Stock shapes. Engineering plastics The Manual

Transcription

1 Stock shapes Egieerig plastics The Maual

2 This maual is desiged to provide readers with a compact outlie of our extesive fud of plastics-related kowledge. Alogside a groudig of theoretical facts ad iformatio, the maual also provides a rage of practical tips ad material recommedatios, together with calculatio examples for compoet desig ad advice o the further processig of plastics.

3 verview of plastics lassificatio of plastics Esiger process chai Processig methods Materials TEARAN ABS TEANYL TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT / TEAFINE PP TEAFRM TEAMID TEAST / TEARIM TEADUR / TEAPET TEANAT TEAFLN TEAPEI TEASN S, P, E TEATRN TEAPEEK TEATR TEASINT Properties Modificatios / additives Thermal properties Mechaical properties Processig iflueces Tribological characteristics Electrical properties hemical resistace Moisture absorptio Flame retardat classificatio Radiatio resistace ertificatios ad approvals 7 72 Material selectio ad calculatios Material selectio alculatios Further processig Processig plastics Machiig guidelies Temperig Weldig Gluig leaig plastics Product hadlig Material guidelie values 98 Liability disclaimer

4 verview of plastics TEARAN ABS (ABS) TEAPR MT (PP) TEAMID 11/12 (PA 11/12) TEARIM (PA 6 ) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 2 mm 5 1 mm p. 12 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 2 mm 5 1 mm p. 16 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 4 25 mm 5 1 mm 25 3 mm p. 2 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 5 8 mm 8 2 mm 5 6 mm p. 22 TEANYL (PPE) TEAFRM A (PM-) TEAMID 6/66 (PA 6/66) TEAPET (PET) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 2 mm 5 1 mm p. 13 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 3 25 mm 5 15 mm 2 55 mm p. 18 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 4 25 mm 5 1 mm 25 3 mm p. 2 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 18 mm 8 1 mm p. 24 TEAFINE PE (PE) TEAFRM AD (PM-) TEAST (PA 6 ) TEADUR PET (PET) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 2 mm 5 1 mm p. 14 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 3 25 mm 5 15 mm 2 55 mm p. 18 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 5 8 mm 8 2 mm 5 6 mm p. 22 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 18 mm 8 1 mm p. 24 4

5 TEANAT (P) TEAPEI (PEI) TEATRN (PPS) TEATR (PAI) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 3 25 mm 1 1 mm p. 26 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 8 15 mm 1 8 mm p. 3 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 1 6 mm 1 7 mm p. 34 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 5 1 mm 5 3 mm p. 38 TEAFLN PTFE (PTFE) TEASN S (PSU) TEAPEEK (PEEK) TEASINT (PI) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 4 3 mm 1 1 mm p. 28 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 8 15 mm 1 8 mm p. 32 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 3 2 mm 5 1 mm 4 36 mm p. 36 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 6 1 mm 5 1 mm p. 4 TEAFLN PVDF (PVDF) TEASN P (PPSU) Log-term service temperature Log-term service temperature Glass trasitio temperature Glass trasitio temperature Modulus of elasticity Modulus of elasticity Tesile stregth Tesile stregth Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 4 3 mm 1 1 mm p. 28 Modificatios Fibre-reiforced Modified slidig properties Electrically coductive Detectable Medical techology Food techology Stock shapes 8 15 mm 1 8 mm p. 32 5

6 lassificatio of plastics New polymer materials represet a importat drivig force for techological progress. Plastics have a whole array of beefits to offer ad i may cases ca effectively replace metals or ceramics. Amog differet types of polymers, a distictio is draw betwee thermosettig plastics, elastomers ad thermoplastics. Thermosettig polymers, or thermoset plastics, are plastics which permit o further deformatio or shapig after three-dimesioal chemical cross-likig. Elastomers are also cross liked materials but have the capacity for elastic deformatio, ad retur to their origial shape after exposure to load. Thermoplastic polymers, or thermoplastics, are reversibly re-meltable as they are ot three-dimesioally cross-liked. The forces likig thermoplastic chais are less strog. The thermoplastic group of plastics is subdivided agai ito two differet subgroups o the basis of their structure: amorphous ad partially crystallie thermoplastics. Gradig of plastics withi the material classes Metals Metal-modified plastics eramics Fibre-reiforced plastics Plastics Thermoset Elastomers plastics Thermoplastics Esiger processes thermoplastics. These ca be deformed ad reshaped repeatedly ad offer very wide scope for modificatio. priciple, the etire thermoplastic group is subdivided ito three sectios based partially o their thermal stability: stadard, egieerig ad high-performace plastics. All of these groups are represeted i the plastics pyramid diagram. As well as depictig the distictios explaied above, the pyramid also illustrates the relative maufactured quatities of the differet product groups (i descedig order to the tip of the pyramid). igh-performace plastics PI PAI PES, PPSU PEI, PSU PPP, P-T Amorphous PEKEKK PEEK, PEK LP, PPS PTFE, PFA ETFE, PTFE PVDF 3 Semi-crystallie 15 Stadard plastics Egieerig plastics P PA 6-3-T PPE mod. PA 46 PET, PBT PA 66 PA 6, PA 11, PA 12 PM PMP 1 Log-term service temperature PMMA PP PE PS, ABS, SAN Amorphous lassificatio of plastics Semi-crystallie 6

7 Esiger process chai The ame Esiger brigs together a broad-based rage of productio techiques for the processig of thermoplastics uder a sigle roof. From the reactive cast polyamide method (custom castig) through compoudig with a rage of differet additives, reworkig to profiles ad semi-fiished products by extrusio ad the ijectio mouldig of fiished parts, through to the machiig of semi-fiished ad fiished products, thermoplastic polymers are marketed i a wide rage of processig stages. It is ofte the material or the ed product which determies the processig method used: Large-scale volumes or small productio rus, bulky or delicate parts, material which ca be easily melted or difficult to process: the right processig method is o had every time. The product does ot always go to the customer directly i fiished form: several differet divisios ad productio stages ca be ivolved alog the value chai i order to provide customers with a complete solutio. May compouds are developed idividually for specific sectors of idustry ad idividual customers, ad are produced i-house. These are the used, also iterally, for ijectio mouldig, profile extrusio or the extrusio of semi-fiished products such as rods, plates or tubes. Durig a subsequet machiig process, extruded semifiished products, ijectio moulded blaks ad also cast primary products are used as startig products for the maufacture of precisio fiished parts. Ad our customers may rest easy i the assurace of our full compliace with striget quality stadards. Strict guidelies ad the deploymet of a skilled workforce safeguard the idividual process steps from icomig raw materials right through to the fiished product. Profiles ompouds Stock Shapes hemistry Market Ijectio Mouldig ast Nylo Machied Parts Direct Formig 7

8 Processig methods ompouds, semi-fiished ad fiished products are maufactured with the aid of the followig process techiques: ompoudig Durig compoudig, plastic raw materials are melted with fillers or additives, extruded ito thi strads ad the cut ito graulate. This process allows the characteristics of the plastics to be adapted for special applicatios, for istace by improvig the slidig frictio properties or icreasig electrical coductivity. Extrusio Pressure ad temperature-regulated extrusio is a cotiuous productio process i which plastics are plastified i a extruder ad the forced at pressure through a specially shaped die. The cross-sectio of the resultig geometric shape equates with the used die or calibratio. The extrusio process is a efficiet method of maufacturig semi-fiished products, also kow as stock shapes, with large wall thickesses ad dimesios. The portfolio of semi-fiished products comprises rods, tubes ad plates i a wide variety of dimesios ad colours. Ijectio mouldig Ijectio mouldig is a highly productive formig process for the mass maufacture of fiished compoets capable of immediate commercial use. The plastic is melted usig a extruder, plasticized ad the ijected at pressure ito the ijectio mouldig tool. The cavity of the tool determies the shape ad surface structure of the fiished compoet. The ijectio mouldig process is usually oly ecoomical for large productio rus due to the toolig costs ivolved. 8

9 ompressio mouldig / siterig ompressio mouldig ad siterig are used to produce stress-relieved semi-fiished products ad custom castigs with a miimal tedecy to warp. The so-called compressio mouldig techique is used to maufacture semi-fiished products. The process uses powdered particles which are pressed at high temperature uder pressure ito a mould. Because of the amout of time ivolved ad the materials used, this process is relatively labour itesive ad costly. Ulike the compressio mouldig method, the matrix compressio or direct formig techique allows the direct productio of off-tool custom castigs. As a special mould is required, this process is geerally oly profitable for a productio ru of aroud 1, pieces. ast polyamide Pressureless custom castig has proved to be a particularly successful method for the productio of bulky thick-walled compoets which are almost fully fiish processed. Alogside custom castig, cast polyamide semi-fiished products ca also be produced usig the semi-fiished product castig techique i the form of plates ad rods with substatially larger dimesios tha whe usig the extrusio method. Semi-fiished products ad custom castigs produced usig this method have a lower itrisic stress level tha extruded products. astig methods are ideally suited for small ad medium-sized productio volumes i a weight rage of.5 to 9 kg. Machiig Machiig is the fastest, most ecoomical way to arrive at a fiished plastic compoet, i particular for small productio rus. Usig the machiig techique, fiished compoets with extremely close toleraces ca be produced from egieerig ad high-temperature plastics. This etails the use of N millig machies, lathes or saws fitted with special tools for machiig plastics to shape the fiished parts from plastic stock shapes or pre-produced ijectio-moulded compoets. 9

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11 Semi-fiished ad fiished materials made of thermoset plastics are used throughout every sector of idustry. The techical applicatios for these products iclude ot oly the automotive ad mechaical egieerig idustries, but also iclude the food ad pharmaceuticals idustries, costructio ad trasport, medical techology, electrical egieerig, ad also the aerospace idustry. Esiger offers a wide variety of differet egieerig plastics. These ca ofte be purchased i a basic variat ad also i a variety of modificatios. The differet material groups are preseted over the followig pages together with a descriptio of their typical properties, idetifyig characteristics, structure ad so o. haracteristic applicatio examples for the relevat materials are also listed. Materials

12 Structural ABS formula ABS 2 3 N Stress 1 3 Strai [%] TEARAN ABS TEARAN PABS TEARAN ABS N 2 x PA6 ABS (DIN desigatio) ABS is a thermoplastic copolymerisate made from acryloitrile, butadiee ad styree moomers. Usig differet combiatios of these moomers, wide-ragig differet ABS types ca be maufactured offerig a wide spectrum of differet properties by meas of brachig or copolymerizatio. ABS is classified as a amorphous thermoplastic. N 2 N 2 x y Properties ˌ PA66 ˌpaque ˌˌLow desity ˌˌigh degree of toughess ˌˌigh stregth ad hardess ˌˌigh chemical resistace ˌˌModerately high thermal stability ˌˌGamma ad X-ray Nresistace R N ˌˌNVery good machiig properties N R ˌˌLow moisture absorptio ˌˌighly scratch-proof PAI Values TEARAN ABS grey (ABS) T g 14 Desity 1.4 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 1,7 MPa Service temperature, log-term 75 Service temperature, short-term 1 Lower service temperature 5 PE Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour grey ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip, sootig ˌˌSweetish odour ˌˌDesity over 1.4 g/cm³ floats i salie solutio ˌˌDissolvable with acetoe Products / Modificatios TEARAN ABS PEEK (ABS) Ureiforced basic type, very rigid ad tough, very good electrical isulatio properties Applicatio examples appliaces, housig compoets i the electroics idustry, musical istrumets such as recorders or clariets. PEI Parts such as mirror 3 housigs, iterior paellig, loudspeaker covers, N hadle elemets (automotive idustry), 3 household articles such as hair dryers ad other techical Summary TEARAN ABS is harder ad more scratch-proof tha PET ad PM but with lower thermal stability. The characteristics of the basic ABS type offer wide scope for modificatio by varyig the proportio of compoets. By modifyig with P ad PBT, a wide variety of tough, impact resistat types ca be created, primarily for ijectio mouldig. 2 2 N PBT PEK 12

13 3 8 3 S 3 PP 6 PSU 4 N m 3 3 PP Structural > PPE? formula PPE Stress 2 F F Strai [%] F F TEANYL 731 grau TEANYL GF 3 TEANYL GF3 TEANYL PTFE 731 grey TEANYL S F F PPS PPE (DIN desigatio) Polypheylee ether (PPE) is a amorphous stadard thermoplastic. PPE is usually oly used whe modified by the additio of PA or PS. By varyig the proportio of the compoets, differet modificatios ca be created to withstad higher thermal ad mechaical loads. owever, these have a egative impact or processability. As a result of modificatio ad the additio of fillers such as glass fibre, the mechaical properties of the material ca be varied eve further. Properties ˌˌAmorphous ˌˌLow desity, little over 1 g/cm³ ˌˌigh toughess, stregth, hardess ad rigidity ˌˌreep resistat ˌˌGood chemical resistace ˌˌTedecy to stress crack formatio ˌˌGood thermal stability ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌVery good dimesioal stability ˌˌVery low dielectric costat Values TEANYL 731 grey (PPE) T g 145 Desity 1.1 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 2,4 MPa Service temperature, log-term 85 Service temperature, short-term 11 Lower service temperature 5 PVDF Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour grey ˌˌVery low flammability, sootig ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip ˌˌFoul odour o thermal ˌˌDesity little over 1 g/cm³ floats i salie solutio ˌˌVery scratch-resistat, hard ˌˌDissolvable with acetoe / bezee Products / Modificatios TEANYL 731 grey (PPE) Ureiforced basic type TEANYL MT (PPE) Wide rage of colours available for medical techology, biocompatible TEANYL GF3 (PPE GF) Glass fibre reiforced for high stregth, rigidity, high heat deflectio temperature, low thermal expasio for precisio ad electrical isulatig parts Applicatio examples Electrical isulatio compoets with flame-retardat types, structural compoets with low warpage, scratchproof high-gloss exposed parts (housig compoets for home electroics), coil formers for satellite techology, housigs for railway track sesors, electrical adapters for uderwater cable coectors used i oil ad gas pipelie techology Summary Due to its high dimesioal stability ad good impact stregth, PPE is more suited tha other stadard plastics for use i housig compoets, also those exposed to high levels of stress. osequetly this material provides scope for the low-cost maufacture of suitable compoets. 13

14 P 2 15 PEKEKK 1 PE Structural formula PE Stress 5 S Strai [%] TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PES TEAFINE PE PEEK PE (DIN desigatio) Polyethylee (PE) is a thermoplastic polymer produced by the polymerizatio of ethylee. I terms of the productio quatity produced, polyethylee is amog the largest group of plastics, the polyolefis. Because of its degree of crystal- 3 liity, PE belogs to the group of partially crystallie ther- moplastics. N The most commoly used types PE (PE-D), N PE 5 (PE-MW), PE 1 (PE-UMW) ad the low-desity polyetheylee types (PE-LD, PE-LLD) differ i terms of their molecular weight ad the degree of molecular chai PEI brachig. Properties ˌˌPartially crystallie, low desity ˌˌigh level of toughess, low stregth ad hardess ˌˌVery good chemical resistace ˌˌLow thermal stability, icreasig with risig molecular weight ˌˌAti-adhesive properties ˌˌVery high thermal expasio PEK ˌˌVery low dissipatio factor ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio Values TEAFINE PE (PE) TEAFINE PE 1 (PE) T g Desity.96 g/cm 3.93 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 1, MPa 65 MPa Service temperature, log-term 9 9 PET Idetifyig characteristics ˌ ˌ olour opaque / milky white ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip ˌˌMiimal or o sootig ˌˌWaxy odour ˌˌDesity -R < N1g / cm³, floats i water N -R ˌ ˌ Relatively soft, ca be scored with a figerail ˌˌSubjectively very light to the touch PI Applicatio examples Guide rollers, chai guides, liers for silos ad chutes, extractio ad filter plates, pipes for gas ad drikig water, uderfloor heatig systems i PE-MW, systems for processig ad packagig froze food, films for a variety of idustries 2 Summary 3 The differet polyethylee 3 types differ i terms of their molecular weight. The crystalliity, chemical resistace, toughess ad abrasio resistace properties of these materials PMP improve with icreasig molecular weight. oversely, their processability by meltig becomes more difficult. Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylees (PE-UMW) ca oly be processed by pressig ito stock shapes or direct mouldig. The beefit: semi-fiished ad fiished products made of PE-UMW demostrate low iteral stress ad miimal warpage. N N m Service temperature, short-term 9 12 Lower service temperature

15 3 -R N N -R N N m 4 3 PI 3 PP > PPE? PMP Structural formula PMP Stress 1 2S Strai [%] TEAFINE PMP TEAFINE PPS PMP TEAFINE PMP PMP (DIN desigatio) Polymethylpetee (PMP) is a thermoplastic belogig to the polyolefie group. With a desity of.83 g/cm³, it is the lightest of all the plastics. Despite its partially crystallie structure, PMP has a clear/trasparet appearace. Properties ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌTrasparet ˌˌLowest desity of all plastics ˌˌigh toughess, stregth ad hardess ˌˌGood resistace to chemicals ˌˌStress crack resistace better i some cases tha with other trasparet plastics ˌˌWater absorptio ca result i deformatio ˌˌLimited resistace to hydrolysis ˌˌGood thermal stability ˌˌGood gamma ad X-ray resistace ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties ˌˌVery low dissipatio factor ˌˌutstadig optical properties Values TEAFINE PMP (PMP) T g 2 Desity.83 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 1, MPa Service temperature, log-term 12 Service temperature, short-term 17 Lower service temperature 2 Idetifyig characteristics ˌ ˌ olour opaque / slightly yellowish ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip ˌˌMiimal or o sootig ˌˌWaxy odour ˌˌDesity < 1 g/cm³, floats i water ˌˌRelatively soft, ca be scored with a figerail Products / Modificatios TEAFINE PMP (PMP) Trasparet, also i the UV rage. Very good electrical isulatio. Applicatio examples Medical techology: various ijectio mouldigs for coectig ad distributor elemets used i parts for drip feedig, ijectios, various household appliaces; Electrotechical accessories, high-frequecy techology, coil cores, aerial supports, leses for ultrasoud applicatios Summary igher stregth ad thermal stability levels tha PE. The crystallite size is lower tha the wavelegth of the light, permittig very good trasparecy. Better light trasmissio i the visible area tha with optically highly trasparet plastics such as PMMA or P. 15

