DISORDERS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE
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1 DISORDERS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE Kathleen A. Geier, DNP, NP, ONC (510) Jackson Orthopaedic Foundation
2 CONFLICT OF INTEREST I hereby certify that, to the best of my knowledge, no aspect of my current personal or professional situation might reasonably be expected to affect significantly my views on the subject on which I am presenting.
3 OBJECTIVES Identify anatomical structures of cervical spine Describe components of conservative care List mechanical contributors to cervical spine disorders Discuss differential diagnoses for non-radiating neck pain Identify appropriate referral for inter-disciplinary care
4 DISORDERS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE Anatomy Mechanical contributors Physical assessment Diagnosis & treatment Inter-disciplinary care Case studies/q&a
5 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Cervical Spine Anatomy Videos 3:10 1:54 7:12
6 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review
7 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Functions of the Cervical Spine Protect the brain stem & spinal cord Support the skull Allow for wide range of head movement
8 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review
9 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review 7 CERVICAL VERBEBRAE C1 body (atlas) C2 body (axis) Spinous process of C7 Body of C7
10 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review
11 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review
12 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review BONE, SOFT TISSUE, NERVES BONE, SOFT TISSUE, NERVES
13 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Intervertebral Discs Intervertebral Discs
14 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review
15 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Nerves
16 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Discs
17 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Vertebral body Neural Foramen
18 Cervical Spine: Anatomic Review Muscles and Tendons
19 Neck & Arm Pain * May be due to cervical disk * Sometimes hard to separate causes: shoulder arm carpal tunnel
20 Mechanical Contributors to Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylosis Spinal stenosis Degenerative disc disease Spondylolisthesis Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
21 Cervical Nerve Compression Acute onset of pain starting in the medial shoulder blade area, upper arm culminating in numbness and tingling in fingers Causes: woke up funny, MVA, benching heavy at the gym Easily confused with intrinsic shoulder pain and peripheral nerve lesions.
22 C5 Neurology
23 C6 Neurology
24 C7 Neurology
25 C8 Neurology
26 T1 Neurology
27 Case Study #1 61 y/o male orthopedic surgeon Healthy appearing; slender Chronic cervical spine pain; bilateral shoulder pain; daily headaches X 1 mo. No history of previous trauma/injuries Well-controlled HTN/HLD; on beta blocker, statin, and 81 mg ASA daily.
28 The Cervical Spine Interview and examine the patient before any diagnostics are performed!
29 History & Physical Exam
30 O.L.D. C.A.R.T.S. Onset Location Duration Character Aggravates/Alleviates Radiation Timing Severity When did it start? Where is it? How long does it last? What does it feel like?? makes worse/better Where does it go? When does it happen? Scale of 1-10
31 HPI: Case Study #1 Onset Location Duration Character Aggravates/Alleviates Radiation Timing Severity H/As began 1 mo ago; neck pain for sev. yrs. neck & shoulders intermittent aching; grinding; stiff performing surgery/ ibuprofen B trapezius; shoulders H/As after work daily 8/10
32 Inspection Physical Examination Inspection Palpation Percussion Range of Motion (ROM) Sensation Circulation Muscle Testing Special Tests
33 Physical Examination: Cervical Spine Inspection skin: rashes, abrasions, scars, color, swelling, masses Posture, alignment, curves: kyphosis; lordosis; scoliosis; torticollis; military spine Palpation skin: temperature, swelling, tenderness paraspinal muscles: tenderness, spasm spinous processes: tenderness, step off muscle strength: graded 0-5
34 Percussion Physical Examination Percussion Reflexes - Biceps (C5,C6); Triceps (C6,C7); Brachioradialis (C5,C6) *Graded 0 4+ ( 2+ = Normal/Average) * Use reinforcement or distraction if reflexes absent or diminished; i.e., clench teeth Range of Motion (ROM) Flexion/Hyperextension Lateral bend Rotation
35 Range of Motion (ROM)
36 P.E.: Case Study #1 Inspection Palpation Reflexes Range of Motion Strength Sensation Circulation Skin w/o scars; cervical spine curve nl lordotic TTP bilateral trapezius 2+ (average; normal) Full, but stiff & painful WNL WNL WNL
37 Diagnosis: Case Study #1 Probable Possible Rule Out Unlikely
38 Mechanical Contributors to Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylosis Spinal stenosis Degenerative disc disease Spondylolisthesis HNP
39 DISORDERS OF THE CERVICAL SPINE Cervical spondylosis = Arthritis of the neck More than 85% of people >60 are affected
40 Cervical Spondylosis Definition: arthritis of the neck caused by slow degeneration. Degeneration of the spinal column, especially that resulting in abnormal fusion and immobilization of the vertebral bones.
