Ohio Air Quality 2011

Transcription

1 September 22 Ohio Air Quality 2 Division of Air Pollution Control John R. Kasich, Governor Mary Taylor, Lt. Governor Scott J. Nally, Director

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3 STATE OF OHIO AIR QUALITY CALENDAR YEAR 2 PREPARED BY AIR QUALITY AND ANALYSIS UNIT DIVISION OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OHIO ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

4 Our Mailing address is: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control PO Box 49 Columbus, OH And we are located at: Ohio EPA, Division of Air Pollution Control 5 West Town Street, Suite 7 Columbus, OH 4325 Ohio EPA s web address is: The Ohio EPA s general phone number is: (64) The Division of Air Pollution Control phone number is: (64)

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY A. General Review 2 air quality data are summarized for the seven criteria pollutants: particulate matter less than microns in diameter (PM ) and particulate matter less than 2.5 microns in diameter (PM 2.5 ), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O 3 ), and lead (Pb). Data are also summarized for total suspended particulates (TSP). A section discussing Toxics monitoring projects conducted in 2 is included. Trend studies are presented for three criteria pollutants: SO 2, CO, and O 3. Precision and accuracy data gathered through the quality assurance programs are also included. B. Discussion of Violations Violations of multiple-year, annual and short term air quality standards by county and pollutant are shown in Figures 3 through 8 and in Table 3. C. Conclusions. In 2 there were 36 PM monitoring sites and 45 PM 2.5 monitoring sites with 95 monitors 63 of which are Federal Reference Monitors, 25 continuous (5 of which are Federal Equivalent Monitors), and 4 speciation. In 987 there were 3 PM and no PM 2.5 monitoring sites. Nearly all monitoring for particulate matter is conducted using PM and PM 2.5 samplers. Monitoring for TSP has essentially been i

6 discontinued. During 2, 9 TSP sites reported data, down from 27 sites in 987. Of those 9 sites all are monitoring for lead or other metals and also report TSP data. 2. Sulfur dioxide levels in urban areas have dropped an average of 56.7% in the last ten years. There were no violations of the 3-Hour, 24-Hour or annual SO 2 air quality standards in 2. There are four counties that are in violation of the -Hour standard (29-2). 3. No overall trend is indicated for the past several years for carbon monoxide. Figure 23 shows individual urban area trends. 4. The relatively high lead concentrations sampled in Fulton and Cuyahoga Counties are the result of industrial source monitoring. 5. Twenty-five counties are monitoring attainment of the.75 ppm eight hour ozone standard. There are eight counties with monitored non-attainment based on data for 29 through 2. This report uses the ozone standard in effect during No violations of air quality standards for nitrogen dioxide were recorded in No air pollution alerts were declared in 2. D. The Ohio Network In 2 there were a total of 283 monitors at 26 sites reporting data. There were 3 carbon monoxide, 32 sulfur dioxide, 3 nitrogen dioxide, 52 ozone, 43 micron particulate (PM ), micron particulate monitors (PM 2.5 ) and 27 lead monitors. The only states with comparable or more monitors are California with 487, Texas with 36 and Pennsylvania with 297. ii

7 PAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... TABLE OF CONTENTS... LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES... TOXICS DATA TABLES... I. INTRODUCTION... II. SUMMARY OF 2 AIR QUALITY DATA... III. AIR QUALITY TRENDS IV. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM V. AIR QUALITY DATA FOR i iii Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)... 5 Particulate Matter <μm (PM ) Particulate Matter <2.5μm (PM 2.5 ) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Carbon Monoxide (CO) Ozone (O 3 ) Lead... 9 VI. AIR TOXICS MONITORING VII. AIR POLLUTION EPISODES AND THE AIR QUALITY INDEX VIII. MONITORING SITES IN Acronyms and Abbreviations Reporting Organizations iv v iii

8 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Page TABLE Air Quality Standards For the Criteria Pollutants... 6 TABLE 2 Ambient Air Monitoring Sites in Ohio... 9 TABLE 3 Violations of Air Quality Standards by County TABLE 4 Ohio SO 2 Trends TABLES 5- Precision and Accuracy Data for each Local Air Agency and District Office TABLE 2 Target Compound List For Canister Analysis.. 98 TABLE 3 AQI Values and Pollutant Concentrations TABLE 4 AQI by Category Totals MAPS FIGURE Map and Directory of District and Local Air Pollution Agencies... 7 FIGURE 2 Air Quality Control Regions in Ohio... 8 FIGURE 3 PM Highest Annual Average by County... FIGURE 4 PM 2 nd High 24-HR Concentration... 2 FIGURE 5 PM 2.5 Highest Annual Average by County... 3 FIGURE 6 PM th Percentile 24-HR Conc. by County... 4 FIGURE 7 PM Average of Annual Averages... 5 FIGURE 8 SO 2 Highest Annual Mean by County... 6 FIGURE 9 SO 2 2 nd Highest 24-HR Concentration by County 7 FIGURE SO 2 99 th Percentile -HR Conc. by County... 8 FIGURE CO 2 nd Highest 8-HR Concentration by County... 9 FIGURE 2 CO 2 nd Highest -HR Concentration by County... 2 FIGURE 3 NO 2 Highest Annual Mean by County... 2 FIGURE 4 NO 2 -Hour 98 th Percentile Average by County FIGURE 5 O 3 2 nd Highest -HR Concentration by County FIGURE 6 O 3 4 th Highest 8-HR Concentration by County Figure 7 O Avg. of 4 th High 8-Hr. Averages FIGURE 8 Lead Highest Three Month Mean by County GRAPHS FIGURE 9 SO 2 Trend Study Results FIGURE 2 Ozone Trend Study Results, -Hr Exceedances... 3 FIGURE 2 Ozone Trend Study Results, 8-Hr 4 th Highs FIGURE 22 Ozone Trend Study Results, 3-Yr Avg of 4 th Highs 33 FIGURE 23 CO Trend Study Results iv