16 4 PM- 3 PS 2 3 PP Structural formula PP Stress 1 3 S Strai [%] 3 TEAFINE PP TEAFINE PSUPP N m TEAPR MT TEAFINE 3 PP 3 F F F F PP > PPE? PP (DIN desigatio) Polypropylee (PP) is a thermoplastic maufactured by the catalytic polymerizatio of propee. Polypropylee belogs to the group of polyolefies. Polypropylees (PP) are uiversal stadard plastics with well-balaced properties. The Esiger semi-fiished product portfolio cotais two mai types of polypropylee: TEAPR MT ad TEAFINE PP. PPS S PTFE Properties ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌLow desity < 1 g/cm³ ˌˌigh degree of toughess ˌˌBetter stregth, hardess ad rigidity tha PE ˌˌVery high chemical resistace ˌˌVery low moisture F absorptio ˌˌNo stress crack formatio F ˌˌImproved thermal stability compared to PE ˌˌAti-adhesive properties PVDF ˌˌigh thermal expasio ˌˌLow applicatio rage i mius temperature rage, sesitive to impact Values TEAPR MT TEAFINE PP (PP) (PP) T g 1 18 Desity.92 g/cm 3.91 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 2, MPa 1,6 MPa Service temperature, log-term 1 1 Service temperature, short-term 1 13 Lower service temperature

17 4 3 2 Stress Strai [%] TEAPR TEAPR MT Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌMay criteria similar to PE ˌˌDifferece: Scorig with a figerail is ot possible ˌˌolour opaque / milky white ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip ˌˌMiimal or o sootig ˌˌWaxy odour ˌˌDesity < 1 g/cm³, floats i water Products / Modificatios TEAFINE PP (PP) Ureiforced basic type, atural TEAFINE PP GF3 (PP GF) Glass fibre reiforced for high stregth, rigidity, hardess ad low thermal expasio, dimesioal stability, preferred use for ijectio mouldig TEAPR MT (PP) Special type, modified for use i medical techology, biocompatible Applicatio examples TEAFINE PP: large-sized chemistry apparatus, acid-proof costructio ad acid baths, valves, galvaizig apparatus, picklig ad etchig baths, low-temperature exhaust gas flues, filter plates for filter presses, waste water plats, waste water pipig systems, fittigs made of extruded semi-fiished products, trasport crates for food, filter compoets, fittigs, cotaiers, food processig plats exposed to high levels of thermal ad chemical stress. Used i large-format press plates with low warpage ad good weldig properties for chemical plats maufactured usig daylight presses. TEAPR MT: biocompatible material for use i medical techology, trays for the cleaig, sterilizatio ad storage of differet medical devices ad compoets used i medical applicatios, simple hadles, certai geometry adaptatio models, body cotact plates for mammography. Summary The mai differece betwee TEAFINE PP ad TEAPR MT is that TEAPR MT is based o specially heat-stabilized PP homopolymer. This allows it to resist higher thermal stress durig exteded temperig, resultig i a more stress-relieved product ad reducig the tedecy to warp as a result of repeated super-heated steam sterilizatio. Easy to machie ito dimesioally stable lightweight compoets. 17

18 PM- l m PM- Structural formula PM- l ad m statistically distributed PM- Structural formula PM- l m Stress PPSU PPSU Strai [%] TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A TEAFRM PS AD S S S S PM- PS TEAFRM 3 3 S 3 N N m m PP PM (DIN desigatio) The differet desigatios polyacetal, polyoxymethylee or 3 polyformaldehyde (PM) are customary terms to describe the same polymer i differet laguages. PM is a thermoplastic produced by the polymerizatio of PP formaldehyde. Two typical groups of polyacetals exist: homopolymers 3 (PM- / TEAFRM AD) ad copolymers (PM- / TEAFRM A). Both differ i terms of their maufac- 3 turig process. Although their properties are very similar, they do demostrate a umber of typical differeces. PP > PPE? 3 Properties ˌˌigh 3 crystalliity ˌˌRelatively high desity PP > PPE? ˌˌGood degree of toughess, also i the low temperature rage ˌˌigh stregth, hardess ad sprig stiffess ˌˌVery good slidig frictio properties, S abrasio-resistat, ati-adhesive ˌˌigh chemical resistace, especially PPS to alkalis, solvets ad fuels ˌˌGood thermal stability S ˌˌLow moisture absorptio ˌˌGood dimesioal stability PPS ˌˌVery low dielectric costat PSU Values 3 TEAFRM S AD TEAFRM A (PM-) (PM-) 3 T g 6 6 Desity PSU 1.43 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 3,6 MPa 2,8 MPa Service temperature, log-term 11 1 F F Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature F F 5 5 PTFE Idetifyig characteristics F F ˌˌolour white, slightly opaque, slightly traslucet F F at the edges ˌˌigh flammability PTFE ˌˌBurs with a feit blue flame with yellow tip, produces droplets ad cotiues to bur ˌˌMiimal or o sootig F ˌˌTypically gives off puget odour of formaldehyde F o thermal decompositio ˌˌigh desity, siks i water PVDF ˌˌSlightly waxy feel F ˌˌQuickly destroyed i mieral acids ˌˌMuffled soud F o impact PVDF 18

19 TEAFRM AD ud A To address the wide-ragig differet requiremets occurrig i idustry, a wide rage of materials is available which are adjusted to suit specific applicatio coditios. Products are available for use i the food, drikig water, pharmaceutical ad medical techology idustries ad also for slidig applicatios. Also available are materials required to comply with safety ad explosio protectio requiremets, ad products for cosumer protectio i the maufacture of foods ad pharmaceuticals. Products / Modificatios Applicatio examples PM with its broad type diversity is a egieerig plastic for wide-ragig uiversal applicatios i may differet braches of idustry, also as a substitute for metal. omprehesive use for slidig applicatios, excellet desig solutios with sap fasteigs, slidig parts such as bearig bushes, rollers, slide rails, electrical isulatig parts, compoets with cotact to water, various fixture compoets with slidig fuctio, scratch proof high-gloss exposed parts, wide rage of compoets i the food, pharmaceutical ad drikig water idustries ad i medical techology TEAFRM AD atural (PM-) Basic type PM- TEAFRM AD black (PM-) For improved UV protectio i outdoor use TEAFRM AD AF (PM-, solid lubricat) Slidig properties modified with PTFE for miimal frictio, brow TEAFRM A atural (PM-) Basic type PM- TEAFRM A black (PM-) For improved UV protectio for outdoor use TEAFRM A ID (PM-, detectable filler) Iductively detectable usig sesors for the protectio of food products, cosumers ad equipmet TEAFRM A ID blue (PM-, detectable filler) Iductively detectable ad additioally with blue, food-safe sigal colour for food product protectio TEAFRM A LA blue (PM-, solid lubricat) Slidig properties modified ad blue sigal colour for food cotact Summary The two basic types are differetiated i the mai by oly a few uderlyig criteria: ˌˌPM- (homopolymer) has a high meltig poit ad higher stregth, but is sesitive to hydrolysis with cotiuous exposure to hot water over 6 ad steam. ˌˌPM- (copolymer) has slightly lower stregth but better toughess, better resistace to alkalis ad good hydrolysis resistace to hot water ad steam. ˌˌPM- ca be maufactured i larger, thicker-walled semi-fiished product dimesios. TEAFRM A ELS (PM-, coductive carbo black) Adjusted for electrical coductivity for the reliable dissipatio of static electricity ad to protect products ad systems agaist damage TEAFRM A GF25 (PM- GF) Glass fibre reiforcemet for higher stregth ad precisio TEAFRM A MT coloured (PM-) oloured for use i medical techology, tested for biocompatibility TEAFRM A SAN (PM-) With atimicrobial fiish for hygiee ad health care applicatios TEAFRM A SD (PM-, atistatic) Electrostatically coductive for product protectio i the electroics idustry 19

20 N 2 x Ureiforced PA6 N 2 x 12 1 PE Structure PA6 usig oe source material: PA 6: x=5 PA 11: x=1 PA 12: x= PE N 2 N 2 x y Structure PA66 usig two source materials: N 2 N 2 x y PA 66: x=6; y=4 PA 61: x=6; y=8 PA 612: x=6; y=1 PA66 Stress PEEK Strai [%] TEAMID 46 rotbrau TEAMID TEAMID 46 red-brow 12 TEAMID 12 TEAMID PEEK 6 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 N TEAMID N PAI N R N R N N N N R R N N PEI N N PA PAI (DIN desigatio) TEAMID (PA) belogs to the extesive group of polyamides. Polycodesatio allows the maufacture of a wide rage of idividual polyamides with differet characteristics o the basis of oe (e.g. PA 6, PA 11, PA 12) or more source materials (e.g. PA 66, PA 46, PA 61, PA 612). Polyamides are amog the most importat techical thermoplastics. PBT Properties: PA 6 ad PA 66 ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌPBT ˌLow desity, slightly over 1 g/cm³ ˌˌigh thermal stability (meltig poit of PA 66 higher tha PA 6) ˌˌigh stregth ad hardess ˌˌigh moisture absorptio, which impairs most characteristic values to a greater or lesser degree: toughess, otch impact stregth ad abrasio resistace improve while other mechaical ad electrical characteristic values deteriorate ˌˌVery good toughess depedig o moisture cotet ˌˌVery high chemical resistace, primarily to alkalis, solvets ad fuels ˌˌSesitivity to stress crackig oly uder very dry coditios ˌˌAti-adhesive properties Properties: PEI PA 46 ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌLow desity, slightly over 1 g/cm³ ˌˌExtremely high thermal stability ˌˌigh thermal dimesioal stability ˌˌVery high moisture absorptio compared to other polyamides. This property impairs most characteristic values PEK to a greater or lesser degree: toughess, otch impact stregth ad abrasio resistace improve while other mechaical ad electrical PEKcharacteristic values deteriorate ˌˌVery good toughess depedig o moisture cotet ˌˌVery high chemical resistace, primarily to alkalis, solvets ad fuels ˌˌSesitivity to stress crackig oly uder very dry coditios Properties: PA 12 ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌLow desity, slightly over 1 g/cm³ ˌˌMedium stregth ad hardess ˌˌMedium thermal stability ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio compared to other polyamides ˌˌVery good impact stregth ad otch impact stregth ˌˌVery high chemical resistace, primarily to alkalis, solvets ad fuels ˌˌVery good stress crackig resistace 2

21 Reiforced Stress Strai [%] TEAMID 66 F 2 TEAMID TEAMID 66 F2 66 GF 3 sw TEAMID 66 GF3 black TEAMID 6 GF 3 sw TEAMID 6 GF3 black Values TEAMID TEAMID TEAMID TEAMID (PA 6) (PA 66) (PA 46) (PA 12) T g [ ] Desity [g/cm 3 ] Modulus of elasticity 3,3 3,5 3,3 1,8 Service temperature, log-term [ ] Service temperature, short-term [ ] Lower service temperature [ ] Water absorptio [%] Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour opaque / milky white ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip, o or oly miimal sootig ˌˌor-like odour whe burig, produces melted droplets, draws threads ˌˌDesity slightly above 1 g/cm³, floats i saturated salt solutio ˌˌTraslucet with thi wall thickesses / at the edges Applicatio examples The PA group of plastics are classical uiversal materials used i mechaical egieerig applicatios whose high toughess ad abrasio resistace makes them very suitable as slidig materials. PA compoets esure smooth, low-oise, low-vibratio ruig, with emergecy ruig characteristics for partial dry ruig. More suitable for applicatios i tough hostile eviromets i which a wider tolerace rage is admissible (ote: precisio compoets are less suitable for such applicatios due to variable moisture absorptio). Products / Modificatios TEAMID 6 (PA 6) Ureiforced versio, very tough, good dampig properties, moisture absorptio TEAM 6 M (PA 6 MoS 2 ) Uiversal type, for outdoor use, slidig applicatios, abrasio resistat TEAMID 6 GF25 TEAMID 6 GF3 (PA 6 GF) Fibre reiforced for stregth ad rigidity coupled with a good level of toughess TEAMID 66 (PA 66) Ureiforced basic type, harder ad stroger tha PA 6 TEAMID 66 F2 (PA 66 F) arbo fibre-reiforced, high stregth, improved UV protectio TEAMID 66 GF3 (PA 66 GF) Glass fibre-reiforced for high stregth, improved UV protectio for outdoor weather resistace TEAMID 66 I (PA 66, heat stabilizer) Thermally stabilized for permaetly improved thermal stability TEAMID 66 LA (PA 66, solid lubricat) With lubricat for improved slidig properties TEAMID 66 M (PA 66 MoS 2 ) Ehaced abrasio resistace, also for exteral applicatios exposed to UV TEAMID 66 X GF5 (PA 66 GF) ighly reiforced with 5 % GF, improved thermal stability, black TEAMID TR (PA 6-3) Amorphous, trasparet, very good electrical isulatio TEAMID 12 (PA 12) Low water absorptio, characteristics remai stable i humid eviromets, very good electrical isulatio, good slide frictio properties, wear resistat, dimesioally stable TEAMID 46 (PA 46) igh-temperature PA, red-brow, almost exclusively used for ijectio mouldig Summary Because of its relatively high but reversible moisture absorptio, PA 6 has a level of toughess which is high but varies depedig upo climatic coditios. PA 12 absorbs little water, has greater dimesioal stability ad is tough ad wear resistat. TEAMID TR is trasparet, teds to absorb hardly ay moisture, has good electrical isulatig properties. TEAMID 46 has the highest level of toughess ad water absorptio, is wear resistat ad has very high thermal stability. 21

22 ABS P N 2 x 6 4 Structural PA6 formula PA 6 TEARIM (PA + elastomer) Stress PE Strai [%] TEAGLIDE grü TEAGLIDE TEAST gree T TEAST T TEAST TM TEAST TM TEAST L TEAST L N 2 x N 2 y TEAST PA66 TEARIM PEEK PA 6 (DIN desigatio) N R N Due N to the special maufacturig method used, N RTEAST ad TEARIM represet a special group withi the poly- amide family. TEAST is a cast polyamide 6 product maufactured by the activated aioic polymerizatio of caprolactam. This cast polyamide material has high stregth ad PAI rigidity, as well as good abrasio resistace, particularly agaist slidig frictio parters with rough surfaces. Modificatios usig fillers, additives ad lubricats are possible. TEARIM assumes a special positio withi this group, as i this case elastomer compoets are additioally polymerized as block copolymers. PBT ˌˌSemi-crystallie N 3 ˌˌLow desity, slightly over 1 g/cm³ ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌigh stregth ad hardess PEI ˌˌigh moisture absorptio, which impairs most characteristic values to a greater or lesser degree: ˌˌSesitivity to stress crackig oly uder very dry coditios PEK ˌˌAti-adhesive properties 3 Properties: TEAST T, TEAST L, TEAGLIDE toughess, otch impact stregth ad abrasio resistace improve while other mechaical ad electrical characteristic values deteriorate ˌˌVery good toughess depedig o moisture cotet ˌˌVery high chemical resistace, primarily to alkalis, solvets ad fuels 2 2 N Properties: TEARIM ˌˌPolyamide 6-block copolymer with high load capacity ˌˌToughess modificatio of PA 6 by the additio of elastomer ˌˌBalaced toughess ad rigidity ˌˌProductio usig the RIM method (Reactio Ijectio Mouldig) ˌˌRobust, abrasio-resistat compoets capable of withstadig extreme loads ˌˌExtremely high impact stregth, also dow to 4 ˌˌGood abrasio ad wear resistace ˌˌigh eergy ad shock absorptio ˌˌNo brittle fractures uder pressure or impact loads ˌˌStress-relieved ad draft-free moulded compoets 22

23 Values TEAST T TEARIM (PA 6 ) (PA 6 ) T g 4 53 Desity 1.15 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 3,5 MPa 2,2 MPa Service temperature, log-term 1 95 Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature -4-5 Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour opaque / milky white ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip, o or oly miimal sootig ˌˌor-like odour whe burig, produces melted droplets, draws threads ˌˌDesity slightly above 1 g/cm³, floats i saturated salt solutio ˌˌTraslucet with thi wall thickesses / at the edges Products / Modificatios TEAST T (PA 6 ) Basic type, tough-hard, very good machiig properties TEAGLIDE gree (PA 6, solid lubricat) ast PA 6, slidig properties modified for very low frictio TEAST L (PA 6, oil) Slidig properties modified TEAST L black (PA 6, oil) Slidig properties modified, black, also for outdoor exposure to weather TEAST L yellow (PA 6, oil) Slidig properties modified, yellow TEAST TM (PA 6, MoS 2 ) With MoS 2, improved abrasio resistace, suitable for outdoor exposure to UV TEARIM 15 yellow (PA 6, elastomer) Sigal colour yellow, high toughess, good low temperature impact stregth Applicatio examples Pulleys ad guide rollers, chai guides, slide rails. The adjustable toughess properties of TEAST T are used i dampig plates for impact ad vibratio hammers applied for pile drivig; large-scale gears used for the trasfer of motio rather tha power trasmissio. Due to its high toughess, TEARIM is also used at low temperatures for witer techology applicatios (chai supports, chai buffers for bulldozers); Stress relief blocks for puchig, deep drawig i automotive productio, white goods, tool buildig Summary Due to its relatively high but reversible moisture absorptio, PA 6 has a high level of toughess, whereby TEAST T demostrates eve higher crystalliity ad better machiability tha PA 6. TEAST L ad TEAGLIDE are special types with modified slidig properties for improved slidig frictio properties ad reduced abrasio. Several TEARIM types ca be varied over wide rages (i terms of stregth, creep stregth ad toughess from tough elastic to hard). 23

24 PES S Structural PBT formula PBT 1 PM PEK PET Structural formula PET Stress Strai [%] 3 TEAPET TF TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF 3 PPTF TEADUR PBT GF3 TEAPET TEAPET TEADUR TEAPET N -R N -R N N m 3 3 PI PET, PBT (DIN desigatio) Polyethyleterephthalate (PET) is maufactured usig a polycodesatio reactio from terephthalic acid ad ethylee glycol. PET belogs to the group of thermoplastic liear polyesters ad ecompasses both TEAPET ad the related o-stadard types TEADUR PET. Aother type is TEADUR PBT, which is similar i character to PET, with lower stregth but particularly good toughess ad abrasio resistace. Due to these properties, TEADUR PBT is sigificatly PMP easier to modify with fibres tha PET, ad therefore geerally available as a fibre-reiforced product (TEADUR PBT GF3). PP > PPE? Properties ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌRelatively high desity ˌˌigh degree of toughess, sprig stiffess ˌˌBrittle behaviour at low temperatures below zero degrees ˌˌigh stregth, hardess ad rigidity ˌˌVery good slidig frictio properties, abrasio-resistat S ˌˌigh chemical resistace, preferably resistat to diluted acids PPS ˌˌGood thermal stability ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌMiimal thermal expasio ˌˌVery good dimesioal stability ˌˌydrolysis-sesitive to hot water ad steam ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties Values TEADUR TEADUR PET TEAPET PBT GF3 (PET) (PET) (PBT GF) T g Desity 1.39 g/cm g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 3,3 MPa 3,1 MPa 3,4 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature (icreasig brittleess) 24

