorporation. 14

15 (24A) Unincorporated entity means an organization or artificial legal person that either has a separate legal existence or has the power to acquire an estate in real property in its own name and that is not any of the following: a domestic or foreign business or nonprofit corporation, an estate, a trust, a state, the United States, or a foreign government. The term includes a general partnership, limited liability company, limited partnership, business trust, joint stock association and incorporated nonprofit association. (25) United States includes district, authority, bureau, commission, department, and any other agency of the United States. (26) Voting group means all shares of one or more classes or series that under the articles of incorporation or this Act are entitled to vote and be counted together collectively on a matter at a meeting of shareholders. All shares entitled by the articles of incorporation or this Act to vote generally on the matter are for that purpose a single voting group. (27) Voting power means the current power to vote in the election of directors. Annual report, see Nominee certificate, see Special definitions: affiliate, see beneficial shareholder, see conflicting interest or director s conflicting interest, see corporation, see 8.50 & derivative proceeding, see disinterested director, see expenses, see fair value, see interest, see interests, see liability, see merger, see officer, see official capacity, see organizational documents, see other entity, see outstanding shares, see party, see party to a merger, or party to a share exchange see Section preferred shares, see proceeding, see professional corporation, see Model Professional Corporation Supplement. record shareholder, see related person, see required disclosure, see senior executive, see share exchange, see shares, see 6.27 &

16 shareholder, see 7.40 & statutory close corporation, see Model Statutory Close Corporation Supplement. survivor, see time of commitment, see NOTICE (a) Notice under this Act must be in writing unless oral notice is reasonable under the circumstances. Notice by electronic transmission is written notice. (b) Notice may be communicated in person; by mail or other method of delivery; or by telephone, voice mail or other electronic means. If these forms of personal notice are impracticable, notice may be communicated by a newspaper of general circulation in the area where published, or by radio, television, or other form of public broadcast communication. (c) Written notice by a domestic or foreign corporation to its shareholder, if in a comprehensible form, is effective (i) upon deposit in the United States mail, if mailed postpaid and correctly addressed to the shareholder s address shown in the corporation s current record of shareholders, or (ii) when electronically transmitted to the shareholder in a manner authorized by the shareholder. (d) Written notice to a domestic or foreign corporation (authorized to transact business in this state) may be addressed to its registered agent at its registered office or to the corporation or its secretary at its principal office shown in its most recent annual report or, in the case of a foreign corporation that has not yet delivered an annual report, in its application for a certificate of authority. (e) Except as provided in subsection (c), written notice, if in a comprehensible form, is effective at the earliest of the following: (1) when received; (2) five days after its deposit in the United States Mail, if mailed postpaid and correctly addressed; (3) on the date shown on the return receipt, if sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, and the receipt is signed by or on behalf of the addressee. (f) Oral notice is effective when communicated, if communicated in a comprehensible manner. (g) If this Act prescribes notice requirements for particular circumstances, those requirements govern. If articles of incorporation or bylaws prescribe notice requirements, not inconsistent with this section or other provisions of this Act, those requirements govern. Annual report, see Application for certificate of authority, see Deliver, see Electronic transmission, see

17 Principal office : defined, see designated in annual report, see Record of shareholders, see Special notice requirements: derivative proceedings, see resignation of registered agent, see 5.03 & service on corporation, see 5.04 & NUMBER OF SHAREHOLDERS (a) For purposes of this Act, the following identified as a shareholder in a corporation s current record of shareholders constitutes one shareholder: (1) three or fewer co-owners; (2) a corporation, partnership, trust, estate, or other entity; (3) the trustees, guardians, custodians, or other fiduciaries of a single trust, estate, or account. (b) For purposes of this Act, shareholdings registered in substantially similar names constitute one shareholder if it is reasonable to believe that the names represent the same person. Board of directors, see Close corporations, see Model Statutory Close Corporation Supplement. Entity defined, see Record of shareholders, see 7.20 & Shareholder defined, see Voting trusts, see