9 TOXICS DATA TABLES Urban Air Toxics TABLE A Butler Co.... TABLE B Cuyahoga Co. (35-38)... 2 TABLE C Cuyahoga Co. (35-69)... 3 TABLE D Cuyahoga Co. (35-2)... 4 TABLE E Franklin Co TABLE F Jefferson Co Heavy Metals Data TABLE G Middletown (Lefferson Rd.)... TABLE H East Liverpool (Port Authority)... TABLE I East Liverpool (Waterplant)... TABLE J East Liverpool (Maryland Ave.)... TABLE K Cleveland (St. Tikhon)... 2 TABLE L Cleveland (Fire Station 4A)... 2 TABLE M Cleveland (Ferro)... 3 TABLE N Cleveland (Asphalt Plant A )... 3 TABLE O Cleveland (26565 Miles Rd.)... 4 TABLE P Columbus (Woodrow)... 4 TABLE Q NWDO (Fulton Co., Delta)... 5 TABLE R NWDO (Marion Co., Prospect)...5 TABLE S NWDO (Marion, West Fairgrounds)... 6 TABLE T Ottawa Co. (Brush Wellman)... 6 TABLE U SWDO (Logan Co., Bellefontaine)... 7 TABLE V Canton (Fire Station No. 8)...7 TABLE W M-TAPCA (Hubbard Twp.)... 8 TABLE X Washington Co. (Lancaster Rd.)... 8 TABLE Y Washington Co. (Victory Place)... 9 v

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11 I. INTRODUCTION A. General A variety of substances are generated and released into the atmosphere by a multitude of manmade and natural sources. Those substances that may affect public health and welfare are regarded as "air pollutants". The U.S. EPA has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to safeguard the public health and welfare from selected air pollutants. The pollutants for which standards have been promulgated are: Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Ozone (O 3 ), Lead (Pb), Particulate Matter microns (PM ) and Particulate Matter 2.5 microns (PM 2.5 ). The standards are ambient concentrations that are expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3 ) or parts per million (ppm) per duration ( hr., 3 hr., etc.) with a restriction (not to be exceeded or not to be exceeded more than once per year, etc.). Table shows the NAAQS in effect at the end of 2. In some cases, standards are separated into two parts: primary and secondary. The primary standard sets the level of air pollution above which human health is endangered. The secondary standard sets the level above which the welfare of citizens is endangered due to air pollution damage to crops, animals, vegetation and materials. This report contains a summary of measured high concentrations of the pollutants, selected statistics, including quality assurance of the data, and trend analyses for various areas in Ohio. A brief description of the pollutants, the sources from which the pollutants originate and the adverse health effects of the pollutants and the monitoring methods, precede the tabulated pollutant concentrations. Ambient air is usually defined as air that is accessible to the general public. The air that is within (over) the fenced in or guarded areas of facility property is not ambient. Data for this report were collected by Ohio EPA, local air pollution control agencies and private industry. An indication of the accuracy of data from each reporting organization is located in a separate section on Quality Assurance. B. Development of the Ohio Air Monitoring System Society's concern about air pollution brought about the first national law, the Clean Air Act of July 4, 955. This Act and its subsequent amendments first encouraged, and then authorized, grants to help finance the establishment of state and local air pollution control programs.

12 In 963, aided in part by this federal program, the Ohio Department of Health established the Ohio Air Sampling Network (OASN) with 2 monitoring sites. The OASN was designed to measure the levels of "Total Suspended Particulate" (TSP) throughout the state. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 97 mandated the promulgation of the NAAQS and delegated authority to develop plans for their attainment to the individual states. To oversee the provisions of this Act, the U.S. EPA was formed in February of 972 by Presidential Order. After proposing standards for the criteria air pollutants, the U.S. EPA worked with Ohio to set up the State Implementation Plan (SIP) which included a detailed air monitoring program for the original six criteria pollutants: TSP, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, lead and ozone. The SIP is a state's master plan for achievement of the NAAQS. The SIP contains detailed provisions for reducing concentrations of each of the regulated pollutants, where necessary, to achieve and maintain the NAAQS. In October 972, Ohio EPA was established by State law (Ohio Revised Code Section 3745.) and the air monitoring program was significantly enlarged. Many local air pollution control agencies and private industries participated in this program. See Figure for the location of the five districts and the nine local air agencies currently supporting the air program. In 98, the U.S. EPA and Ohio EPA established and designated certain portions of Ohio's network to be a part of the National Air Monitoring Station (NAMS) network, created for the purpose of tracking national trends. In 98, the US EPA also required that all sites produce data of adequate quality to meet monitoring objectives and adequate quantity to meet statistical and trend requirements. All NAMS sites were to meet these requirements beginning with 98 data, and all other sites beginning with 983 data. On January, 2 U.S. EPA made changes to the designations of sites. The NAMS sites, used for national trends in concentrations was eliminated in favor of NCore sites, a much smaller network of sites with many more parameters per site monitored. There are three sites in Ohio, one each in Cincinnati, Cleveland and Preble Co. 2