25 Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour white, good coverage, more itesive tha PM ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with lumious yellow flame ˌˌigh level of sootig ˌˌTypical sweetish, irritat odour o thermal decompositio Products / Modificatios TEADUR PET (PET) Basic type ureiforced TEAPET (PET) Modified for better machiig TEAPET schwarz (PET) Improved for exteral use with UV protectio TEADUR PBT GF3 (PBT GF) Glass fibre reiforced, for high stregth, rigidity ad precisio requiremets TEAPET TF (PET TF) Modified as a slidig frictio type with PTFE additive Applicatio examples Slidig parts such as bearig bushes, rollers, slide rails, very good suitability for sap-effect istallatios, electrical isulatig compoets, compoets with cold water cotact, various fixture parts with slidig effect, scratch-proof high-gloss exposed parts, egieerig plastic for uiversal applicatios, compoets for food processig plats Summary Products based o PET are used where moisture absorptio must be avoided ad where dimesioal stability is required i cojuctio with stregth. Lower water absorptio ad thermal expasio tha with PA ad PM make PET ideally suited for dimesioally stable precisio compoets with miimal evirometal depedecy. Whe used i food-related applicatios, resistace to typical cleaers plays a decisive role. PET is more resistat to differet cleaig acids tha PM ad PA, but coversely does ot tolerate alkalie cleaig agets (caustic soda). The material TEAPET is a special modificatio providig improved toughess, better slidig frictio properties with slightly reduced stregth, ad primarily improved machiability. TEAPET black is the black dyed versio with improved UV protectio for exteral applicatios. TEAPET TF is a variat with improved slidig frictio properties with added polymer solid lubricat TEADUR PBT GF3. It is the glass-fibre reiforced modificatio based o the related but sigificatly tougher PBT for higher stregth requiremets, high rigidity ad low thermal expasio, makig it ideally suited for structural compoets with a high level of precisio used i electrotechical applicatios, precisio mechaics ad mechaical egieerig. PET is i ay case highly rigid. Due to the high level of brittleess, with the additio of glass fibre it could ot be further processed without damage. 25

26 P Structural formula P Stress Strai [%] TEANAT TEANAT GF 3 PEKEKKTEANAT GF3 TEANAT S PE P (DIN desigatio) Polycarboate (P) is maufactured by the reactio of bispheol A with phosgee, ad belogs to the group of liear thermoplastic polyesters. Due to its low crystalliity, P has a high level of trasparecy. The plastic is characterized by high stregth, rigidity ad hardess, as well as very good impact stregth. I cotrast to their low chemical resistace, polycarboates are very resistat to exteral iflueces such as weather ad UVradiatio. PEEK Properties ˌˌAmorphous ˌˌigh degree of trasparecy ˌˌLow desity 3 ˌˌGood thermal stability ˌˌVery N high toughess 3 ˌˌVery high impact stregth, eve at low temperatures ˌˌigh stregth ad hardess PEI ˌˌMaitais its rigidity over a wide rage of temperatures ˌˌVery high dimesioal accuracy ˌˌLow moisture absorptio ˌˌModerate chemical resistace, sesitive to solvets ad alkalis 2 2 N PES ˌˌTedecy to stress crack formatio ˌˌSesitive to otchig ˌˌUsuitable for high mechaical loads ˌˌydrolysis-sesitive (to cotiuous exposure to hot water ad primarily super-heated steam) ˌˌLow dissipatio factor ˌˌGood electrical isulatio properties ˌˌVery good resistace to weatherig Values PET TEANAT TEANAT GF3 (P) (P GF) T g Desity 1.19 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 2,2 MPa 4,4 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term R N N -R Lower service temperature 6 N 4 (icreasig brittleess) Idetifyig characteristics PI ˌˌolourless ˌˌighly trasparet ˌˌigh flammability ˌˌBurs with lumious yellow flame, heavy sootig ˌˌSweetish odour, irritat ˌˌDesity 1 g/cm³ floats i salie solutio ˌˌSubject to rapid attack by solvets, 2 cloudig of the surface 3 3 N m PEK PMP 26

27 Products / Modificatios TEANAT (P) Ureiforced basic types TEANAT GF3 (P GF) Glass fibre reiforced for high stregth ad rigidity, dimesioal stability TEANAT MT (P) Natural special types for use i medical techology, biocompatible Applicatio examples Areas i which high trasparecy ad mechaical characteristics such as impact stregth, stregth ad dimesioal stability are key, such as electrical ad apparatus compoets, Ds ad DVDs. Spectacle leses ad optical leses, lamp covers, viewig widows used i food techology or mieral oil processig. Also leses for car headlamps, aircraft widows, safety screes, burglar-resistat glazig, uderwater housigs for cameras, coservatory ad greehouse glazig, solar paels, covers, packagig, suitcases, protective helmets ad visors. Also suitable as a housig material for cameras, mobile phoes, laptops ad other housigs, as well as durable idetificatio documets. Special P types ca be used as a raw material for a wide rage of differet disposable medical products. Summary ompared to other egieerig plastics, polycarboate demostrates excellet impact stregth ad low temperature impact stregth as well as exceptioal trasparecy. Due to its high degree of hardess, P is less susceptible to scratches ad so maitais a high level of trasparecy i applicatio. This distiguishes it from other materials ad opes up a wide rage of applicatios across differet fields. The high stregth ad toughess of the glass-fibre reiforced type TEANAT GF3 makes it particularly suited for use i electrically isulatig compoets ad i structural ad housig compoets requirig a high stadard of dimesioal stability, stregth ad impact stregth. Ulike umodified types, fibre-reiforced P is ot trasparet but has a greyish opaque colour. The special type TEANAT MT is suitable for oe-off applicatios i the medical sector. owever, the highly-trasparet material offers oly miimal resistace to superheated steam. Eve a few sterilizatio ad cleaig cycles exert a sigificat detrimetal effect o the material (stress crack formatio, yellowig, brittleess). 27

28 F F F F 8 PTFE F F F F 6 4 PTFE Structural formula PTFE F F PVDF Structural formula PVDF F F Stress Strai [%] TEAFLN PVDF (?) TEAFLN PVDF PVDF TEAFLN PVDF, PTFE (DIN desigatio) Polyviylidee fluoride (PVDF) ad polytetrafluoroethylee (PTFE) belog to the group of highly chemically resistat fluorothermoplastics. Due to its high molecular weight, highly chemically resistat PTFE caot be processed by meltig, but oly by pressig ad siterig to create semi-fiished products. PVDF ca be formed by extrusio. Properties: PVDF ˌˌigh desity ˌˌStrog ad tough ˌˌMiimal toughess at low temperatures ˌˌigh chemical resistace ˌˌydrolysis-resistat ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌigh thermal expasio ˌˌigh dissipatio factor, polar, ot suitable for high-frequecy applicatios ˌˌigh resistace to UV radiatio ˌˌPVDF is sigificatly more resistat to eergetic radiatio tha all other fluorothermoplastics ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig ˌˌReleases highly toxic gas i case of fire Properties: PTFE ˌˌVery high crystalliity ˌˌighest desity of all polymers ˌˌVery tough dow to low temperatures ˌˌMiimal stregth ad hardess ˌˌPoor creep stregth ˌˌExtremely high resistace to chemicals, also to oxidizig acids ˌˌydrolysis-resistat ˌˌNo stress crack formatio ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌigh thermal stability, but low dimesioal stability at temperature ˌˌAti-adhesive properties, very good slidig properties, o stick-slip behaviour ˌˌigh resistace to UV radiatio ˌˌVery sesitive to severe radiatio (gamma ad X-rays) ˌˌNot bodable with covetioal materials ˌˌigh thermal expasio ˌˌMiimal dissipatio factor ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties due to their low microstructure desity, RAM extruded products offer characteristics such as miimal dielectric stregth uder high voltage) ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig ˌˌombustio gases are fluoric, highly toxic 28

29 Values TEAFLN PVDF (PVDF) TEAFLN PTFE (PTFE) T g 4 2 Desity 1.78 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 2,2 MPa 7 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature 3 2 (Exceptios dow to 27 ) Applicatio examples PTFE is the most commoly used ad importat fluoropolymer with the most extesive fields of applicatio: hemical plat egieerig, food ad pharmaceutical techology. PTFE is preferred for slidig applicatios with exposure to extreme chemical stress. PVDF is ideal for chemical plat costructio ad high pressure loads uder exposure to elevated temperatures, for valves, filter plates, fittigs, pipelies, special types for ultra-pure water treatmet plats. Idetifyig characteristics: PVDF ˌˌolour opaque / milky white ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌBurs with lumious yellow flame ˌˌExtiguishes after removig the flame ˌˌIrritat odour ˌˌigh desity (tagibly evidet) ˌˌDifficult to score with a figerail Idetifyig characteristics: PTFE ˌˌRadiat white, opaque ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌDoes ot bur ˌˌIrritat odour ˌˌigh desity (tagibly evidet) ˌˌSoft, easily deformable, easily scored usig a figerail Summary Whe determiig the dimesio of PTFE parts, cosideratio must be give to the extreme icrease i the coefficiet of thermal expasio as a result of microstructure chages takig place i the rage of aroud 18 to 2. Dimesios should be defied at a rage of appr. 23. PVDF has higher stregth, with stregth values at 15 still approximately as high as PTFE at room temperature. PVDF has lower chemical resistace tha PTFE. The reiforcemet of PVDF ad PTFE with glass fibres is oly recommeded whe takig special precautioary measures ad usig selected additives due to a possible thermal degradatio reactio resultig i a release of gas ad deflagratio. Products / Modificatios TEAFLN PVDF (PVDF) Ureiforced basic types TEAFLN PTFE (PTFE) Ureiforced basic types TEAFLN PVDF ELS (coductive carbo black) electrically coductive 29

30 16 PEEK PET 12 PP 8 N PEI Structural formula PEI N Stress 4 -R N N -R N Strai [%] TEAPEI PI TEAPEI N m PP TEAPEI PEK PEI (DIN desigatio) Polyetherimide (PEI) is a amorphous thermoplastic with high mechaical stregth ad rigidity. Due to its characteristics, PEI has a great affiity to the group of polyarylsuphoes (PSU, PPSU) but belogs to the thermoplastic polyimides group. The material demostrates a remarkably high creep stregth over a wide temperature rage. PEI also demostrates a high log-term service temperature. The characteristic profile is rouded off by very good hydrolysis resistace ad dimesioal stability. Due to its amorphous molecular structure, PEI is trasparet ad has a golde yellow colour. PMP Properties ˌˌAmorphous ˌˌTrasparet with thi wall thickesses ad polished surface ˌˌLow desity ˌˌigh stregth, hardess ad rigidity ˌˌigh degree of toughess ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌVery high chemical resistace ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌMiimal thermal expasio ˌˌDimesioally stable ˌˌautio with strog solvets, stress crack formatio possible ˌˌSuper-heated steam ad hydrolysis-resistat ˌˌLow dissipatio factor, suitable for high-frequecy applicatios ˌˌPermeable by ad resistat to microwaves ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig ˌˌigh limitig oxyge idex ˌˌVery low eergy release ad miimal proportio of toxic gases i case of fire ˌˌGood machiig properties PPS 3

31 Values TEAPEI (PEI) T g 216 Desity 1.28 g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 3,2 MPa Service temperature, log-term 17 Service temperature, short-term 2 Lower service temperature 5 (icreasig brittleess) Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour traslucet, amber coloured ˌˌBurs with lumious yellow flame ˌˌExtiguishes slowly after removig the flame ˌˌDissolves i methylee chloride Products / Modificatios TEAPEI (PEI) Ureiforced basic type, suitable for cotact with foodstuffs TEAPEI MT (PEI) Special type for medical techology applicatios with biocompatibility Applicatio examples Food ad pharmaceutical plats, chemical ad lab equipmet, plug compoets, lampholders, solderig frames, special types for aerospace applicatios, electrical egieerig, high-frequecy aerial holders, coil formers, microwave equipmet, microelectroics, test adapters Summary The amorphous high-temperature plastics PEI, PPSU, PES ad PSU geerally offer very similar characteristic profiles; they differ predomiatly i terms of the thermal values service temperature ad glass trasitio temperature. owever, PEI has sigificatly higher mechaical characteristics tha polysulphoes i respect of stregth, rigidity ad hardess. I additio, PEI has the lowest heat developmet rate i case of fire. This is a key criterio i aerospace applicatios. With its o-stadard types, PEI is a ivaluable high-temperature plastic for these sectors. TEAPEI GF3 (PEI GF) Processig to produce o-stadard products, glass fibre reiforced for very high stregth, metal replacemet 31

32 3 S 3 1 l m PSU PEKEKK Structural formula PSU 8 PM- 6 S S 4 PPSU Structural formula PPSU F F S F F PTFE PES Structural formula PES Stress Strai [%] TEASN S TEASN TEASN P MT sw PM- S TEASN P MT black PS TEASN F S, P, E F 3 PVDF PET PSU, PPSU, PES (DIN desigatio) PSU trasparet appearace. Eve at high temperatures, these -R N N -R N N Polypheyl sulphoe (PPSU) combies a high meltig F F represetatives of this polymer class, PPSU leds itself far better F Fto superheated steam sterilizatio ad has better resistace to cleaig agets ad disifectats. PTFE The outstadig characteristics of polysulphoes (PSU) i- clude ot oly a high log-term service temperature but hydrolysis resistace complete the product characteristics. PMP The characteristics of polyether sulphoe (PES) are similar F 3 S 3 Polyaryl sulphoes (PSU, PPSU, PES) are a family of thermoplastic, amorphous ad polar polymers. Due to their amorphous molecular structure, polyaryl sulphoes are traslucet ad have a yellowish brow (amber coloured) materials demostrate a high level of stregth ad stability. temperature with very low moisture absorptio. I additio, this polymer offers better impact stregth ad chemical resistace tha PSU ad PES from the group of PI polysulphoes. Alogside these characteristics, compared to other also remarkably high creep stregth over a wide temperature rage. A high level of dimesioal stability ad good to those of PSU. PES offers high mechaical stregth ad rigidity coupled with relatively low otch sesitivity. I ad- ditio, F PES offers good chemical resistace ad hydrolysis resistace. ompared to PSU, PES offers better chemical PVDF resistace ad higher impact stregth. PP Properties ˌˌAmorphous ˌˌTrasparet with thi wall thickesses ad polished surface m ˌˌLow desity ˌˌigh stregth, 3 hardess ad rigidity ˌˌigh degree of toughess ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌigh chemical 3 resistace ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio PP > PPE? ˌˌGood dimesioal stability ˌˌautio with strog solvets, stress crack formatio possible ˌˌSuper-heated steam ad hydrolysis-resistat ˌˌLow dissipatio factor ˌˌPermeable ad with high resistace to microwaves, good for high-frequecy applicatios ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties S ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig ˌˌGood machiig properties PPS 32

33 Values TEASN P (PPSU) TEASN S (PSU) T g Desity 1.31 g/cm³ 1.24 g/cm³ (ca differ depedig o colour) Modulus of elasticity 2,3 MPa 2,7 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature 5 5 (Exceptios dow to 1 ) Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour traslucet, amber coloured, darkeig with PPSU o risig glass trasitio temperature ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌBurs with lumious yellow, sootig flame ˌˌExtiguishes slowly after removig the flame ˌˌPuget odour ˌˌDissolves i methylee chloride Products / Modificatios TEASN P MT coloured (PPSU) Special type i a variety of colours for medical techology, tested biocompatibility, suitable for cotact with foods TEASN P VF (PPSU) Ureiforced basic type, caledered for deep-draw products, trasparet ad i opaque colours TEASN P MT XR coloured (PPSU) Special type for use i medical techology, biocompatible, x-ray opaque TEASN S (PSU) Ureiforced basic type, compatible for food cotact TEASN E GF3 (PES GF) o-stadard productio, preferably for ijectio mouldig, glass fibre reiforced for high stregth, electrical compoets, flame retarded Applicatio examples PPSU is used preferably i medicie i the field of joit prosthetic surgery for adjustmet models, for device hadles, sterilizatio ad storage cotaiers, food ad pharmaceuticals productio plats. PSU for chemical ad laboratory equipmet, plug compoets, lamp fittigs, electrical egieerig, for high-frequecy techology, aerial carriers, coil formers, microwave equipmet, microelectroics, test adapters. PES GF is used preferably for ijectio mouldig of highstregth, rigid precisio electrical compoets with flame retardat properties. Summary PES has bee superseded by the product developmet of PPSU, ad is oly of sigificace owadays for the maufacture of special products. The typical characteristic profiles of the three amorphous polysulphoe polymers (PSU, PPS, PES) are very similar. The mai differeces are i their glass trasitio temperatures ad service temperature rages. The stregth value, toughess ad chemical resistace levels of the three differ oly i detail. Also i compariso to PEI, certai properties overlap. owever, it offers sigificatly higher mechaical characteristic values (stregth, rigidity ad hardess) as well as beig excelletly suited for safety-relevat applicatios i aviatio. Due to its relatively high moisture absorptio, PES frequetly demostrates problematic behaviour durig superheated steam sterilizatio with vacuum phase (crack formatio). Alogside PEEK, PPSU is a highly importat plastic for use i medical applicatios, for istace i the field of devices used i imagig diagostics, P equipmet ad orthopaedic techology for joit replacemet. 33

34 3 N m 3 1 F F F F PP > PPE? 8 PTFE 6 4 S PPS Structural formula PPS Stress 2 F Strai [%] F TEATRN GF 4 TEATRN PVX TEATRN PVX TEATRN PVDF GF4 TEATRN PPS (DIN desigatio) Polypheyleesulphide (PPS) is a semi-crystallie, high temperature thermoplastic polymer. Its chemical structure makes PPS a highly resistat polymer with high stregth ad hardess, eve i the upper temperature rages. I additio to low water absorptio, it also has good dimesioal stability ad excellet electrical properties. PPS is chemically very stable eve at high temperatures. I the field of semi-fiished products, PPS is almost exclusively available i the marketplace i fibre-reiforced form. Properties ˌˌigh crystalliity ˌˌigh desity ˌˌigh stregth, hardess ad rigidity ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌVery high chemical resistace, eve at low temperatures ˌˌExcellet solvet resistace ˌˌydrolysis-resistat, ot sesitive to stress crackig ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio ˌˌMiimal thermal expasio ˌˌighly dimesioally stable i a fibre-reiforced versio ˌˌigh radiatio resistace to gamma ad X-rays ˌˌVery good electrical isulatio properties ˌˌLow ioic cotamiatio i special types ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig Values TEATRN TEATRN GF4 (PPS) (PPS GF) T g Desity 1.36 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 4,1 MPa 6,5 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature 2 2 (icreasig brittleess) 34