18 CHAPTER 2 INCORPORATION Incorporators Articles of incorporation Incorporation Liability for preincorporation transactions Organization of corporation Bylaws Emergency bylaws INCORPORATORS One or more persons may act as the incorporator or incorporators of a corporation by delivering articles of incorporation to the secretary of state for filing. Articles of incorporation, see Deliver, see Effective time and date of filing, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see Organization of corporation by incorporators, see Person defined, see ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION (a) The articles of incorporation must set forth: (1) a corporate name for the corporation that satisfies the requirements of section 4.01; (2) the number of shares the corporation is authorized to issue; (3) the street address of the corporation s initial registered office and the name of its initial registered agent at that office; and (4) the name and address of each incorporator. 18

19 (b) The articles of incorporation may set forth: (1) the names and addresses of the individuals who are to serve as the initial directors; (2) provisions not inconsistent with law regarding: (i) the purpose or purposes for which the corporation is organized; (ii) managing the business and regulating the affairs of the corporation; (iii) defining, limiting, and regulating the powers of the corporation, its board of directors, and shareholders; (iv) a par value for authorized shares or classes of shares; (v) the imposition of personal liability on shareholders for the debts of the corporation to a specified extent and upon specified conditions; (3) any provision that under this Act is required or permitted to be set forth in the bylaws; (4) a provision eliminating or limiting the liability of a director to the corporation or its shareholders for money damages for any action taken, or any failure to take any action, as a director, except liability for (A) the amount of a financial benefit received by a director to which he is not entitled; (B) an intentional infliction of harm on the corporation or the shareholders; (C) a violation of section 8.33; or (D) an intentional violation of criminal law; and (5) a provision permitting or making obligatory indemnification of a director for liability (as defined in section 8.50(5)) to any person for any action taken, or any failure to take any action, as a director, except liability for (A) receipt of a financial benefit to which he is not entitled, (B) an intentional infliction of harm on the corporation or its shareholders, (C) a violation of section 8.33, or (D) an intentional violation of criminal law. (c) The articles of incorporation need not set forth any of the corporate powers enumerated in this Act. (d) Provisions of the articles of incorporation may be made dependent upon facts objectively ascertainable outside the articles of incorporation in accordance with section 1.20(k). Amendment of articles, see ch. 10A. Bylaws, see 2.06, 2.07, ch. 10B. Close corporations, see Model Statutory Close Corporation Supplement. Conflict of interest, see ch. 8F. Duration of corporate existence, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see Incorporators, see Indemnification, see ch. 8E. Liability defined, see 8.50(5). Liability of shareholders, see Powers, see Professional corporations, see Model Professional Corporation Supplement. Purposes, see Restated articles, see Share classes, see

20 2.03. INCORPORATION (a) Unless a delayed effective date is specified, the corporate existence begins when the articles of incorporation are filed. (b) The secretary of state s filing of the articles of incorporation is conclusive proof that the incorporators satisfied all conditions precedent to incorporation except in a proceeding by the state to cancel or revoke the incorporation or involuntarily dissolve the corporation. Corporations de facto, see Dissolution, see ch. 14. Duration, see Effective time and date of filing, see Filing fees, see Filing requirements, see Secretary of state s filing duty, see LIABILITY FOR PREINCORPORATION TRANSACTIONS All persons purporting to act as or on behalf of a corporation, knowing there was no incorporation under this Act, are jointly and severally liable for all liabilities created while so acting. Incorporation, see Person defined, see ORGANIZATION OF CORPORATION (a) After incorporation: (1) if initial directors are named in the articles of incorporation, the initial directors shall hold an organizational meeting, at the call of a majority of the directors, to complete the organization of the corporation by appointing officers, adopting bylaws, and carrying on any other business brought before the meeting; (2) if initial directors are not named in the articles, the incorporator or incorporators shall hold an organizational meeting at the call of a majority of the incorporators: (i) to elect directors and complete the organization of the corporation; or (ii) to elect a board of directors who shall complete the organization of the corporation. (b) Action required or permitted by this Act to be taken by incorporators at an organizational meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action taken is evidenced by one or more written consents describing the action taken and signed by each incorporator. 20