13 On March 2, 984, the U.S. EPA proposed a standard for inhalable particles of ten micrometers in diameter and smaller. To enable the states to begin collecting data without excessive delay the U.S. EPA provided the states with monitors in late 984. Ohio's field offices began collecting PM data during 985 and a network of sites was primarily located in urban areas. The PM standard was promulgated on July, 987 and became effective on July 3, 987. The U.S. EPA promulgated new particulate monitoring regulations and National Ambient Air Quality Standards on July 8, 997. The new particulate standard is for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers in diameter. The first monitors began to collect data in January 999. Monitors to determine the chemical makeup of the particulate were added in the year 2 and in 2 hourly reading monitors were added. The one hour ozone standard was supplemented on July 8, 997 with an eight hour standard. The eight hour standard is a three year average of the fourth highest daily eight hour averages. The level of the standard was set at.8 ppm which was not to be exceeded. In 2 The United States Supreme Court found U.S. EPA s previously proposed implementation plan for ozone unlawful and further held that, in the setting of a standard for ozone pursuant to Section 9 of the Clean Air Act U.S. EPA must set air quality standards at the level that is requisite -no higher or lower than is necessary-to protect the public health with an adequate margin of safety. The Supreme Court then sent the case back to the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals to review U.S. EPA s subsequent actions. On March 26, 22, that court upheld U.S. EPA s revision of the ozone NAAQS, which had been published in the Federal Register by U.S. EPA as a proposal on November 4, 2. In March 28 the 8-Hour ozone standard was changed to be less than or equal to.75 ppm as the three year average of each site s annual fourth high 8-Hour average. The summary tables in this report use the new standard. In 29 the standard for lead (Pb) was changed to.5 μg/m 3 as a three month average. This standard replaces the.5 μg/m 3 3

14 calendar quarter average. New monitors near presumed sources are to be operational on the first sampling day of January 2. During 2, more than 28 ambient air monitors were operated in Ohio. Table 2 enumerates the number and type of criteria pollutant monitors that were operated in the various District Office and Local Air Agency jurisdictions. The goals of the ambient monitoring program are to determine compliance with the ambient air quality standards, to provide real-time monitoring of air pollution episodes, to provide data for trend analyses, regulation evaluation and planning, and to provide information to the public on a daily basis concerning the quality of the air in high population areas, near major emission sources and in rural areas. C. Remote Ambient Data System The Remote Ambient-Air Data System (RADS) is a system for the automatic acquisition and transmission of data from a remote monitor to a central computer. Each continuous monitoring site operated by Ohio EPA's district offices is furnished with a data logger that is polled automatically at least once a day by the central computer in Columbus and hourly for the AIRNow web site. A major benefit of RADS is that the data can now be handled more quickly with fewer chances of error. Formerly the data was manually read from recorder strip charts, handwritten on a computer input form, keyed into the computer and then made available for retrieval. This process took three to four weeks. The data in the RADS computer is available for review by the district and central office staff on a daily basis. The individual sites can also be contacted through the data logger for instantaneous data and interrogated further by remote testing of zero-span for any parameter. This is particularly valuable when pollutant levels are, or may become, elevated, as during an air stagnation episode. RADS was installed during the fall of 985 and went into operation on January, 986. Local air agencies have automated their continuous monitors and Ohio EPA has expanded RADS to include the automation of the local air agencies' networks. Industrial networks will also be added. 4

15 RADS has been upgraded for remote access to the data by digital cellular wireless technology to telemeter data to the central computer. D. Data Availability on the Internet For the past several years Ohio EPA has provided ozone and PM 2.5 data updates several times a day to the U.S. EPA for a public outreach web site where current data and data forecasts are displayed in the form of tables and maps. This web site can be viewed at: From this site different states can be chosen to view forecasts of ozone and PM 2.5 levels and to link to animated ozone concentration maps. As part of the AIRNow effort there is also a page that displays a map of North America that has sites that can be clicked upon for current environmental data. This page is updated frequently and is called Enviroflash at: Historical ambient air quality data can also be found at: This site is a gateway to maps, reports and user selected data that reside in the U.S. EPA s Air Quality System (AQS) database. For those with specific health concerns (asthma, heart disease) or who want general information for older adults, children or who are active outdoors and who want to compare the air quality of different counties or states, the U.S. EPA has a web site that allows comparisons at: E. Designation of Air Quality Control Regions The fact that air pollution does not respect state boundaries was recognized in early control efforts. To effectively deal with pollution and attain the NAAQS, U.S. EPA, with advice from local governments and the public, divided the nation into areas called Air Quality Control Regions (AQCR's). Boundaries for each region were set by consideration of air pollution levels, population density, geography, and common meteorological conditions. While AQCR's may consist of parts of more than one state, each state has the authority to implement air quality standards only in its portion of the region. Portions of Ohio are included in a total of fourteen different AQCR's, each labeled numerically and by geographical description. Figure 2 illustrates the boundaries of Ohio's AQCR's. 5

16 TABLE U.S. EPA & OHIO EPA AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATION POLLUTANT DURATION RESTRICTION PRIMARY SECONDARY PM 2.5 Annual arithmetic mean Not to be exceeded Three year average 5. μg/m 3 5. μg/m 3 24-Hour concentration Not to be exceeded Three year average of 98 th percentile 35 μg/m 3 35 μg/m 3 PM 24-Hr concentration Not to be exceeded more than once per year averaged over three years 5 μg/m 3 5 μg/m 3 SULFUR DIOXIDE Annual Mean -Hr mean concentration 24-Hr mean concentration 3-Hour mean concentration Not to be exceeded Each year s daily -Hour maximum 99 th percentile value averaged over 3 years Not to be exceeded more than once per year Not to be exceeded more than once per year.3 ppm (8 μg/m 3 ) 75 ppb.4 ppm.5 ppm (3 μg/m 3 ) CARBON MONOXIDE 8-Hr mean concentration -Hr concentration Not to be exceeded more than once per year Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm ( mg/m 3 ) 35 ppm (4 mg/m 3 ) OZONE 8-Hr concentration Each year s fourth high averaged over three years. Not to be exceeded.75 ppm.75 ppm -Hr concentration* Not to be exceeded more than three times in three years.2 ppm (244 μg/m 3 ).2 ppm (244 μg/m 3 ) NITROGEN DIOXIDE -Hour Average Annual mean Each year s daily maximum 98 th percentile -Hour value averaged over 3 years. Not to be exceeded. Not to be exceeded ppb 53 ppb.53 ppm LEAD 3-Month mean concentration Three month rolling average over a three year period. Not to be exceeded. Notes: Primary standards are established for the protection of public health Secondary standards are established for the protection of public welfare *revoked for Ohio.5 μg/m 3.5 μg/m 3 μg/m 3 = micrograms per cubic meter ppm = parts per million ppb = parts per billion mg/m 3 = milligrams per cubic meter 6