35 Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌolour beige / atural, uder the effects of UV quickly develops localized brow patches ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌSulphurous odour of rotte eggs ˌˌExtiguishes after removig the flame ˌˌard, bright soud o impact Products / Modificatios TEATRN (PPS) Basic type, oly for special applicatios TEATRN GF4 (PPS GF) Glass fibre reiforced for high stregth ad rigidity TEATRN GF4 black (PPS GF) Glass fibre reiforced, dyed black, improved UV protectio for outdoor applicatios ad colour-stable products TEATRN PVX (PPS S F TF) Special type with modified slidig properties to comply with slidig requiremets uder high temperatures, loads ad the effects of chemicals ad steam Applicatio examples Structural compoets for chemical eviromets, valves, filter housigs, pump ad fittig compoets, pump impellers, slidig compoets exposed to temperature ad chemical iflueces as well as hot water, roller bearigs for cotiuous driers, electrical compoets, plugs, housigs, core formers, lamp housigs, ureiforced special types with low io cotamiatio for semi-coductor productio Summary The deploymet of TEATRN materials frequetly offers the optimum compromise where the performace parameters of PA 66 GF3 have reached their limits ad a solutio usig PEEK materials would exceed budgetary restrictios. I the automotive idustry, for istace, PPS is frequetly used predomiatly for applicatios i the egie compartmet where PA 66 GF3 is o loger able to provide adequate characteristics. Alogside the high level of material stregth ad dimesioal stability, aother outstadig feature of PPS is its dimesioal stability. 35

36 PEI PI 16 Structural PEEK formula PEEK 12 PET PEK Structural formula PEK N PEKEKK PEI Structural formula PEKEKK N Stress 4 PMP -R N N -R N 5 l 1m 15 2 Strai [%] TEAPEEK ST sw TEAPEEK TEAPEEK PM- PI ST black TEAPEEK TEAPEEK T black TEAPEEK T sw N m TEAPEEK S PES PEK PAEK (DIN desigatio) The group of polyaryletherketoes (PAEK) ecompasses i the mai PEEK, PEK, PEKEKK ad PEKK. The molecular structure of the members of this polymer group differs i terms of the respective umber of cohesive ether ad ketoe groups. osequetly, with a icreasig umber of ketoe groups, uderlyig distictios occur with risig glass trasitio ad meltig temperatures. Processability by meltig becomes icreasigly difficult, ad is the replaced by pressig methods, which are the preferred PET optio for large-scale semi-fiished product dimesios. A typical characteristic of this group of materials, which is classified as part of the thermoplastic high-temperature plastic group, is that its property profile is largely maitaied also i high-temperature rages above 1 ; Most characteristic values chage oly moderately. The most importat N material ad the oe with N the -R most N techical uses -R is the polyetheretherketoe PEEK. The materials belogig to the polyaryletherketoe group are characterized by a uusually complex property profile PI with a large umber of excellet idividual characteristics. Properties ˌˌSemi-crystallie ˌˌLow desity ˌˌigh degree of toughess PMP ˌˌigh stregth, hardess ad rigidity 2 ˌˌLow tedecy to creep 3 3 N PM- PMP ˌˌGood slidig frictio properties, good abrasio resistace ˌˌVery good chemical resistace to a wide rage of techical media ˌˌydrolysis resistace, tedecy to stress crack formatio ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌUusually high radiatio resistace to gamma ad 3 X-rays ˌˌVery low moisture absorptio PP ˌˌMiimal thermal expasio ˌˌGood dimesioal stability ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig ˌˌMiimal io cotamiatio ˌˌVery low outgassig rates i high vacuum ˌˌMiimal, low-toxicity gas developmet 3 i case of fire m Values 3 TEAPEEK TEAPEEK T TEAPEEK ST PP > PPE? (PEEK) (PEK) (PEKEKK) T g PPS S Desity 1.31 g/cm³ 1.31 g/cm³ 1.32 g/cm³ Modulus of elasticity 4,2 MPa 4,6 MPa 4,6 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature (Exceptios dow to 1, icreasig brittleess) 36

37 Stress Strai [%] TEAPEEK PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK PVX GF 3 TEAPEEK F 3 TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 Idetifyig characteristics: PEEK atural colour ˌˌolour beige, characteristic ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌExtiguishes after removig the flame ˌˌMiimal sootig ˌˌExtreme hardess ad rigidity ˌˌDesity sigificatly > 1 g/cm³, siks i water Products / Modificatios TEAPEEK (PEEK) Ureiforced basic types TEAPEEK black (PEEK) Improved UV radiatio for outdoor use TEAPEEK lumious red (PEEK) Sigal ad warig colour for idustrial applicatio, operatig elemets TEAPEEK F3 (PEEK F) arbo fibre reiforced for high stregth ad rigidity, slidig properties TEAPEEK ELS ao (PEEK NT) Electrically coductive with NT TEAPEEK GF3 (PEEK GF) Glass fibre reiforced for high stregth ad rigidity TEAPEEK PVX (PEEK S, F, TF) With modified slidig properties for techical slidig applicatios with high loadig capacity TEAPEEK T black (PEK) Ureiforced, higher thermal mechaical loadig capacity tha PEEK TEAPEEK ST black (PEKEKK) Ureiforced, higher thermal mechaical loadig capacity tha PEK TEAPEEK F3 MT (PEEK F) Special type, carbo fibre reiforced, for high stregth, biocompatible, black TEAPEEK LASSIX white (PEEK) Special type for medical techology applicatios, suitable for 3 days of tissue cotact, biocompatible TEAPEEK MT (PEEK) Natural versio for medical techology, biocompatible TEAPEEK MT coloured (PEEK) Special types i a variety of colours for medical techology, biocompatible TEAPEEK ID blue (PEEK, detectable filler) modified for iductive detectability i food ad pharmaceutical processes, suitable for food cotact TEAPEEK TF1 (PEEK TF) Slidig properties modified with PTFE, suitable for cotact with food TEAPEEK TS (PEEK, mieral) With mieral filler, high stregth ad rigidity, toughess, high degree of hardess ad low thermal expasio TEATE PEEK W5 (PEEK F) Reiforced with wove carbo fibre fabric, stregth behaviour o the fabric level similar to steel, biocompatible TEATE PEKK W6 (PEKK F) Reiforced with wove carbo fibre fabric, stregth behaviour o the fabric level similar to steel, biocompatible Applicatio examples Polyaryletherketoes are a high-performace polymer group, each member of which has a array of uusual properties ad behaviours, makig this a highly importat source of materials for moder techology ad idustry. TEAPEEK (PEEK) plays a outstadig role amog this group. Slidig compoets, guide rollers, chai guides i oves, tak liigs, thermoformed parts, various compoets for food, drikig water, medical, pharmaceutical ad biotechological use, packagig plats, semi-coductor techology ad microelectroics, uclear ad x-ray techology, gas ad oil exploratio ad coveyig, aerospace applicatios, gears ad egie buildig Summary ompared to TEAPEEK (PEEK), the meltig ad glass trasitio temperatures ad stregth levels of TEAPEEK T (PEKEKK) are higher. Its chemical resistace is tedetially better. The hydrolysis resistace of polyaryletherketoes to superheated steam is greater tha is the case with high-temperature plastics PI ad PAI. ompared to PEI, their alkali resistace at high temperatures is a outstadig feature. The special materials of the TEATE family offer extreme mechaical stregth ad thermal dimesioal stability due to the carbo fibre fabric. The PAEK-based polymer matrix also provides high resistace to superheated steam ad chemicals, makig TEATE ideal for use i medical techology applicatios. 37

38 N 2 x N 2 y 16 PA66 12 PEEK 8 N Structural PAI formula PAI N R N N R Stress 4 3 N Strai [%] TEATR 513 TEATR 531 PVX TEATR 531 PVX TEATR PEI N TEATR PBT PAI (DIN desigatio) Polyamidimides (PAI) are amorphous, thermoplastic highperformace polymers characterized by high thermal stability. Their high molecular weight meas that these materials caot be melted, but are thermally destroyed o testig. PAI belogs to the group of thermoplastic polyimides. These polyimides are characterized by a uusually complex characteristic profile with a umber of outstadig characteristics. A high level of toughess, rigidity ad creep stregth coupled with low thermal expasio esure good mechaical loadig capacity ad dimesioally stable compoets. Modificatio with graphite ad PTFE produces a highly abrasio-resistat bearig material with miimal frictio resistace which remais efficiet eve i dry ruig situatios. PEK Properties ˌˌAmorphous ˌˌigh desity ˌˌGood slidig frictio properties, high abrasio resistace ˌˌigh degree of toughess ˌˌVery high stregth ad hardess ˌˌVery good chemical resistace ˌˌydrolysis sesitivity to hot water cotiuously at temperatures over 1, superheated steam ad alkali ˌˌRelatively high moisture absorptio impairs dimesioal stability ˌˌigh thermal stability ˌˌUusually high radiatio resistace to gamma ad X-rays ˌˌIheretly flame resistat, self-extiguishig 38

39 Values TEATR 513 (PAI) TEATR 531 PVX (PAI) T g Desity 1.4 g/cm g/cm 3 Modulus of elasticity 3,8 MPa 5,9 MPa Service temperature, log-term Service temperature, short-term Lower service temperature Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌTypical colours: uter ski brow, yellow brow iside ˌˌLow flammability ˌˌBurs with a blue flame with yellow tip ˌˌMiimal or o sootig Products / Modificatios TEATR (PAI) Basic type, tough, electrically isulatig TEATR 531 PVX (PAI S TF) Slidig properties modified with graphite ad PTFE additive TEATR GF3 (PAI GF) igh-stregth fibre-reiforced type for ijectio mouldig Applicatio examples Slidig compoets, guide rollers, chai guides, slidig bearigs, gears, thrust washers (axial slidig bearigs) i gear maufacture, balls i hydraulic cotrols. Glass fibre-reiforced high-stregth dimesioally stable structures used i the aerospace idustry, ruers, deflectio rollers, paper guides i priters, copiers, office machiery. Plug compoets ad test sockets for chip testig i the microelectroics idustry, lamp holders. Summary The amide groups have elevated moisture absorptio ad also provide very good toughess, but demostrate dimesioal chages ad limited hydrolysis resistace. For use i the higher temperature rage, prelimiary dryig is advisable i order to prevet hydrolytical damage. ompoets machied as semi-fiished products udergo thermal treatmet at the ed of the polymerizatio process, which simultaeously leds them improved abrasio resistace o ruig surfaces i cojuctio with oxidatio of the surface. 39

40 DMA 3-poit bedig test, 1z, 2K/mi 8 3 PET PP 6 -R N N -R PI Structural formula PI N N m storage modulus E' log temperature 3 [ ] TEASINT 111 PP TEASINT TEASINT 211 > PPE? 111 TEASINT 211 TEASINT 311 TEASINT 311 TEASINT 411 TEASINT 4111 TEASINT 411 TEASINT 4111 TEASINT S PMP PI (DIN desigatio) Polyimides (PI) are produced by polycodesatio. They are o-fusible due to the high amout of rig-shaped, mostly aromatic chai liks ad high molecular weights. The maufacturig of semi-fiished products or directformig parts is therefore doe exclusively by siterig techiques. The materials belogig to the polyimide group are characterised by a uusually complex property profile with a large umber of excellet idividual characteristics ad so take up a positio at the tip of the material pyramid. Properties ˌˌNo-meltig high-temperature polyimide ˌˌigh stregth, modulus ad rigidity, also i the high temperature rage ˌˌigh compressive stregth ad creep resistace ˌˌigh purity, low outgassig i vacuum coditios ˌˌGood chemical resistace ˌˌGood thermal ad electrical isulatio ˌˌigh radiatio resistace ˌˌIheretly flame resistat ˌˌigh desity ˌˌydrolysis sesitivity to hot water > 1 ad superheated steam PPS Values TEASINT TEASINT TEASINT (PI) (PI) (PI) T g [ ] a. Desity [g/cm 3 ] Modulus of elasticity 3,7 4, 7, Service temperature, log-term [ ] Service temperature, short-term [ ] > 35 > 35 > 4 Lower service temperature [ ] Idetifyig characteristics ˌˌLow flammability, does ot bur ˌˌDesity > 1 g/cm³, siks i water ˌˌVery hard to tough-soft, depedig o type ˌˌard / muffled soud o impact 4

41 Stability agaist thermal oxidatio at 3 ad 7 psi over 3 h weight loss [%].4.2 TEASINT 221 TEASINT 321 TEASINT 421 TEASINT 4121 Products TEASINT 1 ighest modulus. ighest rigidity ad hardess. Previous desigatio SINTIMID. TEASINT 2 Very high modulus, high rigidity ad hardess. ompared to TEASINT 1, sigificatly reduced moisture absorptio. igher toughess ad improved machiig capability. Ideally suited for direct formig compoets. TEASINT 4 ompared to the other TEASINT materials, TEASINT 4 is characterized by the followig properties: Miimal water absorptio. ighest stability agaist oxidatio i air. Low frictio. ptimum chemical resistace. DT up to 47. Differet types available with high fracture strai ad toughess or with high flexural modulus. TEASINT 5 No-meltig high-temperature polyamidimide (PAI). Extremely good dimesioal stability ad load capacity up to 3. TEASINT 8 Matrix of PTFE reiforced with PI powder. Reduced creep uder load. Excellet slidig ad frictio properties. Ideally suited for soft matig parters (stailess steel, alumiium, brass, broze). Extreme chemical resistace ad simple machiig properties. Applicatio examples Guide rollers, chai guides i process oves, hot glass hadlig, special types without io cotamiatio for the semi-coductor idustry, slidig parts with high thermal mechaical load capacity for use i egies, gears, aircraft turbies, thermal-electrical isulators i particle accelerators. Used i may cases as a substitute for metal (for weight reasos). Used for various compoets for which PEEK would be easily usable give a less striget requiremet profile with temperature as the mai criterio, as well as applicatios with striget requiremets of durability, safety ad reliability. Idispesable material group i the aerospace idustry, glass idustry, cryogeics ad vacuum techology, research ad developmet i geeral, high ad low-temperature physics, fudametal research o elemetary particles, fudametal uclear techology. Modificatios Ufilled Maximum stregth ad elogatio. ighest modulus. Miimal thermal ad electrical coductivity. igh purity. Low outgassig i accordace with ESA regulatio ESS-Q % glass fibres Reduced thermal elogatio. igh thermal-mechaical load properties. Good electrical isulatio % graphite Ehaced wear resistace ad thermal ageig. Self lubricatig, for lubricated ad dry applicatios. + 4 % graphite Reduced thermal elogatio. Maximum creep stregth ad resistace to thermal ageig. Improved self-lubricatio. Reduced stregth % graphite + 1 % PTFE Extremely low static frictio ad low coefficiet of frictio due to PTFE modificatio. Good properties also i dry ruig coditios due to self lubricatio. For applicatios ivolvig low frictio ad wear characteristics at medium temperatures ad loads (< 2 ) % MoS 2 Best frictio ad abrasio properties i vacuum. Frequetly used i aerospace applicatios, i vacuum or i iert gases (tech. dry). Low outgassig i accordace with ESA regulatio ESS-Q-7-2. SD Static dissipative / atistatic, permaetly migratio free. Surface resistace or Ω. For explosio-proof equipmet ad i semi-coductor techology (test sockets). Summary The use of polyimides is frequetly either the oly available solutio or provides a ecoomical alterative to metals, ceramics or other egieerig plastics. Several differet material settigs i each of the typical applicatio-orieted groups cover a wide rage of user requiremets: ˌˌSlidig types hard / soft ˌˌStatically dissipatig types ˌˌElectrically isulatig types ˌˌigh-stregth glass fibre reiforced types ˌˌigh-stregth ureiforced types 41

42

43 I order to determie correct material for a applicatio, it is importat to ote the material characteristics ad the requiremet profile i detail. The greater the amout of data available o the applicatio coditios, the more precisely the suitable material ca be determied. The followig sectio explais the mai product characteristics ad tests. We have also compared the most importat materials i order to simplify the compariso. Properties

44 Modificatios / additives Thermoplastics ca be modified over a extremely wide spectrum by the selective itegratio of additives ad fillers. This allows the characteristics of a material to be adapted for a specific area of applicatio. The most commo modificatios i the field of egieerig ad hightemperature plastics are: Reiforcig fibres Glass fibres Glass fibres are primarily used to icrease stregth values. ˌˌIcreased tesile stregth, compressive stregth ad rigidity ˌˌImproved creep stregth ˌˌIcreased thermal dimesioal stability ˌˌReductio of thermal expasio ad shrikage ˌˌReductio of toughess ad cosequetly breakig stregth ad impact stregth Please ote: Glass fibres have a abrasive effect. For this reaso, glass fibre-reiforced materials are ˌˌless suited for slidig frictio applicatios (high abrasio of the slidig parter) ad whe processed brig about icreased levels of tool wear (shorteed service life) arbo fibres arbo fibres have a similar effect to glass fibres, but ˌˌcarbo fibres provide a better weight-to-stregth ratio (lower desity with comparable icrease i stregth) ˌˌcarbo fibres are ot as abrasive as glass fibres, ad are cosequetly suitable for slidig frictio applicatios ˌˌthe ifluece of carbo fibres o electrical properties ca be disregarded (icludig udefied electrical coductivity) ˌˌcarbo fibres are more expesive the glass fibres Additioal reiforcig fibres ˌˌAramid fibres ˌˌMieral fibres ca be offered as o-stadard optios Frictio-reducig additives PTFE Uder compressive stress, abraded material from PTFEfilled plastics forms a fie polymer film with slidig properties o the slidig surface. ˌˌTypically proouced ati-adhesive behaviour ˌˌEffective avoidace of stick-slip effect UMW-PE Demostrates similar effects to PTFE i a less proouced form. Property [%] ureiforced 15 % Glass fibres Modulus of elasticity eat deflectio temperature Elogatio at break 3 % Glass fibres Tests performed o ijectio moulded test specimes 5 % Glass fibres Silicoe oils Special oils which migrate to the surface ad form a thi lubricat film o the surface. Graphite Graphite is pure carbo, which i fiely groud form demostrates a marked lubricat effect. By workig graphite evely ito a plastic, the coefficiet of frictio is reduced. The lubricat effect of graphite is particularly proouced i humid eviromets. Molybdeum sulphide (MoS 2 ) Molybdeum sulphide is used predomiatly as a ucleatig aget, ad forms a eve fiely crystallie structure eve whe added oly i small quatities. osequetly this additive ehaces abrasio resistace ad reduces frictio. 44