21 (c) An organizational meeting may be held in or out of this state. Articles of incorporation, see Bylaws, see 2.06 & Director action without meeting, see Incorporators, see BYLAWS (a) The incorporators or board of directors of a corporation shall adopt initial bylaws for the corporation. (b) The bylaws of a corporation may contain any provision for managing the business and regulating the affairs of the corporation that is not inconsistent with law or the articles of incorporation. Amendment, see 10.20, Directors: action without meeting, see committees, see election by shareholders, see emergency bylaws, see majority vote at meeting, see nominee registration of shares, see notice of meeting, see number, see participation in meeting, see qualifications, see quorum for meeting, see supermajority vote at meeting, see Officers: appointment, see duties, see Organizing corporation, see Record date, see Share transfer restrictions, see Shareholders meeting notice, see Shareholders meetings, see 7.01 & Shares without certificates, see Subscriptions, see Supermajority vote at shareholders meeting, see

22 2.07. EMERGENCY BYLAWS (a) Unless the articles of incorporation provide otherwise, the board of directors of a corporation may adopt bylaws to be effective only in an emergency defined in subsection (d). The emergency bylaws, which are subject to amendment or repeal by the shareholders, may make all provisions necessary for managing the corporation during the emergency, including: (1) procedures for calling a meeting of the board of directors; (2) quorum requirements for the meeting; and (3) designation of additional or substitute directors. (b) All provisions of the regular bylaws consistent with the emergency bylaws remain effective during the emergency. The emergency bylaws are not effective after the emergency ends. (c) Corporate action taken in good faith in accordance with the emergency bylaws: (1) binds the corporation; and (2) may not be used to impose liability on a corporate director, officer, employee, or agent. (d) An emergency exists for purposes of this section if a quorum of the corporation s directors cannot readily be assembled because of some catastrophic event. Amendment of bylaws, see 10.20, Bylaws generally, see Emergency powers without bylaw provision, see

23 CHAPTER 3 PURPOSES AND POWERS Purposes General powers Emergency powers Ultra vires PURPOSES (a) Every corporation incorporated under this Act has the purpose of engaging in any lawful business unless a more limited purpose is set forth in the articles of incorporation. (b) A corporation engaging in a business that is subject to regulation under another statute of this state may incorporate under this Act only if permitted by, and subject to all limitations of, the other statute. Foreign corporations, see Professional corporations, see Model Professional Corporation Supplement. Statement of purpose in articles, see GENERAL POWERS Unless its articles of incorporation provide otherwise, every corporation has perpetual duration and succession in its corporate name and has the same powers as an individual to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out its business and affairs, including without limitation power: (1) to sue and be sued, complain and defend in its corporate name; (2) to have a corporate seal, which may be altered at will, and to use it, or a facsimile of it, by impressing or affixing it or in any other manner reproducing it; (3) to make and amend bylaws, not inconsistent with its articles of incorporation or with the laws of this state, for managing the business and regulating the affairs of the corporation; (4) to purchase, receive, lease, or otherwise acquire, and own, hold, improve, use, and otherwise deal with, real or personal property, or any legal or equitable interest in property, wherever located; (5) to sell, convey, mortgage, pledge, lease, exchange, and otherwise dispose of all or any part of its property; 23

24 (6) to purchase, receive, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire; own, hold, vote, use, sell, mortgage, lend, pledge, or otherwise dispose of; and deal in and with shares or other interests in, or obligations of, any other entity; (7) to make contracts and guarantees, incur liabilities, borrow money, issue its notes, bonds, and other obligations (which may be convertible into or include the option to purchase other securities of the corporation), and secure any of its obligations by mortgage or pledge of any of its property, franchises, or income; (8) to lend money, invest and reinvest its funds, and receive and hold real and personal property as security for repayment; (9) to be a promoter, partner, member, associate, or manager of any partnership, joint venture, trust, or other entity; (10) to conduct its business, locate offices, and exercise the powers granted by this Act within or without this state; (11) to elect directors and appoint officers, employees, and agents of the corporation, define their duties, fix their compensation, and lend them money and credit; (12) to pay pensions and establish pension plans, pension trusts, profit sharing plans, share bonus plans, share option plans, and benefit or incentive plans for any or all of its current or former directors, officers, employees, and agents; (13) to make donations for the public welfare or for charitable, scientific, or educational purposes; (14) to transact any lawful business that will aid governmental policy; (15) to make payments or donations, or do any other act, not inconsistent with law, that furthers the business and affairs of the corporation. Bylaws, see 2.06, 2.07, Compensation of directors, see Disposition of assets, see ch. 12. Employee defined, see Entity defined, see Foreign corporations, see Indemnification, see ch. 8E. State defined, see Ultra vires, see