17 Figure Williams Defiance Paulding Van Wert Lucas Fulton Henry Putnam Allen Wood NWDO Hancock Ottawa Sandusky Seneca Wyandot Crawford Erie Huron Richland Lake Geauga Cuyahoga Lorain Ashland Medina Summit NEDO Wayne Stark Portage Ashtabula Trumbull Mahoning Columbiana Mercer Auglaize Hardin Marion Morrow Holmes Carroll Jefferson Logan Shelby Union Darke Champaign Miami Clark Madison Preble Montgomery SWDO Greene Fayette Butler Warren Clinton Hamilton Highland Clermont Brown Adams Delaware CDO Franklin Pickaway Ross Pike Scioto Fairfield Knox Licking Hocking Vinton Jackson Gallia Perry Coshocton Muskingum Athens Meigs Morgan SEDO Tuscarawas Guernsey Noble Washington Harrison Belmont Monroe This map shows jurisdictional boundaries. Colored areas represent local agencies within Ohio EPA districts Local Air Pollution Control Agencies: Bob Hasenyager, Interim Administrator Akron Regional Air Quality Management District 46 South High St., Room 94 Akron, Ohio 4438 (33) FAX: (33) bhasenyager@schd.org Terri Dzienis, Administrator Air Pollution Control Division Canton City Health Department 42 Market Ave. North Canton, Ohio (33) FAX: (33) TDzienis@cantonhealth.org Cory R. Chadwick, Director Dept. of Environmental Services Southwest Ohio Air Quality Agency 25 William Howard Taft Road Cincinnati, Ohio (53) FAX: (53) cory.chadwick@hamilton-co.org George Baker, Commissioner Dept. of Public Health & Welfare Division of Air Quality 75 Erieview Plaza, 2nd Floor Cleveland, Ohio 444 (26) FAX: (26) GBaker@city.cleveland.oh.us John Paul, Director Regional Air Pollution Control Agency Montgomery County Health Department 7 South Main St. PO Box 972 Dayton, Ohio (937) FAX: (937) paulja@rapca.org Lawrence Bert Mechenbier, Supervisor Lake County General Health District Air Pollution Control 33 Mill St. Painesville, Ohio 4477 (44) FAX: (44) bmechenbier@lcghd.org Cindy Charles, Director Air Pollution Unit Portmouth City Health Department 65 Washington Street, Third Floor Portsmouth, Ohio (74) FAX: (74) cindy.charles@epa.state.oh.us Karen Granata, Administrator City of Toledo Division of Environmental Services 348 South Erie St. Toledo, Ohio 4364 (49) FAX: (49) karen.granata@toledo.oh.gov Tara Cioffi, Administrator Mahoning-Trumbull APC Agency 345 Oak Hill Ave., Suite 2 Youngstown, Ohio 4452 (33) FAX: (33) tcioffi@cboss.com 7 Ohio EPA District Offices: CDO Adam Ward, APC Supervisor Central District Office 5 West Town St., Suite 7 Columbus, Ohio 4325 (64) FAX: (64) adam.ward@epa.ohio.gov SEDO NEDO NWDO SWDO Dean Ponchak, Acting APC Supervisor Southeast District Office 295 Front St. Logan, Ohio 4338 (74) FAX: (74) Dean.Ponchak@epa.ohio.gov Ed Fasko, APC Supervisor Northeast District Office 2 Aurora Rd. Twinsburg, Ohio 4487 (33) FAX: (33) Ed.Fasko@epa.ohio.gov Mark Budge, APC Supervisor Northwest District Office 347 North Dunbridge Rd. Bowling Green, Ohio 4342 (49) FAX: (49) mark.budge@epa.ohio.gov Tom Schneider, APC Supervisor Southwest District Office 4 East Fifth St. Dayton, Ohio (937) FAX: (937) tom.schneider@epa.ohio.gov 4/24/2

18 Fulton Williams Defiance Henry Paulding Putnam Van Wert Mercer 77 Allen Auglaize Lucas 24 Wood Hancock Hardin Ottawa Sandusky 8 Erie Seneca Huron Wyandot Crawford Richland 75 Marion Morrow Lorain Ashland Lake Geauga Cuyahoga Ashtabula Trumbull Portage Medina Summit Mahoning Wayne Stark Columbiana Carroll Holmes Jefferson Darke Preble Butler Shelby Miami Montgomery Warren Hamilton Clermont Logan Union Champaign Clark Madison Greene Fayette Clinton Highland Brown Adams Delaware 76 Franklin Pickaway Ross 82 Pike Scioto Fairfield Knox Licking Hocking Vinton Jackson 3 Lawrence Gallia Perry Coshocton Muskingum Athens Meigs Morgan 79 Tuscarawas 83 Guernsey Noble Washington Harrison Belmont 8 Monroe 79 Cincinnati 3 Huntington 24 Toledo 73 Dayton 74 Cleveland 75 Mansfield 76 Columbus 77 Northwest Ohio 78 Northwest Pennsylvania 79 Parkersburg 8 Sandusky 8 Steubenville 82 Wilmington 83 Zanesville Figure 2 Air Quality Control Regions in Ohio