45 Fillers Fillers geerally offer o or oly miimal techical beefits ad serve primarily to reduce costs or weight: halk, talcum, ceramic, hollow glass spheres. oductivity-ifluecig additives Fudametally, thermoplastics are electrical isulators, but ca be modified to provide electrical coductio or atistatic properties by the additio of atistatics, coductive carbo black or carbo aotubes. ther additives Barium sulphate This is added to reder thermoplastics opaque to x-rays. It esures that the materials are visible durig medical x-ray applicatios. Flame retardats These ca be added to certai materials i order to reduce their combustibility. The self-extiguishig property of this material is a fudametal requiremet i sectors such as aviatio ad the railways. Impact toughess modifiers These are added to hard brittle materials to icrease their impact toughess. olour pigmets By itegratig pigmets ad dyes ito egieerig plastics, it is possible to create customized colour effects; The selectio of pigmets for high-temperature plastics is limited by the high processig temperatures. Geeral It is importat to bear i mid that the additio of ay additive has multiple effects; Alogside the positive effect o a key characteristic, other characteristics ca be egatively iflueced by a additive. The Esiger product portfolio offers a umber of modified materials from stock. Alogside these materials, customer-specific requiremets ca also be met by productio to customer order. Additive Stregth Elogatio Slidig frictio behaviour Toughess Dimesioal stability Flame resistace Reiforcemet fibres Frictio-reducig additives Impact toughess modifiers Flame retardat properties 45

46 Thermal properties haracteristic temperatures Service temperatures Glass trasitio temperature The glass trasitio temperature T g is the temperature at which polymers chage from a hard elastic ad brittle state to a flexible rubbery elastic state. A distictio must be made here betwee amorphous ad partially crystallie thermoplastics. Modulus Temperature amorphous T g Modulus Temperature A amorphous material ca be subjected to mechaical wear above the T g, as here its mechaical stregth decreases sharply. Partially crystallie materials, i cotrast, still demostrate a certai mechaical stregth beyod the T g due to their crystallie areas, ad are therefore particularly well suited for compoets exposed to mechaical stress. Meltig temperature The meltig temperature T m is the temperature at which a material melts, i.e. chages from the solid to the fluid aggregate state ad its crystallie structures break dow. T g semi-crystallie T m Log-term service temperature The log-term service temperature is defied as the maximum temperature at which a plastic has lost o more tha 5 % of its iitial properties after 2, hours of storage i hot air (i accordace with IE 216). Short-term service temperature The short-term service temperature is the short-term peak temperature which the plastic ca tolerate over a short period (from miutes to occasioally hours) takig ito cosideratio the stress level ad duratio, without sustaiig damage. The maximum service temperature is depedet upo the followig factors: ˌˌDuratio of exposure to temperature ˌˌMaximum admissible deformatio ˌˌDegradatio of stregth characteristics due to thermal oxidatio ˌˌAmbiet coditios Negative service temperatures The service temperature i the egative temperature rage is ot precisely defied ad depeds largely o differet characteristics ad ambiet coditios: ˌˌToughess / brittleess of a material ˌˌModificatio: materials with reiforcemet fibres ted to demostrate hard-brittle behaviour ˌˌTemperature ˌˌDuratio of load ˌˌType of load (e.g. impact or vibratio load) 46

47 Service temperatures [ ] Glass trasitio temperature [ ] Meltig temperature [ ] TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PE 1 TEAFINE PP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEANAT TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEASN P MT farbig TEAPEI TEATRN TEAPEEK TEATR 513 TEASINT TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PE 1 TEAFINE PP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEANAT TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEASN P MT farbig TEAPEI TEATRN TEAPEEK TEATR 513 TEASINT Negative applicatio temperature log-term short-term Service temperature log-term short-term Glass trasitio temperature Meltig temperature 47

48 ther thermal specificatios Thermal dimesioal stability, DT/A [ ] Thermal dimesioal stability Thermal dimesioal stability is a measure of the temperature load capacity of plastics. This is determied by subjectig a material to bedig stress uder a defied icrease i temperature. The temperature level at a defied elogatio is the measure of thermal dimesioal stability. The thermal dimesioal stability caot be used directly to characterize a material, but is used rather to make a relative compariso betwee differet materials. Whe specifyig thermal dimesioal stability, the product's maufacturig form ad the test specime must be take ito cosideratio. Measuremets have show that data determied by measurig test specimes milled from semi-fiished products deviate from the results gaied from ijectio moulded test specimes. These differeces are explaied by the ˌˌDifferet productio techiques ˌˌDiffereces i the polymer structure ˌˌMaufacturig ifluece of the test specime (machiig versus ijectio mouldig) TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PE 1 TEAFINE PP TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEAPET oefficiet of liear thermal expasio The coefficiet of liear thermal expasio specifies the extet of a chage i the legth of a material due to risig or fallig temperature. Due to their chemical structure, plastics geerally demostrate a sigificatly higher coefficiet of liear thermal expasio tha metals. This must be bore i mid i the evet of ˌˌompoets with arrow toleraces ˌˌigh temperature fluctuatios ˌˌomposites with metal The coefficiet of liear thermal expasio of plastics ca be sigificatly reduced by addig reiforcig fibres. I this way, values i the rage of alumiium ca be achieved. TEANAT TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEASN P MT farbig TEAPEI TEATRN TEAPEEK TEATR 513 TEASINT tested o ijectio moulded test specimes 48

49 oefficiet of liear thermal expasio, logitudial LTE [1-5 1/K] oefficiet of liear thermal expasio versus log-term service temperature TEANYL TEAFINE PE TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAMID 6 25 TEAPEEK TEAFLN PTFE TEAMID 66 TEATRN GF4 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEANAT TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEASN P MT farbig TEAPEI TEATRN TEAPEEK TEAPEI TEANAT TEASN P MT farbig TEASN S TEAPET TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAST T TEANYL 731 TEAFLN PVDF TEAMID 46 TEAFRM AD TEAPR MT TEAFRM A TEARIM 15 2 LTE [23 6 ] LTE [23 1 ] LTE [1 15 ] log-term service temperature [ ] LTE 23 1, logitudial [1-5 1/K] 49

50 Mechaical properties σ R σ B σ R σ S σ R Δ σ Δ ε Where plastic compoets are desiged to withstad stress, the mechaical characteristics of a material have a particularly importat role to play. The fudametal mechaical material properties iclude ˌˌStregth: dimesio for the resistace of a material to exteral stress ˌˌFormability: the capacity of a material to become deformed uder exteral stress ˌˌRigidity: ε R ε S dimesio for the resistace ε B ε R ε R of a material to deformatio ˌˌToughess: dimesio for the eergy absorptio capacity of a material uder exteral stress ˌˌTesile stregth at yield σ S is the tesile stress at which the slope of the chage of force versus legth curve (see graph) equals zero for the first time. ε σ R ˌˌElogatio ε is the chage i legth Δ L i relatio to the σ B origial legth L σ of the specime at ay poit durig ε el() R σ testig. The elogatio at maximum force is described S as ε B, elogatio at break as ε R, tesile stregth εat el(t) yield as ε S. ε = ε el() +ε el(t) +ε pl ˌˌModulus of elasticity E: A liear relatioship ca εoly pl be σ R observed i the lower rage of the stress-strai diagram for plastics. I this rage ooke s law applies, which says that the ratio of the stress ad strai (modulus of elasticity) is costat. E = σ / ε i. Δ σ ε σ S Stregth F FormabilityF R Rigidity T Toughess V σ S F Δ ε ε R ε S ε B ε R ε Based o the bedig, compressio ad impact R toughess test, additioal test methods are available for characterizig materials ad differet load cases. σ S These material characteristics are geerally determied by briefly applyig tesile load i oe directio with a tesile test (for example i accordace with DIN EN IS 527): σ R σ B σ R Z ε σ brittle plastics R T ε Source: J. Kuz, FNW owever, for the soud desig of a compoet, the rele- applicatio coditios F must also σ be take ito cosid- S σvat eratio: Because of their macromolecular structure, the V F mechaical properties of plastics deped heavily o the ambiet coditios such as temperature, exposure period, S R type ad velocity Z of loadig ad moisture cotet. T ε ε Iflueces o formig behaviour σ S t ε ϑ tough hard plastics ε Time σ ε Temperature σ σ R ε el() σ σ soft, elastic έ plastics t ϑ ε el(t) Δ σ φ Δ ε ε ε R ε S ε ε B ε R ε R σ B Ultra-high tesio ε B Elogatio uder ultra-high tesio σ R Tesile stregth at break ε R Elogatio at break σ S Tesile stregth at yield ε S Elogatio at yield Moisture cotet σ ε ε = ε el() +ε el(t) +ε pl Velocity of load σ έ ε ε pl ˌˌTesile stress σ is the tesile force at the smallest σmeasured startig F cross-sectio of σthe test specime S at ay optioal poit i time durig the test. V ˌˌTesile stregth σ B is the tesile stress at maximum force. ˌˌTesile stress S at break σ R is the tesile stress Rat the Z T momet of break. F φ ε ε 5 ε ε

51 Ifluece of time o mechaical characteristics As metioed above, the mechaical behaviour of plastics depeds o the progress of load applicatio over time. osequetly, for complete characterizatio, log-term (static) tests also have to be performed alogside short-term (quasi-static) tests, as well as dyamic fatigue tests (with periodic applicatio of load) ad impact tests (abrupt applicatio of load). I terms of deformatio behaviour, three types of deformatio overlap here: ˌˌElastic deformatio (reversible deformatio) ˌˌViscoelastic deformatio (delayed, reversible deformatio) ˌˌPlastic deformatio (irreversible deformatio) Modulus of elasticity TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEANYL GF3 TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A GF25 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 GF ε ϑ = cost. ε el() TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 ε el(t) TEAST T ε = ε el() +ε el(t) +ε pl TEARIM 15 Applicatio of load σ = cost. Deformatio of plastics uder costat load ad after release of load Release σ = ε pl t TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 F ε I this cotext, viscoelastic deformatio merits particular attetio. ere, a chage of the macromolecular structure takes place. This chage follows the applicatio of load with a time delay ad is highly temperature depedet. Depedig o the progress of load applicatio, the followig processes are characteristic of viscoelastic deformatio: ˌˌRetardatio: Icrease i deformatio over time uder costat load ˌˌRelaxatio: Decrease i tesio over time uder costat load ˌˌRestitutio: Decrease i deformatio over time after release of load TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEASN P MT coloured TEAPEI TEATRN TEATRN GF4 TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX TEATR 513 TEASINT 111 This time-depedet deformatio behaviour is illustrated i time-to-rupture diagrams, creep diagrams, isochroous stress-strai diagrams ad creep modulus diagrams. Take i this cotext, compoet desigs should ot be carried out solely o the basis of sigle-poit characteristic values take from short-term tests. All applicatio coditios must always be take ito accout i the calculatio i order to prevet desig errors. TEASINT 211 TEASINT 411 TEASINT 4111 Tesile modulus of elasticity Flexural modulus of elasticity

52 Stregth / Stress Strai [%] TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEANYL GF3 TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A GF25 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 GF3 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEASN P MT coloured TEAPEI TEATRN TEATRN GF4 TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX TEATR 513 TEASINT 111 TEASINT 211 TEASINT 411 TEASINT 4111 TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEANYL GF3 TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A GF25 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 GF3 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEASN P MT coloured TEAPEI TEATRN TEATRN GF4 TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX TEATR 513 TEASINT 111 TEASINT 211 TEASINT 411 TEASINT Tesile stregth Tesile stregth at yield Elogatio at yield Tesile elogatio at break 52

53 ompressive stregth Ball impressio hardess TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEANYL GF3 TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A GF25 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 GF3 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEASN P MT coloured TEAPEI TEATRN TEATRN GF4 TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEANYL GF3 TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A GF25 TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 GF3 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEASN P MT coloured TEAPEI TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX TEATR ompressive stregth 1 % ompressive stregth 2 % 53

54 The ifluece of processig o test results The macroscopic characteristics of thermoplastics deped heavily o the relevat processig method used. Because of the higher shear rates typical of the processig method, ijectio moulded compoets demostrate a far more proouced orietatio of macromolecules ad ay additives i the fillig directio tha, for istace, semi-fiished extruded products which are exposed to rather lower shear rates. Special additives with a high aspect ratio (such as glass or carbo fibres) ted to alig themselves predomiatly i the directio of flow at higher shear rates. The aisotropy which occurs as a result brigs about higher stregths i tesile testig, as here the directio of flow correspods to the directio of testig. The thermal prior history of a thermoplastic also exerts a cosiderable ifluece o the relevat characteristic values. The coolig process of ijectio moulded compoets teds to be faster tha for extruded semi-fiished products. osequetly there is a oticeable differece i the degree of crystalliity, particularly i the partially crystallie plastics. I the same way as processig methods, the shapes of semi-fiished products (rods, plates, tubes) ad their differet dimesios (diameter ad thickess) also exert a ifluece o the macroscopic properties ad determied characteristic values. The table below provides a schematic overview of the ifluece exerted by the differet processig methods o typical characteristics. Test specime made of a extruded ad machied semi-fiished product haotic aligmet of fibres ad macromolecules To allow a compariso of the differet test results i this cotext, DIN EN "Thermoplastic semi-fiished products" stipulates that test specimes must be take from rods with a diameter of 4 6 mm as follows: Ijectio moulded test specime Aligmet of fibres ad macromolecules i the directio of testig (parallel to the directio of flow) s w d Diameter t wthickess d/4 s w Width d/4 Test specime d/4 d/4 t d/4 d/4 w t w d/4 d/4 d/4 d/4 d/4 d/4 Tedetial ifluece of processig o characteristic values d d d d ureiforced thermoplastics fibre-reiforced thermoplastics Ijectio mouldig Extrusio Ijectio mouldig Extrusio Tesile stregth Modulus of elasticity Tesile elogatio at break 54

55 Tribological characteristics Geerally speakig, plastics are very good slidig materials with a low coefficiet of frictio. oversely, their abrasio resistace is also high uder dry ruig coditios. I a similar way to the mechaical characteristics, tribological characteristics deped heavily o ambiet coditios, i other words o the slidig system. Load, slidig speed ad type of movemet (oscillatig, rotatig etc.) exert a cosiderable ifluece here. I additio, the material characteristics of the slidig parter ad its surface properties also exert a ifluece o the slidig properties of the system. For example the rough surfaces of harder slidig parters (steel) are more likely to cause wear i softer slidig parters. Also where a combiatio of high slidig speeds ad high pressig forces are at work, the slidig parters are exposed to high levels of stress. Give these circumstaces, tribological variables (such as the coefficiet of frictio ad abrasio) must always be cosidered i the light of the test system used. Typical measuremet methods such as ball prism ad pi-o-disc testig are described i IS owever, whe performig service life calculatios ad similar, applicatio-specific tests should be carried out. The followig diagram is desiged to illustrate the depedecy of frictio coefficiets o load ad slidig velocity uder differet slidig coditios usig the example of TEAFRM AD (PM-): oefficiet of frictio f 1,,7,5,3,2 Velocity v [mm/s],1,7,5,3,2, Last [N] 1, 3, 6, Ball-prism test uder differet load stages ad differet slidig speeds with TEAFRM AD (PM-) Tribological system accordig to. zichos ollective of tribological loads Movemet form Movemet sequece Load F S Velocity v Temperature T Exposure period t Tribological test system a Body b outer-body c Itermediate film d Ambiet medium d c b a Tribological measuremet variables Frictio force F R oefficiet of frictio µ = F R / F S otributio to abrasio S Frictio temperature T R Electrical cotact resistace R Ü Noise emissios Surface variables: Surface roughess Surface compositio Source: zichos,. The priciples of system aalysis ad their applicatio to tribology ASLE Tras. 17 (1974), p. 3 / 36 55

56 oefficiet of frictio oefficiet of frictio versus abrasio TEAMID 6 TEAMID TEAST T TEAST L TEAGLIDE TEAPEEK TEAFRM AD TEAFRM AD AF TEAFRM A.5 TEAPET TEAFLN PVDF TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK TF1 blue TEAPEEK PVX TEATR TEAMID 66 TEASINT 221 TEAMID 6 Mea coefficiet of frictio Mea coefficiet of static frictio Pi o disc tests agaist steel, dry, RT; load stages: 3N at medium velocity.3 TEAST T TEAFLN PVDF Abrasio idicators TEATRN PVX TEAMID 6 TEAMID 66 TEAST T TEAST L TEAGLIDE TEAFRM AD TEAFRM AD AF TEAFRM A TEAPET TEAFLN PVDF TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK TF1 blue TEAPEEK PVX TEATR 531 TEASINT 221 Mea abrasio rate [mm].2 TEAST L TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAPEEK TF1 blue TEAPEEK PVX.1 TEAPET TEAFRM AD AF TEAGLIDE Mea coefficiet of frictio [ ] Rotatig ball prism agaist steel, dry, RT, load stage: 3N over 1h at medium velocity 56

57 Electrical properties Surface resistace The specific surface resistace describes the resistace that a material exerts agaist the flow of electricity at the surface. This is expressed by the ratio of applied voltage (i Volts) ad the created curret (i Amperes) with the aid of hm's law. osequetly the uit used to describe specific surface resistace is hm (1 Ω = 1 V/A). For measuremet, a stadardized set-up must be used, as the specific surface resistace depeds o differet factors. ˌˌMaterial ˌˌumidity ˌˌSurface cotamiatio ˌˌMeasuremet set-up It is also impossible to prevet volume resistivity from eterig the equatio to a idetermiable degree whe measurig surface resistace. Specific volume resistivity The specific volume resistivity describes the electrical resistace of a homogeeous material to the flow of curret through the specime. As the volume resistivity of may materials follows hm's law, it is idepedet of the applied voltage ad ca be specified proportioally to the legth or coversely proportioally to the cross-sectio of the measured specime. The uit of specific volume resistivity is cosequetly Ω cm. Dielectric stregth Dielectric stregth is the resistace of isulatig materials to high voltage. The characteristic value is the quotiet of the voltage level ad the test specime thickess (uit of measuremet kv/mm). Dielectric stregth is particularly decisive with thi-walled compoets. Note: I the case of black materials coloured with carbo black, a marked reductio of dielectric stregth ca occur. Dissipatio factor The dissipatio factor represets the eergy loss of a material due to dipolar movemet of the molecules i dielectric applicatios with alteratig voltage. A high dissipatio factor causes the geeratio of heat i the plastic part, which acts as a dielectric. The dissipatio factor of plastic isulators i high-frequecy applicatios such as radar devices, atea applicatios ad microwave parts should cosequetly be as low as possible. The dissipatio factor depeds o ˌˌMoisture cotet ˌˌTemperature ˌˌFrequecy ˌˌVoltage omparative trackig idex To determie a material's isulatig capacity, the comparative trackig idex (TI) is frequetly used. This provides a statemet o the isulatio resistace of the surface (creep distace) of isulatig materials. Eve i the case of good isulatig plastics, however, humidity ad cotamiatio o the surface (eve temporarily) ca result i failure of a compoet. Frequetly, leakage curret is accompaied by small light arcs which ca bridge well isulated areas if the soilig is uevely spread. This ca cause the isulatig material to thermally decompose; a creep track forms. If this damage is allowed to cotiue, a creep path is created. This creep path ca develop such a level of coductivity that it results i a short circuit. The comparative trackig idex ca be heavily iflueced by combiatio with material additives, i particular colour pigmets. 57