25 3.03. EMERGENCY POWERS (a) In anticipation of or during an emergency defined in subsection (d), the board of directors of a corporation may: (1) modify lines of succession to accommodate the incapacity of any director, officer, employee, or agent; and (2) relocate the principal office, designate alternative principal offices or regional offices, or authorize the officers to do so. (b) During an emergency defined in subsection (d), unless emergency bylaws provide otherwise: (1) notice of a meeting of the board of directors need be given only to those directors whom it is practicable to reach and may be given in any practicable manner, including by publication and radio; and (2) one or more officers of the corporation present at a meeting of the board of directors may be deemed to be directors for the meeting, in order of rank and within the same rank in order of seniority, as necessary to achieve a quorum. (c) Corporate action taken in good faith during an emergency under this section to further the ordinary business affairs of the corporation: (1) binds the corporation; and (2) may not be used to impose liability on a corporate director, officer, employee, or agent. (d) An emergency exists for purposes of this section if a quorum of the corporation s directors cannot readily be assembled because of some catastrophic event. Corporate powers, see Emergency bylaws, see Notice defined, see Notice of directors meeting, see Principal office defined, see ULTRA VIRES (a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the validity of corporate action may not be challenged on the ground that the corporation lacks or lacked power to act. (b) A corporation s power to act may be challenged: (1) in a proceeding by a shareholder against the corporation to enjoin the act; (2) in a proceeding by the corporation, directly, derivatively, or through a receiver, trustee, or other legal representative, against an incumbent or former director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation; or (3) in a proceeding by the attorney general under section

26 (c) In a shareholder s proceeding under subsection (b)(1) to enjoin an unauthorized corporate act, the court may enjoin or set aside the act, if equitable and if all affected persons are parties to the proceeding, and may award damages for loss (other than anticipated profits) suffered by the corporation or another party because of enjoining the unauthorized act. Corporate powers, see Corporate purposes, see Derivative proceedings, see ch. 7D. Director standards of conduct, see 8.30, Dissolution, see ch. 14. Employee defined, see Proceeding defined, see

27 CHAPTER 4 NAME Corporate name Reserved name Registered name CORPORATE NAME (a) A corporate name: (1) must contain the word corporation, incorporated, company, or limited, or the abbreviation corp., inc., co., or ltd., or words or abbreviations of like import in another language; and (2) may not contain language stating or implying that the corporation is organized for a purpose other than that permitted by section 3.01 and its articles of incorporation. (b) Except as authorized by subsections (c) and (d), a corporate name must be distinguishable upon the records of the secretary of state from: (1) the corporate name of a corporation incorporated or authorized to transact business in this state; (2) a corporate name reserved or registered under section 4.02 or 4.03; (3) the fictitious name adopted by a foreign corporation authorized to transact business in this state because its real name is unavailable; and (4) the corporate name of a not-for-profit corporation incorporated or authorized to transact business in this state. (c) A corporation may apply to the secretary of state for authorization to use a name that is not distinguishable upon his records from one or more of the names described in subsection (b). The secretary of state shall authorize use of the name applied for if: (1) the other corporation consents to the use in writing and submits an undertaking in form satisfactory to the secretary of state to change its name to a name that is distinguishable upon the records of the secretary of state from the name of the applying corporation; or (2) the applicant delivers to the secretary of state a certified copy of the final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction establishing the applicant s right to use the name applied for in this state. (d) A corporation may use the name (including the fictitious name) of another domestic or foreign corporation that is used in this state if the other corporation is incorporated or authorized to transact business in this state and the proposed user corporation (1) has merged with the other corporation; (2) has been formed by reorganization of the other corporation; or (3) has acquired all or substantially all of the assets, including the corporate name, of the other corporation. 27