19 TABLE 2 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING SITES IN OHIO (2) Local Air Agency/ District Office PM 2.5 PM Sulfur Dioxide SO 2 Ozone O 3 Carbon Monoxide CO Nitrogen Dioxide NO 2 Lead Total Akron Canton Cincinnati (HC-DOES) 5 4 7// 2 3// Cleveland Lake Co. Health District Warren- Youngstown (M-TAPCA) Toledo Dayton (RAPCA) Portsmouth CDO NEDO 2 3/3 3/2 2 /5 5 7// 5// NWDO / /6 SEDO 3 2 7/2 3// 2 8/2/ SWDO 2 Totals 46 27/9 28/4 49// /3/3 Sites required by Ohio EPA: Government Operated/Industry Operated/CASTNET 9

20 II. Summary of 2 Air Quality Data The following pages, in a series of maps and tables, summarize the data presented in Section V of the report. Figures 3-4 indicate the highest annual and second highest concentrations for PM, PM 2.5, SO 2, CO, and NO 2, respectively, in each county where data were collected. Sites not meeting Federal regulatory requirements for data completeness are marked with asterisks. Figure 5 indicates the second highest -Hour concentration of ozone recorded in each county. FIGURE 6 indicates the counties in which the highest reading ozone monitor recorded a three year average of fourth highest eight hour averages greater than the standard. Figure 7 indicates the three year average of the 4 th high 8-Hour averages of ozone. The highest reading site was used. Figure 8 indicates the highest three-month average concentration of lead in each county where data were collected. Table 3 gives a breakdown of air quality standard violations by county. A more detailed presentation of air quality data can be found in Section V of the report. The Federal averaging criteria for PM and PM 2.5 monitors requires that at least seventy-five percent of scheduled samples are collected each quarter. Many intermittent monitors in Ohio run on a six-day sampling schedule (one daily reading every six days) yielding up to sixty-one samples per year. To meet averaging criteria for continuous (hourly) monitors, a monitor must have valid data for at least seventy-five percent of each calendar quarter, approximately 655 hours. For a valid ozone monitoring day, the monitor must collect at least 8 hours of data or have an average that is greater than the standard.

21 PM Williams Fulton Lucas 2.4 Ottawa 3.9 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Henry Putnam Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Wood Hancock Hardin Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Lorain Crawford Ashland Wyandot Richland Wayne Marion Morrow Union Delaware 4.2 Cuyahoga Portage Summit Medina Holmes 36.9 Trumbull Mahoning Stark Columbiana Carroll Tuscarawas Knox Coshocton Harrison Jefferson 2.4 Miami Champaign Franklin Licking Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Preble Clark Montgomery 9.8 Greene 5.8 Madison Fayette 23.3 Pickaway Fairfield Perry Morgan Noble Monroe Butler 2.2 Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton 7.9 Clermont Highland Pike Vinton Jackson Meigs Brown Adams Scioto 9.4 Gallia Lawrence 2.4 Figure 3 2 PM Highest Annual Mean Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in g/m 3 )

22 PM Williams Fulton Lucas 75 Ottawa 36 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Henry Putnam Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Wood Hancock Hardin Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Lorain Crawford Ashland Wyandot Richland Wayne Marion Morrow Union Delaware 26 Cuyahoga Portage Summit Medina Holmes 22 Trumbull Mahoning Stark Columbiana 39 Carroll Tuscarawas Knox Coshocton Harrison Jefferson 42 Preble Champaign Miami Clark Madison Montgomery 44 Greene 3 Fayette Franklin 77 Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Butler 54 Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton 49 Clermont Highland Pike Vinton Jackson Meigs Brown Adams Scioto 57 Lawrence 33 Gallia Primary Standard 5 g/m 3 Counties in which there has been an exceedance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 4 2 PM 2nd High 24-Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in g/m 3 ) 2

23 PM 2.5 Williams Fulton Lucas.4 Ottawa 9.4 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Henry Putnam Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Wood Hancock Hardin Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Lorain 9.4 Cuyahoga Medina Crawford Ashland Wyandot Richland Wayne 2.8 Summit.8.6 Marion Morrow Holmes Tuscarawas Knox Portage Stark Union Delaware Coshocton Harrison Trumbull.6 Mahoning.3 Columbiana Carroll Jefferson.4 Preble.9 Miami Montgomery 2.2 Champaign Clark Greene Madison Fayette Franklin.9 Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Warren Butler Clinton 2.7. Hamilton 3.3 Clermont. Brown Highland Adams Ross Pike Scioto.2 Hocking Vinton Jackson Lawrence.8 Gallia Athens Meigs 8.7 Washington Primary Standard 5 g/m 3 Counties in which the three year average of annual averages was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 5 2 PM 2.5 Highest Annual Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in g/m 3 ) 3

24 PM 2.5 Williams Fulton Lucas 26.4 Ottawa 23.3 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Henry Putnam Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Wood Hancock Hardin Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Lorain 23. Cuyahoga Medina 25. Crawford Ashland Wyandot Richland Wayne 29.7 Summit 26.6 Marion Morrow Holmes Tuscarawas Knox Portage Stark Union Delaware Coshocton Harrison Trumbull 24.9 Mahoning 24.9 Columbiana Carroll Jefferson 22.4 Preble Miami Montgomery Champaign Clark Greene Madison Fayette Franklin 23.6 Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Butler 28.8 Hamilton 29.5 Warren 28.4 Clermont 3.2 Clinton Highland Ross Pike Hocking Vinton Jackson Athens 8.5 Meigs Washington Brown Adams Scioto 2.2 Lawrence 22.9 Gallia Primary Standard 35 g/m 3 Counties in which the three year average of 98 th percentile values have exceeded the National Ambient Air Quaity Standard (Table ) Figure 6 2 PM th Percentile 24-Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in g/m 3 ) 4