58 Electrical resistace [Ω] Dielectric stregth [kv/mm] TEARAN ABS TEANYL 731 TEAPEEK TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A 7 TEAFRM A SD TEAFRM A ELS TEAMID 6 6 TEAMID 66 TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 46 5 TEAFRM A TEAST T TEARIM 15 TEAPET 4 TEAFRM AD TEANAT TEASN S TEAPEI 3 TEAMID 6 GF3 TEATRN GF4 TEATRN GF4 TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK 2 TEATR 513 TAPEEK PVX TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK ELS ao TEATR 513 TEASINT Dielectric stregth [kv/mm] 1 TEAMID 6 TEAFRM A SD Log term service temperature [ ] Specific surface resistace [Ω] Specific volume resistivity [Ωcm] 58

59 omparative trackig idex [V] oductivity rages Surface resistace [Ω] TEANYL 731* TEAPR MT* TEAFRM AD TEAFRM A TEAFRM A SD TEAMID 6 TEAMID 6 M TEAMID 6 GF3 TEAMID 66 GF3 TEAMID 66 M Stadard plastic SD ELS isulatig atistatic static coductive coductig Plastics without carbo fibres or coductivity additives TEAFRM A SD arbo fibre-filled plastics Metal TEAFRM A ELS TEAPEEK ELS ao TEAMID 46* TEAST T TEAPET* TEANAT* TEASN S* TEAPEI* TEATRN GF4 TEAPEEK TEAPEEK GF3* TEASINT 211* * Published values 59

60 hemical resistace osequetly, temperature, the cocetratio of agets, exposure periods ad also mechaical load are all importat criteria whe testig for chemical resistace. The followig table lists resistace to differet chemicals. This iformatio is provided to the best of our curret kowledge ad is desiged to provide data about our products ad their applicatios. osequetly it is ot iteded to provide ay legally bidig assurace or guaratee of the chemical resistace of our products or their suitability for a specific applicatio. Ay existig idustrial property rights must be take ito accout. For a more specific applicatio, we recommed producig your ow verificatio. Stadard tests are performed uder ormal climatic coditios 23/5 i accordace with DIN TEASINT (PI) TEAPEEK T, ST (PEK, PEKEKK) TEAPEEK (PEEK) TEATRN (PPS) TEAPEI (PEI) TEASN E (PES) TEASN P (PPSU) TEASN S (PSU) TEAFLN PTFE (PTFE) TEAFLN PVDF (PVDF) TEAMID 6 (PA 6) TEAMID 46, 66 (PA 46, 66) TEAMID 11, 12 (PA 11, 12) TEARIM (PA 6 + Elastomer) TEANAT (P) TEAPET (PET), TEADUR PBT (PBT) TEAFRM A (PM-) TEAFRM AD (PM-) TEAFINE PP (PP) TEAFINE PE (PE) TEARAN ABS (ABS) TEANYL (PPE) Acetamide 5% Acetoe Formic acid, aqueous solutio 1% Ammoia, aqueous solutio 1% Aoe Bezie Bezee Bitume Boric acid, aqueous solutio 1% Butyl acetate alcium chloride, aqueous solutio 1% hlorbezee hloroform yclohexae yclohexaoe Diesel oil Dimethyl formamide Diocthyl phthalate Dioxae Acetic acid, cocetrated Acetic acid, aqueous solutio 1% Acetic acid, aqueous solutio 5% Ethaol 96% Ethylacetate Ethyl ether Ethylee chloride ydrofluoric acid, 4% Formaldehyde, aqueous solutio 3% Formamide Freo, frige, liquid Fruit juices Glycol Glysatie, aqueous solutio 4% Glycerie Urea, aqueous solutio Fuel oil eptae, hexae Iso-octae Isopropaol Iodie solutio, alcohol solutio Potassium lye, aqueous solutio 5% Potassium lye, aqueous solutio 1% Potassium dichromate, aqueous solutio 1% o + + o + o o o o + + o o o o + o o o o o o + + o + + o o o + + o + + o + o o o o o o + o o o o o o o o o o o + + o + o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o + o + o o o o o o o o o o + o o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o + o o + + o + o + + o + + o o + o o o o o o + + o o o o resistat o coditioally resistat ot resistat, also depedig o cocetratio, time ad temperature 6

61 Potassium permagaate, aqueous solutio 1% upric (II) sulphate, 1% Liseed oil Methaol Methyl ethyl ketoe Methylee chloride Milk Lactic acid, aqueous solutio 9% Lactic acid, aqueous solutio 1% Sodium carboate, aqueous solutio 1% Sodium chloride, aqueous solutio 1% Sodium bisulphite, aqueous solutio 1% Sodium itrate, aqueous solutio 1% Sodium thiosulphate, aqueous solutio 1% Soda lye, aqueous solutio 5% Soda lye, aqueous solutio 5% Nitrobezee xalic acid, aqueous solutio 1% zoe Paraffi oil Perchlorethylee Petroleum Pheol, aqueous solutio Phosphoric acid, cocetrated Phosphoric acid, aqueous solutio 1% Propaol Pyridie Salicylc acid Nitric acid, aqueous solutio 2% ydrochloric acid, aqueous solutio 2% ydrochloric acid, aqueous solutio 36% ydroge sulphide Sulphuric acid, cocetrated 98% Sulphuric acid, aqueous solutio 2% ydroge sulphide, aqueous solutio Soap solutio, aqueous solutio Silico oils Soda solutio, aqueous solutio 1% Edible fats, edible oils Styree Tar arbo tetrachloride Tetrahydrofurae Tetrali Toluee Trasformer oil Triethaolamie Trichlorethylee Vaselie Wax, molte Water, cold Water, warm ydroge peroxide, aqueous solutio 3% ydroge peroxide, aqueous solutio.5% Wie, brady Tartaric acid Xylee Zic chloride, aqueous solutio 1% itric acid, aqueous solutio 1% TEASINT (PI) TEAPEEK T, ST (PEK, PEKEKK) TEAPEEK (PEEK) TEATRN (PPS) TEAPEI (PEI) TEASN E (PES) TEASN P (PPSU) TEASN S (PSU) TEAFLN PTFE (PTFE) TEAFLN PVDF (PVDF) TEAMID 6 (PA 6) TEAMID 46, 66 (PA 46, 66) TEAMID 11, 12 (PA 11, 12) TEARIM (PA 6 + Elastomer) TEANAT (P) TEAPET (PET), TEADUR PBT (PBT) TEAFRM A (PM-) TEAFRM AD (PM-) TEAFINE PP (PP) TEAFINE PE (PE) TEARAN ABS (ABS) TEANYL (PPE) o o + o o + o + + o o o + o o o o o o + + o + + o o o o o o o + + o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o + o o o o o o o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o o + + o o o o o o + o + + o + o o o o o o o o o + o o o o + + o + o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o + o + o o + + o o + o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o + + o o o o o o o o o o o o o + o o o o o o + + o o o o + + o resistat o coditioally resistat ot resistat, also depedig o cocetratio, time ad temperature 61

62 Moisture absorptio Moisture or water absorptio is the ability of a material to absorb moisture from its eviromet (air, water). The degree of moisture absorptio depeds o the type of plastic ad the ambiet coditios such as temperature, humidity ad cotact time. This ca ifluece primarily material properties such as dimesioal stability, mechaical stregth ad electrical properties such as electrical coductivity ad the dissipatio factor. Polyamides i particular ted to absorb higher amouts of moisture compared to other thermoplastics. This property results i dimesioal chages ad lower stregth values i fiished parts. I additio, its electrical isulatig behaviour also chages. For this reaso, particularly i the case of compoets with arrow toleraces, the suitability of polyamide must be examied beforehad. Alogside polyamides, most polyimides also demostrate relatively high moisture absorptio. With this material group, the mai cosequece of this characteristic is that the materials have very low hydrolysis resistace (humid eviromet at high temperatures). Moisture absorptio 96 h [%] TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE 11 1 TEAFRM A TEAMID 66 TEAMID 6 7 TEAPET TEANAT 6 5 TEAPEEK TEAPEI TEATRN Liear thermal expasio [1 5 1/K] TEAFLN PTFE TEADUR PBT GF3 TEASN P TEATRN GF 4 TEAMID 66 GF 3 TEAPEEK Steel TEAMID 46.8 Moisture absorptio [%] 62

63 Flame retardat classificatio With regard to flame retardat classificatio, a variety of characteristics are of relevace. ombustibility is defied as the chemical property of materials to react with oxyge while emittig radiat eergy. ly combustible materials are able to bur. Flammability is aother importat property of a material. Most orgaic compouds are combustible o the direct applicatio of eergy. owever, some plastics, i particular high-performace plastics, are flame retardat by their ature or iheretly self-extiguishig, makig them suitable for use where fire protectio is a issue. There are various stadards available which classify the combustibility of polymers. Geerally speakig, i most cases the iteratioally adopted combustibility tests set out by UL94 are performed. lassificatio of combustibility behaviour accordig to UL94 takes place predomiatly i accordace with the followig criteria: ˌˌUL94-B (horizotal burig): Material burs ad drips. ˌˌUL94-V2 (vertical burig): Burig period < 3 secods. After repeated flamig: Burig period < 25 secods, flamig drips are admissible ˌˌUL94-V1 (vertical burig): Burig period < 3 secods. After repeated flamig: < 25 secods, flamig drips are ot admissible ˌˌUL94-V (vertical burig): Burig period < 1 secods. After repeated flamig: < 5 secods, flamig drips are ot admissible ombustibility testig to UL94 is geerally performed o raw material. Alogside testig i accordace with the specificatios of UL or usig a UL-accredited laboratory, listig (usig so-called yellow cards) is also performed directly by UL itself. For this reaso, a distictio must be made betwee materials with a UL listig ad materials which oly comply with the requiremets of the respective UL classificatio (without listig). Alogside flame retardat classificatio i accordace with UL94, a wide rage of other idustry-specific tests exists which classify the combustio behaviour of plastics. Depedig o the specific brach of idustry, ot oly combustio behaviour but uder certai circumstaces smoke developmet, drip behaviour ad fume toxicity are also assessed. Examples of typical additioal flame retardat classificatio tests Railway testig stadards ˌˌDIN IS ˌˌEN TS ˌˌNFF 1611 Aerospace ˌˌFAR Automotive ˌˌFMVSS 32 63

64 Radiatio resistace Radiatio resistace Depedig o their field of applicatio, plastics ca come ito cotact with differet types of radiatio, which uder certai circumstaces ca permaetly ifluece the structure of the plastics. The spectrum of electromagetic waves rages from radio waves with a large wavelegth, through ormal daylight with its short-wave UV radiatio, to extremely short-wave X ad gamma rays. The shorter the wavelegth of the radiatio, the greater the susceptibility of a plastic to damage. Electromagetic radiatio A importat characteristic i combiatio with electromagetic waves is the dissipatio factor. This describes the proportio of eergy which ca be absorbed by the plastic. Plastics with high dissipatio factors heat up cosiderably i alteratig electrical fields ad are cosequetly ot suitable for use as a material for high-frequecy ad microwave isulatig applicatios. Polyamides, for example, ca fracture or explode whe used for a microwave applicatio due to their high moisture absorptio (due to extreme expasio of water molecules i the material). Ultraviolet radiatio UV radiatio from sulight is decisive i uprotected ope-air applicatios. Plastics which are iheretly resistat are to be foud i the group of fluoriated polymers, for example PTFE ad PVDF. Without suitable protective measures, various other plastics begi to yellow ad become brittle depedig upo the level of irradiatio. UV protectio is usually achieved usig additives (UV stabilisers, black colouratio usig carbo black) or protective surface coatigs (paits, metallizatio). The additio of carbo black is a low-cost ad very effective way of stabilizig may plastics. I this cotext, please refer to the light ad weather resistace of plastics ad our product hadlig ad storage recommedatios ( p. 86). Ioizig radiatio Ioizig radiatio such as gamma ad X-rays are frequetly to be foud i medical diagostics, radiatio therapy, i the sterilizatio of disposable articles ad also i the testig of materials ad i test istrumetatio, as well as i radioactive ad other radiat eviromets. The high eergy radiatio i these applicatios ofte leads to a decrease i the elogatio characteristics ad the developmet of brittleess. The overall service life of the plastic is depedet upo the total amout of radiatio absorbed. PEEK T, PEEK, PI ad the amorphous sulphur-cotaiig polymers, for example, are proved to have very good resistace towards gamma radiatio ad X-rays. By cotrast, PTFE ad PM are very sesitive ad therefore are practically usuitable for this purpose. The effect of high-eergy radiatio results i degradatio or etworkig of the macromolecules i most plastics. If atmospheric oxyge is preset whe high-eergy radiatio is applied, as a rule oxidative degradatio of the material occurs. Durig this process, the oxyge molecules diffuse ito the plastic ad occupy the free valeces created by the radiatio. If o oxyge is preset, the radiatio will result rather i splittig of the molecule chais ad subsequet crosslikig. Geerally speakig, both variats occur simultaeously to differig extets. I every case, the ifluece of high-eergy radiatio results i a chage to the mechaical characteristics (stregth, rigidity, hardess or brittleess). This ifluece o the mechaical characteristics is reiforced uder the ifluece of the radiatio dose. osequetly o sudde retur to the prior state takes place. Iformatio relatig to the resistace of plastics (as show i the followig table) should oly ever be cosidered a poit of referece, as differet parameters play a co-determiig role (for istace part geometry, dosig rate, mechaical stress, temperature or ambiet medium). For this reaso, it is impossible to provide a geeralized statemet of the differet damagig radiatio doses for idividual plastics. 64

65 Weather resistace Radiatio resistace [kgy] Material TEAFRM A atural Respose to atmospheric weatherig TEAFINE PE TEAFRM A black TEAFRM A ELS TEAPET TEAPET black TEAMID 6 TEAM 6 M TEAMID 6 GF3 black TEAST T (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) TEAFINE PP TEAFRM A TEAMID 6 / 66 TEAPET / TEADUR PET TEAPET TEAST TM TEAFLN PVDF TEAFLN PTFE TEASN S TEAPEI TEATRN GF4 (+) + + TEANAT TEAFLN PTFE TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK black (+) TEATRN TEAPEEK 2 TEASINT Radiatio dose i Kilogray [kgy] which reduces elogatio by less tha 25 % 65

66 ertificatios ad approvals To esure that our products comply with the latest valid stadards ad regulatios, a thorough workig kowledge ad cotiuous checkig of the relevat rules ad regulatios is essetial. It is the task of our Product ompliace Maagemet Departmet to esure that our products comply with these rules ad to provide you with the relevat certificatios. Food approvals Materials which come ito direct cotact with food must be produced i accordace with the priciples of good maufacturig practice i such a way that they do ot give off ay of their costituet parts to the food uder ormal or foreseeable coditios which could pose a threat to huma health. Esiger supplies materials which form the basis for a wide rage of differet products ad processig applicatios. I some cases, these i tur require approval by the relevat regulatory bodies. The Esiger product portfolio cotais materials with a variety of differet approvals, which iclude the followig areas: ˌˌDirect food cotact (i compliace with FDA, BfR, 1/211/E, 1935/24/ E 22/72/E, 3A SSI amogst others) ˌˌBiocompatibility (i accordace with IS 1993, USP lass VI amogst others) ˌˌDrikig water cotact (icludig KTW, WRAS, NSF61) ˌˌFlammability (icludig UL94, BAM) ˌˌRestrictio of azardous Substaces (RoS amogst others) ˌˌther approvals This stipulatio is defied i food regulatory stadards ad safeguarded by meas of tests, cotrols ad stipulatios. Sigificat istitutios i this field are the FDA (Food ad Drug Admiistratio) i the USA, the BfR (Federal Istitute for Risk Assessmet) i Germay ad the EFSA (Europea Food Safety Authority) for the EU. Particular focus is o the EU regulatios (1935/24/E, 1/211/E, ). Esiger offers a broad portfolio of plastics from stock which comply with the requiremets for direct food cotact as stipulated by BfR, FDA ad EU regulatios. For detailed iformatio please refer to our brochure "Plastics used i food techology" at Workig i close cooperatio with our raw materials suppliers, authorities ad istitutes, we check the possible approvals ad esure, by usig methods such as regular material tests, that the maufactured products comply, to as great a extet as possible, with the relevat regulatory requiremets. Depedig o the material ivolved, we offer to issue the listed cofirmatios relatig to the materials from our supply rage if these are required by customers. I the iterests of esurig seamless traceability, these cofirmatios are oly issued by Esiger i direct coectio with a actual order ad with the material supplied. This miimizes the risk of ocoformig special-purpose products beig iadvertetly issued with certificatios ad gaiig access to the market, as could occur if we permitted ucotrolled dowloadig of certificates from our website. Special attetio is curretly beig paid to approvals i the food ad medical techology sector. Due to the strict regulatios applicable to these areas of applicatio, they deserve particular metio. 66