41 Cervical Spondylosis
42 Cervical Spondylosis Risk factors Age Occupation Neck injuries Genetic factors
43 Cervical Spondylosis Symptoms Neck pain & stiffness Numbness & weakness in arms, hands, & fingers Trouble walking, loss of balance, or weakness in hands or legs
44 Cervical Spondylosis Symptoms (cont.) Muscle spasms in neck and shoulders Headaches Grinding & popping sound/feeling in neck w/ movement
45 Mechanical Contributors to Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylosis Spinal stenosis Degenerative disc disease Spondylolisthesis HNP
46 Spinal Stenosis Definition: narrowing of the spine
47 Spinal Stenosis * Etiology: congenital vs. acquired (degenerative) * Lumbar region most common * Also called neurogenic claudication
48 Spinal Stenosis SYMPTOMS Stiffness, pain, numbness, or weakness in the neck, shoulders, arms, hands, or legs. Balance/coordination problems; shuffling or tripping while walking Loss of bowel or bladder control
49 Imaging/Diagnostics X-Rays - show the bones CT (CAT) scans - 3D X-rays MRI - 3D scans of the soft tissue EMG s - test for nerve or muscle damage
50 Cervical Spondylosis Normal x-ray Spondylosis on x-ray Spondylosis on MRI
51 Treatment: Case Study #1 Rest, ice Meds: NSAIDs, steroid burst, narcotic and Non-narcotic analgesics, gabapentin, muscle relaxers Physical therapy Chiropractic Manual traction Epidural injection
52 Treatment: Case Study #1 Physical Modalities DME PT Pharmacological Activity Modification Referrals
53 Case Study #2 40 y/o female yoga instructor Healthy appearing; fit Sudden onset acute cervical spine and left shoulder pain after heavy exercising with left arm weakness. History of previous MVA 20 yrs ago No significant co-morbidities; takes OCP
54 HPI: Case Study #2 Onset Location Duration Character Aggravates/Alleviates Radiation Timing Severity yesterday after yoga neck & left shoulder constant burning; stabbing Arm use/rest down left arm worse in evening 9/10
55 P.E.: Case Study #2 Inspection Palpation Reflexes Range of Motion Strength Sensation Circulation Skin w/o scars; cervical spine military (no curve) TTP & spasms, bilateral trapezius; L > R L Brachioradialis 1+ limited; painful Weak L wrist extension Numb left thumb WNL
56 Special Tests: Case Study #2 Spurling s maneuver Positive left Lhermitte s sign Hoffman s reflex Negative Negative
57 Spurling s Maneuver
58 Lhermitte s Sign
59 Hoffmann's reflex
60 Diagnosis: Case Study #2 Probable Possible Rule Out Unlikely
61 Mechanical Contributors to Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylosis Spinal stenosis Degenerative disc disease Spondylolisthesis Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
62 Degenerative Disc Disease Pain Stiffness Symptoms Numbness/weakness in shoulder, arm, or hand
63 Degenerative Disc Disease
64 Imaging/Diagnostics: Case Study #2 X-ray C5-6 disc space narrowing MRI L C5-6 disc herniation
65 Cervical Degenerative Disc Disease/HNP
66 Treatment: Case Study #2 Physical Modalities DME Pharmacologic Referral Activity Modification Other
67 Mechanical Contributors to Cervical Spine Disorders Spondylosis Spinal stenosis Degenerative disc disease Spondylolisthesis Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP)
68 Spondylolysis/Spondylolisthesis Definitions: - spondylo = vertebrae - lysis = broken - listhesis = slipped forward
69 Cervical Spondylolisthesis Symptoms Neck pain that extends toward the shoulder Pain between the shoulder blades Pain in the back of the head Radicular symptoms w/ pain, numbness, or weakness extending into the arms or legs Loss of coordination Bowel or bladder incontinence
70 Cervical Spondylolisthesis
71 References American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (2013). OrthoInfo.org. Cervical Spondylosis (Arthritis of the Neck). Retrieved from AAOS.org. 2/12/15 Daffner, R.H. Radiologic Evaluation of Chronic Neck Pain. (2010). American Family Physician. 82(8), Eubanks, J.D. Cervical Radiculopathy: Nonoperative Management of Neck Pain and Radicular Symptoms. American Family Physician. 81(1), O Leary, S., Falla, D., Elliott, J.M., & Jull, G. Muscle Dysfunction in Cervical Spine Pain: Implications for Assessment and Management. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy. 39(5),
72 About JOF Our Mission: To improve the lives of people with musculoskeletal conditions through education, research & service. Our Goal: To raise the profile and priority of non-surgical musculoskeletal health with local hospitals, schools and the general public, while encouraging a collaborative, multidisciplinary care model in ortho community. We call this approach Orthopedic Primary Care.
73 About JOF We strive to remove barriers to innovation and improvement of care by embarking on efforts that build community among schools, hospitals, providers, & the industry. JOF s vision is to be the Bay Area s pre-eminent resource for information, collaboration and innovation affecting musculoskeletal health and common orthopedic conditions.
74 Jackson Orthopaedic Foundation 3317 Elm Street, Suit 201 Oakland, CA Phone (510) Thank You
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