25 PM 2.5 Lake Ashtabula Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa Geauga Defiance Henry Wood Sandusky Erie Lorain Cuyahoga Trumbull Paulding Putnam Hancock Seneca Huron Medina Summit Portage Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Miami Champaign Franklin Licking Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Preble Clark Montgomery Greene Madison Fayette Pickaway Fairfield Perry Morgan Noble Monroe Butler Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton Clermont Brown Highland Adams Pike Scioto Vinton Jackson Meigs Gallia PM 2.5 Levels Greater than 5 g/m 3 Lawrence 2-5 g/m less than 2 g/m 3 Figure Average of Annual Averages Highest Site in the County Used 5

26 Sulfur Dioxide Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa 7.26 Lake Geauga Ashtabula.84 Defiance Henry Wood Sandusky Erie Lorain Cuyahoga 5.87 Trumbull Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Putnam Allen.35 Auglaize Shelby Hancock Hardin Logan Seneca Huron Medina Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Summit 3.2 Tuscarawas 3.56 Portage Mahoning.98 Stark Columbiana 2.3 Carroll Harrison Jefferson 5.57 Champaign Miami Franklin Clark Madison Preble.2 Montgomery Greene Pickaway Fayette Warren Butler Clinton Ross Hamilton 2.63 Clermont Brown Highland Pike Adams Scioto Licking Muskingum Fairfield Perry Morgan 4.2 Hocking Athens Vinton Meigs Jackson Gallia Lawrence 2.32 Guernsey Noble Washington Belmont Monroe 2.8 Primary Standard 3. ppb Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 8 2 SO 2 Highest Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppb) 6

27 Sulfur Dioxide Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa 54.5 Lake Geauga Ashtabula 9.5 Defiance Henry Wood Sandusky Erie Lorain Cuyahoga 24.3 Trumbull Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Putnam Allen 6.7 Auglaize Shelby Hancock Hardin Logan Seneca Huron Medina Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Summit 8. Tuscarawas 6.4 Portage Mahoning 2.3 Stark Columbiana 8.6 Carroll Harrison Jefferson 26. Preble Butler Champaign Miami Clark Madison 9.3 Montgomery Greene Fayette Warren Clinton Franklin Pickaway Ross Licking Fairfield Perry Hocking Muskingum Athens Morgan 4. Guernsey Noble Washington Belmont Monroe 3.2 Hamilton 25.7 Clermont Brown Highland Adams. Pike Scioto 2.2 Vinton Meigs Jackson Gallia Lawrence 7.8 Primary Standard 4 ppb Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 9 2 SO 2 2 nd Highest 24-Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppb) 7

28 Sulfur Dioxide Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa 45 Lake Geauga Ashtabula 9 Defiance Henry Wood Sandusky Erie Lorain Cuyahoga 78. Trumbull Paulding Van Wert Mercer Darke Putnam Allen 4 Auglaize Shelby Hancock Hardin Logan Seneca Huron Medina Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Summit 4 Tuscarawas 55 Portage Mahoning 4 Stark Columbiana 27 Carroll Harrison Jefferson 4 Champaign Miami Franklin Clark Madison Preble 22 Montgomery Greene Pickaway Fayette Warren Butler Clinton Ross Hamilton 84 Highland Clermont Pike Brown Adams 3 Scioto 42.8 Licking Muskingum Fairfield Perry Morgan 75 Hocking Athens Vinton Jackson Lawrence 34 Gallia Meigs 8. Guernsey Noble Washington Belmont Monroe 47 Primary Standard 75 ppb Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 2 SO 2 99 th Percentile -Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppb) 8

29 Carbon Monoxide Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa.2 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Henry Putnam Wood Hancock Sandusky Seneca Erie Huron Lorain Cuyahoga Medina 3. Summit.4 Portage Trumbull Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark.6 Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Preble.8 Champaign Miami Clark Madison Montgomery 2.8 Greene Fayette Franklin.5 Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Butler Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton.8 Clermont Brown Highland Adams Pike Scioto Vinton Meigs Jackson Gallia Lawrence Primary Standard 9 ppm Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 2 Carbon Monoxide 2 nd Highest 8-Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppm) 9

30 Carbon Monoxide Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa.4 Lake Geauga Ashtabula Defiance Paulding Henry Putnam Wood Hancock Sandusky Seneca Erie Huron Lorain Cuyahoga 5.5 Medina Summit.6 Portage Trumbull Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark 2. Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Preble.9 Champaign Miami Clark Madison Montgomery 9.2 Greene Fayette Franklin 2.3 Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Butler Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton 6.4 Clermont Brown Highland Adams Pike Scioto Vinton Meigs Jackson Gallia Lawrence Primary Standard 35 ppm Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 2 2 Carbon Monoxide 2 nd Highest -Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppm) 2

31 Nitrogen Dioxide Lake Ashtabula Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa Geauga Defiance Paulding Henry Putnam Wood Hancock Sandusky Seneca Erie Huron Lorain Cuyahoga 5.3 Summit Medina Portage Trumbull Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Miami Champaign Franklin Licking Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Preble Clark Montgomery Greene Madison Fayette Pickaway Fairfield Perry Morgan Noble Monroe Butler Hamilton 2.9 Warren Clinton Highland Clermont Brown Adams Ross Pike Scioto Hocking Vinton Jackson Gallia Lawrence Athens 3. Meigs Washington Primary Standard 53 ppb Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 3 2 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppb) 2