67 Medical techology approvals The biocompatibility of a material is a prerequisite for its use i medical applicatios with direct tissue cotact, such as short-term implats, medical appliaces or medicies. Biocompatibility is the attribute used for materials or assemblies which iitiate o toxic or allergic reactios i the huma body. Esiger materials suitable for medical applicatios (MT products) comply with requiremets relatig to direct cotact with huma tissue over a period of up to 24 hours. Special materials are also approved for loger cotact periods. Esiger offers biocompatible high-performace plastics for medical applicatios i a wide variety of colours. By defiitio, plastic semi-fiished products are ot medical products or pharmaceutical products, but oly a iput material used i their productio. As there is cosequetly o stadardized stipulatio of assessmet of the biological suitability of semi-fiished products, Esiger has made its ow selectio from the wide spectrum of differet biocompatibility tests cotaied i IS 1993 ad USP. This is iteded to offer our customers the greatest possible support with the approval process for their medical or pharmaceutical ed products. For this reaso, Esiger subjects stocked medical techology semi-fiished products suitable for use as medical products with a cotact period of <24 hours to a combied test at regular itervals: cytotoxicity / growth ihibitio (IS ), haemolysis (IS ) ad chemical aalysis / figerpritig (IS ). These tests are biologically ad toxicologically assessed (IS ). osequetly Esiger complies with the recommedatios of IS by followig a step-by-step biological qualificatio process. Works certificates Alogside various approval certificates, Esiger also issues works certificates i compliace with DIN IS 124. The followig variats are available: Works certificate i accordace with 2.1 A certificate i which the maufacturer cofirms that the supplied products comply with the requiremets of the purchase order. No idicatio of test results. Works certificate i accordace with 2.2 A certificate i which the maufacturer cofirms that the supplied products comply with the requiremets of the purchase order. Additioal idicatio of o-specific tests which are iteded to determie whether products have bee maufactured i accordace with the same product specificatio ad usig the same method or from iput material or semi-fiished products ad comply with the requiremets set out i the purchase order. The tested products do ot ecessarily have to origiate from the delivery itself, but ca origiate from comparable products usig the same material. Acceptace test i accordace with 3.1 A certificate i which the maufacturer cofirms that the supplied products comply with the requiremets of the purchase order. With a idicatio of batch-related test results. I the acceptace test certificate i accordace with 3.1, the maufacturer is permitted to adopt test results which were determied o the basis of batch-specific testig of the iput material or semi-fiished products used. The coditio for this is the assurace of traceability. owever, the biocompatibility demostrated by Esiger oly provides cofirmatio of the semi-fiished product. The fiished compoet still has to be tested ad approved by the distributor. For detailed iformatio please refer to our brochure "Plastics used i food techology" at 67

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69 It is oly with the correct material that a desig ca achieve its required fuctioality, safety ad service life. Primarily, the applicatio coditios are what determie what is the right choice of material. Alogside the plaed applicatio, the search for a suitable plastic also takes ito accout all further reachig detailed requiremets. I a qualified material recommedatio, the existig iformatio is compared with techical data ad idustryspecific empirical values. Whe the optimum material for the idividual applicatio has bee determied, durig the compoet desig phase the suitability of the plastic is compared at a early stage with the aid of calculatios before the material selectio is the cofirmed by practical testig. Material selectio ad calculatios

70 Material chose riteria for material selectio Whe lookig for a suitable plastic, the applicatio coditios ivolved determie the material selectio. For this reaso, differet specific framework coditios must be kow ad assessed, for example the plaed purpose, the fields of applicatio ad further-reachig details relatig to the characteristics ad applicatio coditios. With the aid of this iformatio, qualified experts ca compare the requiremets to techical values ad make a assessmet. the basis of defied criteria, i this way it is possible to cotiuously limit the choice of suitable materials. owever, the selectio ca oly be a recommedatio, which caot replace practical testig. 2. Thermal stress 1. Idustry Applicatio 12. No-stadard specificatios 3. Mechaical stress 11. Process techology part 4. Tribological stress Material selectio 5. hemical stress 9. Fire 1. Radiatio/ behaviour Weather resistace 6. Required certificatios / Physiological harmlessess 7. Electrical requiremets 8. ptical behaviour Field of applicatio / sector of idustry Whe the questio of the applicatio or sector of idustry arises, this ofte sigificatly limits the material selectio, as for differet sectors geerally speakig oly special materials ca be cosidered, for example due to the required approvals. Examples of this are the medical ad food techology sectors. I the medical techology sector, geerally oly those materials are admissible which come with approval for direct bodily cotact. This meas that the materials must be biocompatible. I the field of food techology, by cotrast, approvals i compliace with FDA ad also Europea stadards (e.g. 1/211/E, 1935/24/E) are required. osequetly, for these idustries oly materials which comply with requiremets of the approvals ca be cosidered. Thermal stress Thermal stress is aother key criterio restrictig the selectio of material. The temperatures trasferred to the materials as a result of the applicatio coditios must be take ito accout here. Alogside the actio of heat trasferred from the outside, system-related heat created by factors such as frictio must also be take ito cosideratio. Particularly characteristic temperatures are: ˌˌLog-term service temperature ˌˌShort-term maximum service temperature ˌˌNegative service temperature ˌˌGlass trasitio temperature ˌˌThermal dimesioal stability ˌˌoefficiet of liear thermal expasio Fudametal questios relatig to the choice of material Fudametal questios relatig to the choice of material Geerally speakig, thought must first be give to which type of material is preferred for the relevat applicatio. This begs a umber of differet questios: ˌˌIs plastic geerally speakig a optio for this applicatio? ˌˌWhy plastic? Weight savigs, improved characteristics i use? ˌˌWhat was used previously? ˌˌIf a differet material was used, what is the reaso for chagig? ˌˌWhy did the previous material ot work? ˌˌWhat problems occurred? Mechaical stress To allow the suitability of a material to be assessed i terms of exposure to mechaical stress levels, the most detailed possible iformatio about the evisaged stress must be available. I most cases, it is very helpful to obtai a sketch of the compoet with iformatio relatig to the mechaical stress. Particularly decisive factors here are: ˌˌThe type of stress (static, dyamic) ˌˌLevel of occurrig forces ˌˌPoit ad directio of force applicatio ˌˌThermal stress durig the applicatio of force ˌˌTime sequece ˌˌSpeed where applicable ˌˌAdmissible compressio ad elogatio 7

71 hemical stress If a compoet comes ito cotact with chemicals, its resistace to the substaces i questio must be cosidered i the light of the applicatio coditios. Decisive factors here are: ˌˌotact temperature ˌˌotact time ˌˌocetratio It should be oted that the substaces should be cosidered ot oly i the light of their applicatio but also durig processig (coolig lubricats etc.). I additio, i the case of substace mixtures, it should be bore i mid that these ca behave completely differetly i relatio to a material tha the idividual substaces aloe. Tribological stress If the case i cosideratio is a slidig-frictio applicatio, the o priciple good slidig properties ad abrasio characteristics are required. owever, these variables usually deped directly o the other applicatio coditios. I additio, the slidig system as such plays a key role. ˌˌApplicatio temperature ˌˌSlidig speed ˌˌompressio ˌˌSlidig parter ˌˌSurface properties I priciple it is oly coditioally possible to assess the geeral suitability of a material i respect of its slidig frictio abrasio behaviour, as the iteractio of all occurrig parameters ca oly be assessed i detail by coductig a practical test. Required approvals / Physiological harmlessess The applicatio coditios frequetly provide a clue to the ecessary approvals ad certificatios. As the relevat approvals are ofte depedet o the raw material used, a prior detailed clarificatio of the ecessary certificatios is required. ˌˌFood (FDA, 1/211, NSF 51 ) ˌˌMedicie (IS 1993, USP class VI, ) ˌˌDrikig water (KTW, NSF 61, ) ˌˌAerospace (ABS, ABD, ) Electrical requiremets Whe electrical requiremets exist, the key issue is geerally whether a electrically dissipatig / coductig or electrically isulatig material is required. I order to avoid static charges, for example whe producig electroic compoets, dissipatig or coductive materials are required. This also applies i the case of ATEX applicatios (ATmosphere EXplosive). I cotrast, i the case of compoets required to demostrate high dielectric stregth, good isulatig materials are required. ptical requiremets Frequetly optical requiremets are imposed o a compoet. This ca rage from simple colouratio, for example to reflect a corporate desig, to trasparet compoets for viewig widows through to colour codig (e.g. blue i food-related applicatios) for optical detectio. Requiremets imposed o fire behaviour I may fields such as aerospace egieerig, railways ad so o, striget demads are made o fire protectio, i order to guaratee the safety of a applicatio. ere, a material is frequetly required to be self-extiguishig. Wideragig differet sector-specific approvals exist with which the material / compoet is required to comply. Requiremets imposed o radiatio / weather resistace If compoets are used for istace for outdoor applicatios, i radiology or i applicatios ivolvig exposure to high-eergy radiatio such as power statios, the materials used require suitable radiatio resistace. Decisive to the material selectio are the exposure dosage ad the relevat applicatio coditios. ow is the compoet iteded to be produced? The material selectio is also depedet o the plaed processig method. It should be kow i advace, for istace, whether the compoet will be produced usig a machiig process, by ijectio mouldig, direct formig or a similar process. No-stadard specificatios Alogside the requiremets listed here, there may be a wide rage of additioal framework coditios, specificatios or approvals to which a material must comply i a certai applicatio. The relevat poits must be separately tested ad determied. 71

72 alculatios I order to clarify the correlatios described uder the headig "Mechaical properties", the described ifluecig factors will first be explaied i detail usig a simple example: Descriptio: Let us assume that we have to produce a simple square machie uderlay. The uderlay is placed flush with its surface o a level floor ad is exposed over its whole surface to a eve load of 1 to. Give: h = 1 mm w = 5 mm l = 5 mm m = 1, kg h w F G l ˌˌrack formatio (applicatio of load util irreversible damage i the micro-rage, crazig) ˌˌApplicatio-specific max. admissible deformatio For the applicatio described here, a maximum admissible deformatio of 1 % is assumed. With this value, the admissible surface compressio may be determied with the aid of a quasi-statistical stressstrai curve. Eve if the stress ivolved i the described case is compressio stress, it is possible to revert here to results from the tesile test, as with oly a few exceptios the tesile stregth of a material is smaller tha the compressive stregth. osequetly, at the same time a certai safety allowace is also take ito cosideratio. As the results of the tesile test are easily accessible, this also meas that a good data base is available. 1. The followig applies: To be able to calculate the occurrig surface compressio, first of all the weight force is calculated as follows: F G = m g = 1, kg 1 m/s² = 1, N (simplified) Fig. 1 Stress-strai curve PA 66 (dry) This force must the be projected oto the cotact surface. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed that the force is ideally distributed over the cotact surface. Iitially, however, the cotact surface i this case must be calculated as follows: A = w l = 5 mm 5 mm = 2,5 mm² i order to allow the surface compressio to be subsequetly calculated as follows: p = F / A = 1,N / 2,5 mm² = 4. MPa I the applicatio described above (simplified calculatio) a surface compressio of 4. MPa is determied. I order to allow a suitable material to be recommeded, however, the failure criterio still has to be determied. A distictio ca be made here betwee several criteria: ˌˌBreakage (applicatio of load util material breakage) ˌˌStretchig (applicatio of load to the yield poit) TEAMID 66 Stress Strai [%] With a load of 4 MPa ad admissible deformatio of 1%, for example, the material TEAMID 66 may be used. Uder these coditios, surface compressio ca be applied up to appr. 35 MPa 2. Ifluece of moisture The data used above was determied o test specimes which had just bee freshly ijected. owever, their applicatio takes place uder ormal climatic coditios. For this reaso, particularly i the case of polyamides, which geerally have relatively high moisture absorptio, the actual stregth uder ormal climatic coditios must be take as a basis for assessmet of the applicatio:

73 5 Fig. 2 Stress-strai curve PA 66 (coditioed) TEAMID Stress Strai [%] 4. Ifluece 2 of temperature Let us assume that the machie beig 1 supported heats up to a temperature of appr. 6 i use. As the stregth ad rigidity of a material reduce at elevated temperatures while 1 1 toughess icreases, this circumstace must also be take ito accout i the cofiguratio of the uderlays. 5 5 For this, isochroous stress-strai diagrams ca be used 2.5 which were determied at a correspodig temperature As a result of the moisture absorptio, the mechaical stregth 2 drops tagibly. Surface compressio of 24 MPa at 1 % admissible deformatio is 1 still possible, but uder these coditios a load of appr. 17 MPa ca o loger be supported. 1 1 Fig Isochroous stress-strai curve PA 66 (6 ) Ifluece of time 5 5 The machie is required to remai stadig over a log 2.5 period o the uderlay. The maximum uderlay deforma- TEAMID tio of 1 % should ot be exceeded. ere, we assume a value for time of 1, h. This correspods roughly to oe year. For this type of estimate, isochroous stress-strai curves ca be used. These show the stress-strai progressio for differet stress periods i a sigle diagram. Fig. 3 Isochroous stress-strai curve PA 66 (23, coditioed) TEAMID Stress Strai [%] The diagram above idicates a admissible surface area compressio of appr. 5 MPa for a load duratio of 1, h ad a admissible deformatio of 1 %. The uderlay would still fulfil its purpose uder these coditios. owever, the ifluecig factors of humidity ad time already substatially reduce the admissible surface area compressio. With a load duratio of 1, h ad a admissible deformatio of 1 % at a elevated temperature of 6, a admissible surface area compressio of appr. 2.5 MPa is determied. This is lower tha the actual effective surface area compressio. I this case, suitable measures must be take to couteract this effect. The actual surface area compressio 2ca be reduced, 2 1 for 1 1 istace, 1 by makig desig 5 Stress Strai [%] adjustmets such as icreasig the support surface area Aother possibility is to improve the material characteristics, for example by meas of glass fibre reiforcemet, or 1 1 by chagig to a differet material. This calculatio has bee simplified i a umber of ways, ad is iteded oly to demostrate the extet to which the plastic characteristics deped o the ambiet coditios. The more data is available, the more effectively it is possible to make a correct material choice. I may cases, extesive material data is ot available. owever, estimated calculatios ca be made by iterpolatig or extrapolatig the existig data

74

75 Machiig is the predomiat method used for further processig plastic semi-fiished products. I order to produce high-quality, durable, precisely dimesioed ad flawless compoets, as much attetio must be paid to the tools ad processig parameters as to the characteristics of the specific materials. I most cases, thermoplastics ca be very successfully joied by meas of weldig ad bodig (or to other materials). A geeral rule for all further processig steps is to esure that the compoets are thoroughly cleaed. The followig pages cotai a overview of differet further processig methods ad a idicatio of which material-specific differeces have to be take ito accout. Further processig

76 Processig plastics Geeral remarks* Ureiforced thermoplastics ca be machied usig highspeed steel tools. Machiig reiforced materials calls for the use of carbide tools. I either case, oly flawlessly sharpeed tools should be used. Due to the poor thermal coductivity of plastics, steps must be take to esure good heat dissipatio. The best form of coolig is heat dissipatio through the produced chips. Dimesioal stability Dimesioally precise parts ca oly be made from stressaealed semi-fiished products. therwise, the heat geerated by machiig will ievitably lead to release of processig tesio ad compoet warpig. If high stock removal volumes occur, itermediate aealig may be advisable after the mai machiig process i order to dissipate ay build-up of thermal tesio. We ca provide iformatio o the ecessary temperatures ad timigs o a material-specific basis. Materials with excessive moisture absorptio (e.g. polyamides) must be coditioed before machiig where applicable. Plastics require greater productio toleraces tha metals. I additio, it is importat to bear i mid that thermal expasio is may times greater tha with metal. Machiig methods 1. Turig Guidelie values for tool geometry are give i the table ( S. 77). For surfaces of particularly high quality, the cuttig edge must be cofigured as a broad-osed fiishig cuttig edge as illustrated i Fig. 1. For partig-off operatios, the lathe tool should be groud as illustrated i Fig. 2, i order to prevet the formatio of burrs. Whe workig with thi-walled ad particularly flexible workpieces, however, it is more advatageous to work with tools which have a kife-like cuttig geometry (Fig. 3). Fig. 1 Broad-osed fiishig cuttig edge Secodary cutter Fig. 3 Partig off flexible plastics Lathe tool Fig. 2 Gridig prevets burr formatio * We provide writte ad oral applicatio advice desiged to support you i your work. This is offered i the form of a o-bidig recommedatio, also i respect of ay third-party idustrial property rights. We are uable to accept ay liability for damage occurrig durig machiig. 2. Millig For plae surfaces, ed millig is more ecoomical tha peripheral millig. Durig circumferetial ad profile millig, tools should ot have more tha two cuttig edges i order to miimize vibratios caused by a high umber of cuttig edges, ad chip spaces should be adequately dimesioed. ptimum cuttig performace ad surface fiish quality are achieved with sigle-cutter tools. 3. Drillig Geerally speakig, twist drills ca be used; These should have a twist agle of 12 to 16 ad very smooth spiral grooves for optimum chip removal. Larger diameters should be pre-drilled or should be produced usig hollow drills or by cuttig out. Whe drillig ito solid material, particular attetio should be paid to properly sharpeed drills, as otherwise the resultig compressive stress ca icrease to the poit that the material ca split Stress developmet with blut drill Stress developmet with sharpeed drill Reiforced plastics have higher residual processig stresses with lower impact stregth tha ureiforced plastics, ad are cosequetly particularly susceptible to crackig. Where possible they should be heated prior to drillig to a temperature of aroud 12 (heatig time appr. 1 hour per 1 mm cross-sectio). This method is also advisable whe machiig polyamide 66 ad polyester. 4. Sawig It is importat to avoid uecessary heat geeratio due to frictio as, whe sawig mostly thick-walled parts, relatively thi tools are used. Well sharpeed saw blades with large tooth offsets are therefore recommeded for sawig. 5. Thread cuttig The best way to cut threads is usig thread chasers; the formatio of burr ca be avoided by usig twi-toothed chasers. Die uts are ot advisable, as these ca cause additioal cuttig whe withdrawig the ut. Whe usig tap drills, a machiig allowace (depedet o the material ad diameter, guidelie value:.1 mm) is frequetly required. 6. Safety precautios Failure to observe the machiig guidelies ca result i localized overheatig which ca lead to material degradatio. The decompositio products released from materials such as PTFE fillers must be captured by a extractio device. I this cotext, tobacco products must be kept out of the productio area due to the risk of toxic effects. 76