32 Nitrogen Dioxide Lake Ashtabula Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa Geauga Defiance Paulding Henry Putnam Wood Hancock Sandusky Seneca Erie Huron Lorain Cuyahoga 5. Summit Medina Portage Trumbull Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Miami Champaign Franklin Licking Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Preble Clark Montgomery Greene Madison Fayette Pickaway Fairfield Perry Morgan Noble Monroe Butler Hamilton 46. Warren Clinton Highland Clermont Brown Adams Ross Pike Scioto Hocking Vinton Jackson Gallia Lawrence Athens Meigs 2. Washington Primary Standard ppb Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 4 2 Nitrogen Dioxide 98 th Percentile -Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppb) 22

33 Ozone Fulton Williams Henry Defiance Paulding Putnam Van Wert Allen.84 Lucas.86 Ottawa Wood.83 Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Hancock Wyandot Crawford Richland Hardin Mercer Auglaize Marion Morrow Logan Knox Shelby Union Delaware.92 Darke.84 Champaign Licking Miami.85 Franklin.89 Clark Madison.98 Preble.93 Montgomery.9 Fairfield Perry Greene Pickaway.89 Fayette Lorain Cuyahoga Medina.8 Ashland Wayne Summit Geauga Portage Stark Holmes Tuscarawas Coshocton Guernsey Muskingum Noble Morgan Lake Ashtabula Trumbull Mahoning Columbiana Carroll Harrison Belmont Monroe Jefferson.82 Butler Hamilton Warren Clinton Highland Clermont.7 Ross Pike Hocking Vinton Jackson Athens.8 Meigs Washington.95 Brown Adams Scioto Gallia Lawrence.84 Figure 5 2 Ozone 2nd Highest -Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppm) 23

34 Ozone Fulton Williams Henry Defiance Paulding Putnam Van Wert Mercer Darke Preble.74 Allen.73 Montgomery Clark Greene Lucas Auglaize Logan Shelby Champaign Miami Ottawa Wood.73 Sandusky Erie Seneca Huron Hancock Wyandot Crawford Richland Hardin Fayette Marion Morrow Union Delaware Madison Franklin.87 Licking Knox Ashland Wayne Stark Lake.8 Geauga Cuyahoga.72 Lorain.8.72 Portage Summit Medina Ashtabula Trumbull Mahoning Columbiana Carroll Holmes Tuscarawas Jefferson Coshocton Harrison Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Fairfield Perry Noble Monroe Pickaway Morgan Butler Hamilton.88 Warren Clermont Brown Clinton Highland Adams Ross Pike Scioto Hocking Vinton Jackson Lawrence.68 Gallia Athens.7 Meigs Washington.7 Primary Standard.75 ppm Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 6 2 Ozone 4 th Highest 8-Hour Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in ppm) 24

35 Ozone Lake Ashtabula Williams Fulton Lucas Ottawa Geauga Defiance Henry Wood Sandusky Erie Lorain Cuyahoga Trumbull Paulding Putnam Hancock Seneca Huron Medina Summit Portage Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin Wyandot Crawford Richland Ashland Wayne Marion Morrow Holmes Knox Union Delaware Coshocton Stark Tuscarawas Columbiana Carroll Jefferson Harrison Miami Champaign Franklin Licking Muskingum Guernsey Belmont Preble Clark Montgomery Greene Madison Fayette Pickaway Fairfield Perry Morgan Noble Monroe Butler Warren Clinton Ross Hocking Athens Washington Hamilton Clermont Highland Pike Vinton Jackson Meigs Brown Adams Scioto Gallia Ozone Levels.76 ppm or greater Lawrence ppm less than.7 ppm Figure Average of the 4th High 8-Hour Averages using the highest reading site in each county 25

36 Lead Lake Ashtabula Williams Fulton.8 Lucas Ottawa Geauga Defiance Paulding Henry Putnam Wood Hancock Sandusky Seneca Erie Huron Lorain Cuyahoga.53 Summit Medina Portage Trumbull. Mahoning Van Wert Mercer Darke Allen Auglaize Shelby Logan Hardin. Crawford Ashland Wyandot Richland Wayne Marion.6 Union Delaware Morrow Holmes Knox Coshocton Stark.2 Tuscarawas Columbiana.6 Carroll Jefferson Harrison Preble Champaign Miami Clark Madison Montgomery Greene Fayette Franklin. Pickaway Licking Fairfield Perry Muskingum Morgan Guernsey Noble Belmont Monroe Warren Hocking Washington Butler Clinton. Ross. Athens Hamilton Clermont Brown Highland Adams Pike Scioto Vinton Jackson Lawrence Gallia Meigs Primary Standard.5 g/m 3 Counties in which there was a violation of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (Table ) Figure 8 2 Lead, Highest 3 Month Concentration (In counties where data were collected-values in g/m 3 ) 26

37 TABLE 3 VIOLATIONS OF AIR QUALITY STANDARDS BY COUNTY 2 There were no violations of the PM, PM 2.5, NO 2 or CO standards that were in effect during 2. Ozone 8-Hour 29-2 Ashtabula Butler Clinton Franklin Hamilton Lake Montgomery Warren Lead 3-Month 29-2 Cuyahoga Fulton SO 2 -Hr 99 th Percentile 29-2 Jefferson Lake Meigs Morgan 27

38 III. Air Quality Trends Federal regulations promulgated in 98 established a number of urban sites in Ohio as part of a national network for determining trends of the criteria pollutants. This network, called National Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS), required the exclusion (for purposes of trend studies only) of those urban sites not designated as NAMS. This requirement permits a more accurate comparison of trends in different areas of the nation. The NAMS group was easily integrated into Ohio's monitoring system starting with the 98 data. SO 2 TRENDS Data for SO 2 continuous instruments in urban areas which met the NAMS siting requirements were used to generate Ohio SO 2 trend studies for years 22 through 2. The resulting data, based on annual average SO 2 concentrations, top chart, are plotted in Figure 9. Percent improvement is calculated using values derived from the method of "least squares". The bottom chart plots the 99 th percentile value which is the new, short term, - Hour, NAAQS for S 2. Table 4 SO 2 TRENDS FOR 22-2 SITE CATEGORY IMPROVEMENT Urban Area NAMS 56.7% 28

39 Sulfur Dioxide Trend (22-2) Urban Area Sites Concentration (ppm) Year Data Linear (Data) Sulfur Dioxide Trend (22-2) All Sites -Hour 99 th Percentile Concentration (ppb) Year Data Linear (Data) Figure 9 29

40 Ozone Trends Assessing progress towards the attainment of the ozone air quality standards is difficult because of the influence of meteorology on ozone levels. Differences in weather conditions can cause variations from year to year in both the NAAQS exceedances and the second highest -Hour ozone levels. High temperatures, brilliant sunshine and stagnant air contribute to high levels of evaporation from fuel storage tanks, fuel systems and auto refueling activities emitted by millions of cars and trucks. Also daily emissions of nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons by millions of cars and trucks are a major contributor to low level ozone pollution during these atmospheric conditions. In the presence of sunlight, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides create high levels of groundlevel ozone. One Hour Data: Information is presented from eight metropolitan areas in Ohio for the period of 22 through 2. Figure 2 is a bar chart which shows, for each year, the second highest -Hour average. In an area where ozone is monitored at several sites, the site with the highest second high for each year was used which may be a different site from year to year. Eight Hour Standard: Eight metropolitan areas are presented with the three year average of the 4 th highest 8-Hour daily ozone averages for the years 22 through 2. The year listed is the last year of the three year period. Figure 2 is a bar chart with those concentrations. The ambient air quality standard is a three year average of the fourth high 8-Hour averages, that concentration must be less than or equal to.75 parts per million (75 parts per billion) for an area to be in compliance with the standard. The monitor with the highest 4 th high in each three year period was used, not necessarily the same monitor for all years. The three year averages for each site in Ohio are listed in the ozone portion of: Section V. AIR QUALITY DATA 2. 3

41 4 2nd Highest -Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area 2 ppb Year Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown 4 2nd Highest -Hr. Ozone in Urban Impact Area 2 8 ppb Year Cincinnati Columbus Dayton Toledo Figure 2 3

42 4TH-HIGH 8-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATION 2 CONCENTRATION (ppb) YEAR AKRON CANTON CLEVELAND YOUNGSTOWN 4TH-HIGH 8-HOUR OZONE CONCENTRATION 2 CONCENTRATION (ppb) YEAR CINCINNATI COLUMBUS DAYTON TOLEDO Figure 2 32

43 2 3 Year Average of 4th High 8-Hr. Ozone Averages CONCENTRATION (PPB) YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 22-2 Akron Canton Cleveland Youngstown CONCENTRATION (PPB) Year Average of 4th High 8-Hr. Ozone Averages YEAR PERIOD BEGINNING WITH 22-2 CINCINNATI COLUMBUS RAPCA TOLEDO Figure 22 33

44 CO Trends The database for carbon monoxide (CO) is less extensive than for sulfur dioxide or ozone. A comparative plot of changes in CO in past years for ten major Ohio cities is presented. One centralcity monitor in each urban area was selected to yield data for a study of 8-hour average CO concentrations. Data for the years 22-2 are used in the graphs. See Figure 23 for the results of this study. 34

45 Akron Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Canton Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Figure 23 35

46 Cincinnati Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Cleveland Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Figure 23 (continued) 36

47 Columbus Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Dayton Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Figure 23 (continued) 37

48 Concentration (ppm) Lake Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Year High Second High Steubenville Carbon Monoxide Two Highest 8-Hours Selected Center City Site Concentration (ppm) Year High Second High Figure 23 (continued) 38

49 IV. QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM A. GENERAL Air monitoring data collected by State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS)are required to meet Quality Assurance guidance in Appendix A of 4 CFR Part 58. That appendix specifies the minimum quality system requirements for SLAMS data for the pollutants SO 2, NO 2, O 3, CO, Lead, PM 2.5, and PM. Air monitoring agencies are required to have a quality system in place. The quality system is the means by which an organization manages the quality of the monitoring data it produces in a systematic, organized manner. It provides a framework for planning, implementing, assessing and reporting work performed by an organization. It provides for required quality assurance and quality control activities. A quality system includes an overall Quality Management Plan and specific Quality Assurance Project Plans for the pollutants measured. For air monitoring data the measurements of accuracy and precision are integral to the quality assurance and quality control of the data. Accuracy is defined as the degree the measurement is close to the true value of the parameter measured. Precision is defined as the repeatability of the measurements. B. Accuracy and Precision Requirements Accuracy requirements for manual Lead, PM and PM 2.5 samplers and continuous PM and PM 2.5 monitors include audits of the flow rate of each sampler compared to a known flow rate at least once every 6 months. For continuous monitors for SO 2, NO 2, O 3, and CO, quarterly audits of at least 25% of the analyzers are recommended. One audit per monitor per calendar year is required. During the audits the analyzers are tested with a gas in three specific concentration levels. Precision requirements for Lead, PM and PM 2.5 are met by selecting sites in areas of expected highest concentration for side-by-side (collocated) sampling. Duplicate samples for comparison purposes are collected on an every 2-day schedule although it may be more frequent. Each PM 2.5 sampler or continuous PM 2.5 monitor should have a quality control flow rate verification each month. Each Lead and PM sampler should have a flow rate verification every quarter. For continuous SO 2, NO 2, O 3, and CO monitors the determination of precision is by a onepoint quality control check against a gas of known concentration at least once every two weeks for each analyzer. The analyzers are operated in the normal sampling mode during this check. 39