77 α t Machiig Guidelies γ Sawig α γ t α clearace agle [ ] γ rake agle [ ] t pitch [mm] Säge Drillig β α γ t γ Bohre Säge α clearace agle [ ] β twist agle [ ] γ rake agle [ ] φ φ poit agle [ ] φ α clearace agle rake agle cuttig speed TEAFINE PE, PP Z Fräse.1.3 TEAFINE PMP Bohre 3 8 Z α TEARAN ABS Z Bohre.2.3 β Säge γ TEANYL β Z t TEAFRM AD, A α2 3 γ Z γ TEAMID, TEARIM, TEAST φ 8 Z γ φ TEADUR/TEAPET Z α TEANAT φ Z2 25 α φ TEAFLN PTFE, PVDF Z TEAPEI Z TEASN S, P, E Z Drehe.1.3 TEATRN Fräse 3 5 Z TEAPEEK Z Fräse.1.3 α Bohre α TEATR Z2αχ TEASINT β 5 1 γ Z2 γ25 γ Reiforced/filled TEA products * 15 3 γ Z * Reiforcig agets/fillers: eat before sawig: φ eat before drillig i the cetre: Glass fibres, glass beads, carbo from Ø 6 mm TEAPEEK GF/PVX, TEATRN GF/PVX from Ø 6 mm TEAPEEK GF/PVX, TEATRN GF/PVX fibres, graphite, mica, talcum, etc. from Ø 8 mm TEAMID α 66 GF, TEAPET, TEADUR PBT GF from Ø 8 mm TEAMID 66 M, 66 GF, TEAPET, TEADUR PBT GF φ from Ø 1 mm TEAMID 6 GF, 66, 66 M from Ø 1 mm TEAMID 6 GF, 66, TEAM 6 M, TEANYL GF pitch umber of teeth twist agle rake agle cuttig speed feed rate Millig α χ α γ α clearace agle [ ] γ rake agle [ ] Tagetial feed γ Feed rate ca be up to.5 mm / tooth Drehe Turig Fräse χ α γ Drehe α clearace agle [ ] γ rake agle [ ] χ side agle [ ] The ose radius r must be at least.5 mm umber of teeth cuttig speed TEAFINE PE, PP Z1 Z TEAFINE PMP Z1 Z Drehe TEARAN ABS Z1 Z TEANYL Z1 Z TEAFRM AD, A Z1 Z TEAMID, TEARIM, TEAST α Z1 χ Z TEADUR/TEAPET Z1 Z2 γ TEANAT Z1 Z TEAFLN PTFE, PVDF Z1 Z TEAPEI Z1 Z TEASN S, P, E Z1 Z TEATRN Z1 Z TEAPEEK Z1 Z TEATR Z1 Z TEASINT Z1 Z Reiforced/filled TEA products * Z1 Z feed rate clearace agle rake agle side agle cuttig speed feed rate * Reiforcig agets/fillers: Glass fibres, glass beads, carbo fibres, graphite, mica, talcum, etc. Preheat material to 12 autio whe usig coolats: susceptible to stress crackig For detailed iformatio, please also refer to our brochure "Guidelies for Machiig Esiger Semi-Fiished Egieerig Plastics" at 77

78 Aealig Aealig The aealig process is a heat treatmet for semi-fiished products, mouldigs ad fiished parts. The products are heated slowly ad evely to a material-specific defied temperature level. This is followed by a holdig time which depeds o the material thickess i order to fully heat through the shaped compoet. Subsequetly the material has to be slowly ad evely cooled back dow to room temperature. Typical aealig cycle Temperature [ ] t1 t2 t3 t4 Warm-up time oldig time oolig time Additioal time Zeitdauer [h] Temperature of ove Temperature i the cetre of the semi-fiished or fiished product Aealig to reduce stress Esiger semi-fiished products are always subjected i priciple to a special aealig process after productio to reduce the iteral tesio created durig maufacture. Aealig is carried out i a special recirculatig air ove, but ca also take place i a ove with circulatig itroge or i a oil bath. Aealig results i icreased crystalliity, as well as improved stregth ad chemical resistace. It also brigs about a reductio of ier stress as described above ad icreases dimesioal stability over a wide temperature rage. This esures that the material you receive remais dimesioally stable durig ad after the machiig process ad ca be more easily machied. Beefits of aealig: ˌˌResidual stress created durig the maufacturig or processig phase ca be largely reduced by aealig. ˌˌptimized material crystalliity ad mechaical material characteristic values. ˌˌFormatio of a eve crystallie structure i the materials. ˌˌI some cases improved chemical resistace. ˌˌReduced tedecy for warpig ad dimesioal chages (durig or after processig) ˌˌSustaiable improvemet of dimesioal stability Material Polymer desigatio Warm-up oldig * oolig TEASINT PI 2 hrs to 16 6 hrs to 28 2 hrs to 16 / 1 hrs at 28 at 2 per hour to 4 TEAPEEK PEEK 3 hrs to 12 4 hrs to hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEATRN PPS 3 hrs to 12 4 hrs to hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEASN E PES 3 hrs to 1 4 hrs to 2 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEASN P PPSU 3 hrs to 1 4 hrs to 2 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEASN S PSU 3 hrs to 1 3 hrs to hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAFLN PVDF PVDF 3 hrs to 9 3 hrs to 15 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEANAT P 3 hrs to 8 3 hrs to 13 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAPET PET 3 hrs to 1 4 hrs to 18 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEADUR PBT GF3 PBT 3 hrs to 1 4 hrs to 18 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAMID 6 PA 6 3 hrs to 9 3 hrs to 16 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAMID 66 PA 66 3 hrs to 1 4 hrs to 18 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAFRM A PM- 3 hrs to 9 3 hrs to hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 TEAFRM AD PM- 3 hrs to 9 3 hrs to 16 1 hrs per cm of wall thickess at 2 per hour to 4 * At maximum temperature, uless otherwise specified. 78

79 Itermediate aealig A itermediate aealig stage ca be expediet whe machiig critical compoets. This applies i particular: ˌˌWhere arrow toleraces are required ˌˌIf the parts beig produced have a tedecy to warp due to their shape (asymmetry, restricted cross-sectios, pockets or grooves). ˌˌWhe machiig fibre-reiforced / filled materials (fibre orietatio ca icrease the tedecy to warp) hhthe machiig process ca result i additioal higher levels of stress beig created i the compoet ˌˌWhe usig blut or usuitable tools: hhier stress is created ˌˌI case of excessive trasfer of heat ito the compoet created by usig usuitable speeds ad feed rates ˌˌWith high stock removal volumes particularly where machiig takes place o oe side A itermediate aealig step ca help to reduce these tesios ad alleviate the risk of warpig. ere, to esure adherece to required dimesios ad toleraces, the followig should be oted: ˌˌBefore the itermediate aealig phase, first rough machie the compoet, leavig a machiig allowace (roughig), as aealig ca result i a certai degree of compoet shrikage. ˌˌFial dimesioig of the part should oly take place after aealig. ˌˌProvide adequate support for the compoet durig the itermediate aealig phase: hhavoids warpig occurrig durig aealig For detailed iformatio, please also refer to our brochure "Guidelies for Machiig Esiger Semi-Fiished Egieerig Plastics" at 79

80 Weldig Plastic weldig to joi two thermoplastic materials is a commo ad highly developed joiig techique. A variety of differet processes are available which work either o a o-cotact basis (heatig elemet, ultrasoud, laser, ifrared, gas covectio weldig) or by cotact (frictio, vibratio weldig). Depedig o the process used, certai desig guidelies must be observed durig the desig phase i order to guaratee optimum coectio. I the case of high-temperature plastics, it should be oted that a extremely high iput of eergy is required for plastificatio of materials. The weldig method to be used depeds o these factors (shaped part geometry ad size, material). ommo weldig techiques used for processig plastics are: ˌˌeatig elemet weldig ˌˌIfrared weldig ˌˌGas covectio weldig ˌˌFrictio weldig ˌˌLaser weldig ˌˌUltrasoud weldig ˌˌThermal cotact weldig ˌˌigh-frequecy weldig otacts for weldig plastics: bielomatik Leuze Gmb + o. KG Daimlerstrasse Neuffe Tel. +49 () Fax +49 () Kuypers Kuststoftechiek BV Koigshoek D Lage Mierde Niederlade Tel. +31 () Fax +31 () Widos Wilhelm Dommer Söhe Gmb Eisteistr Ditzige-eimerdige Tel. +49 () Fax +49 () Materials ad suitable weldig processes Mechaical weldig processes: ultrasoud, vibratio, rotatio No-cotact heatig methods: ifrared light, hot gas, laser eatig elemet weldig with cotact heatig Radiatio heatig Temperature [ ] TEAFINE PE TEAFINE PP TEARAN ABS TEANAT TEAPET / TEADUR PET TEAMID 6 / 66 TEAPEI TEATRN PPS TEAPEEK Source: bielomatik Leuze 8

81 Weldig processes Method eatig elemet ad hot gas weldig Ultrasoud weldig Vibratio / frictio weldig Laser weldig eatig elemet 1. arriage with tool Sootrode 2. Joiig / coolig Workpieces Priciple eatig the joiig parters usig a heatig elemet or hot gas, joiig uder pressure eatig a joiig zoe (with a specific geometry) by ultrasoud vibratio Weldig time 2 to 4 s.1 to 2 s.2 to 1 s Beefits igh stregth, low cost Miimal cycle times, easy process automatio eatig the joiig parters by vibratio or frictio, joiig uder pressure Suitable for large parts, oxidatio-sesitive plastics a be welded eatig the joiig parters usig a laser beam igh stregth, almost ay optioal seam geometry, high precisio Thermal coductio Radiatio ovectio Frictio eatig elemet weldig Iductio weldig with isert heatig elemet i metal Weldig with isert heatig elemet i metal eatig elemet weldig IR light weldig Laser beam weldig ot gas weldig ot gas rivetig Extrusio weldig Ier frictio igh-frequecy weldig Ultrasoud weldig uter frictio Rotatio weldig Vibratio weldig Source: bielomatik Leuze 81

82 Bodig Bodig techology is a very efficiet joiig method which permits plastics to be permaetly joied to themselves or other materials. The chemical joiig (bodig) of compoets offers a rage of beefits compared to other joiig methods: ˌˌEve distributio of stress ˌˌNo damage to materials ˌˌNo warpig of joied parts ˌˌDifferet material combiatios ca be joied ˌˌThe separatig joit is sealed at the same time ˌˌA smaller umber of compoets is required Decisive factors for a good boded joit: ˌˌMaterial characteristics ˌˌAdhesive ˌˌAdhesive layer ˌˌSurface (prelimiary treatmet) ˌˌGeometric desig of the boded joit ˌˌApplicatio ad load coditios To icrease the stregth of a boded joit, it is advisable to pre-treat the surfaces whe bodig plastics i order to ehace surface activity. ˌˌleaig ad degreasig the material surface ˌˌIcreasig the size of the mechaical surface by gridig or sad blastig (particularly recommeded) ˌˌPhysical activatio of the surface by flame, plasma or coroa treatmet ˌˌhemical etchig for the formatio of a defied boudary layer ˌˌPrimer applicatio Whe bodig plastics, tesio peaks should be avoided ad a compressive, tesile or shear load should preferably be applied to the adhesive bod joit. Avoid flexural, peelig or plai tesile stresses. Where applicable, the desig should be adjusted so that the boded joit ca be cofigured for suitable levels of stress. Whe bodig plastics, tesioal load should be avoided ad a compressive, tesile or shear load should preferably be applied to the adhesive bod joit. Avoid flexural, peelig or plai tesile stresses. Source: DEL Idustrieklebstoffe 82

83 Bodig PEEK ompressive stregth i accordace with Material / prelimiary treatmet Delo Stadard 5 Stregth Summary PEEK / PEEK leaig with Delothe EP PEEK / PEEK Atmospheric pressure plasma PEEK / PEEK Sad blasted PEEK / alumiium leaig with Delothe EP PEEK / alumiium PEEK: Atmospheric pressure plasma PEEK / alumiium PEEK: Sad blasted PEEK / steel PEEK: leaig with Delothe EP PEEK / steel PEEK: Sad blasted Geeral adhesive recommedatios 1 MPa + 23 MPa MPa ++ 4 MPa o 21 MPa MPa MPa o 21 MPa very good stregth + good stregth o low stregth PEEK / PEEK bodig Good stregth levels with DELMNPX adhesives; marked icrease of stregth levels due to plasma treatmet or sad blastig PEEK alumiium bodig Without prelimiary treatmet, low stregth levels with DELMNPX glues; very good stregth levels after plasma treatmet or sad blastig PEEK-steel bodig Without prelimiary treatmet, low stregth levels with DELMNPX glues; very good stregth levels after sad blastig Esiger Polymer Solvet Reactio adhesive o the basis of desigatio desigatio adhesive Epoxy resi Polyurethae yaoacrylate TEAFINE PE PE X X TEAFINE PP PP X X TEAFRM AD PM- X X TEAFRM A PM- X X TEAMID 66 PA 66 X X X X TEAMID 6 PA 6 X X X X TEADUR PBT PBT X X X TEAPET PET X X X TEANAT P X X X X TEAFLN PVDF PVDF X X X TEASN S PSU X X X X TEASN P PPSU X X X X TEASN E PES X X X TEATRN PPS X X X TEAPEEK PEEK X X X TEASINT PI X X X Source: DEL Idustrieklebstoffe The followig maufacturers offer adhesives for egieerig ad high-performace plastics: DEL Idustrieklebstoffe Gmb & o. KG DEL-Allee Widach Tel Fax M Deutschlad Gmb arl-schurz-str Neuss Tel ekel Loctite Deutschlad Gmb Arabellastraße Müche Tel Fax Dymax Europe Gmb Trakeher Straße Frakfurt Tel Fax X Suitable adhesives Materials which are ot suitable or oly coditioally suitable for bodig: TEAFLN PTFE, TEAFLN PVDF, TEAFRM A / AD, TEAFINE PE, TEAFINE PP / TEAPR MT 83

84 leaig plastics Accordig to DIN 8592, cleaig is a chemical process used i maufacturig to remove residues. The followig cleaig methods are particularly suitable for plastic cleaig: The four factors relevat to cleaig hemical Type of cleaig leaig chemical ocetratio Temperature leaig temperature Risig temperature Dryig temperature Mechaical Ultrasoud Flow mechaism Sprayig Brushig Geometry adjustmet Time leaig time Risig time Dryig time Depedig o the type of soilig, the relevat areas have to be adapted i order to achieve adequate clealiess. Every process must be take i cotext with the iput parameters (material, geometry, cotamiatio) ad the output parameters (clealiess requiremet) Process is iflueced by: ˌˌotamiatio (film, particulate, coatig, germs) ˌˌompoet geometry (bulk material, sigle part, scoopig, fuctioal surface) ˌˌompoet material (plastic) ˌˌRequiremets (rough cleaig, cleaig, precisio cleaig, ultraprecisio cleaig) Wet chemical methods ˌˌAlso suitable for compoets with ultra-complex compoet geometries ˌˌUsable for most plastics ˌˌNo abrasive ifluece o compoets ˌˌautio i the case of materials which absorb moisture (PA), due to toleraces ˌˌautio i the case of materials sesitive to stress crackig (amorphous) such as P, PSU, PPSU etc. Mechaical processes ˌˌPrimarily suitable for the rough cleaig of plastics (brushig, wipig, ) ˌˌautio with soft plastics due to possible surface damage (scratchig) 2 sow - dry ice blastig ˌˌVery suitable, as blasted material is subjected to practically o damage or ifluece. ˌˌThe process is dry, o-abrasive ad does ot result i trasfer of heat to the compoet. ˌˌIdeally suited also for soft materials ad materials with high moisture absorbig properties (PTFE, PA, ) Plasma method ˌˌSuitable for compoets with ultra-complex compoet geometries ˌˌSimultaeously exerts a activatig effect o the plastic surface ˌˌNo abrasive ifluece o the surface, o humidity i the system 84

85 Situatio i the food ad medical techology sector Problem issue: ˌˌFor these sectors, to date o defiitio exits of which maximum residual cotamiatio may be preset o a compoet ˌˌNo parts with a defied level of clealiess ˌˌIdividual producers must set out / defie their ow limitig values for admissible cotamiatio ˌˌThe FDA ad EU guidelies defie directives ad regulatios o the migratio of substaces ito products, but ot o the degree of soilig Solutio: ˌˌMaual defiitio of limitig values for admissible soilig ˌˌBlak value cleaig ˌˌSemi-fiished products from Esiger: hhbiocompatibiltiy tests are performed o semifiished products for the medical techology sector. These provide a statemet regardig suitability for bodily cotact hhsemi-fiished products for food cotact are tested for the migratio behaviour of certai materials hhoolig lubricats i coformity with food regulatios are used for gridig hhesiger works i compliace with the GMP regulatios for the food sector Summary ˌˌIdividual customers are required to set up their ow defiitio of techical clealiess ˌˌTechical clealiess ca oly be measured ad assessed at the fiished compoet followig completio of all machiig ad cleaig steps ˌˌAs far as possible ad feasible, semi-fiished products from Esiger comply with sector-specific clealiess criteria: hhproductio i compliace with clealiess requiremets hhuse of special coolig lubricats hhytotoxicity tests for semi-fiished products suitable for use i medical applicatios hhmigratio tests for semi-fiished products suitable for use i food applicatios hhpackagig for semi-fiished products suitable for medical applicatios Do you have ay other questios? ur techical applicatio advisory service will be pleased to help: [email protected] or by telephoe o Tel /

86 Product hadlig Esiger plastics are used as the raw material for a wide rage of high-quality compoets ad ed products i fields such as the food idustry ad medical techology, as well as mechaical ad automotive egieerig, semi-coductor techology ad i the aerospace idustry. To maitai the high stadard of quality ad fuctioality i our materials for these applicatios also over exteded storage periods, certai factors must be take ito cosideratio i the storage, treatmet ad hadlig of Esiger semi-fiished products. By takig these precautios, it is possible to esure that exteral iflueces are uable to sigificatly dimiish the material properties. I the case of fiished parts, the idividual maufacturer or user is required to submit a idividual cofirmatio of this, as coditios ca differ cosiderably depedig o the storage or utilizatio period. 1. Storage ad hadlig should take place i such a way that the material desigatios ad product umbers (batch umber) are clearly recogizable o the semi-fiished products ad ca be maitaied. This allows clear idetificatio ad traceability of products i the evet of a possible complait, allowig the possible root cause of the problem to be determied. 2. Weatherig effects ca impact o the properties of plastics. As result of the impact of solar radiatio (UV radiatio), atmospheric oxyge ad moisture (precipitatio, humidity) ca exert a lastig egative impact o material characteristics. These iflueces ca result i colour chages, oxidatio of surfaces, swellig, warpig, brittleess or eve a chage i mechaical properties. For this reaso, semi-fiished products should ot be exposed to direct sulight or the effects of weather over protracted periods. If possible, the semi-fiished products should be stored i closed rooms uder ormal climatic coditios (23 / 5 %r). The followig materials i particular should be protected agaist the ifluece of the weather: ˌˌTEAPEEK (PEEK)* ˌˌTEATRN (PPS)* ˌˌTEASN P (PPSU)* ˌˌTEASN S (PSU)* ˌˌTEASN E (PES)* ˌˌTEAFRM A, AD (PM-, PM-)** ˌˌTEAPET (PET)** ˌˌTEAMID 6, 66, 11, 12, 46 (PA 6, 66, 11, 12, 46)** ˌˌTEAST (PA 6 )** ˌˌTEAFINE (PE, PP)** ˌˌTEARAN ABS (ABS)* * All variatios should be geerally protected ** Variats ot dyed black should be protected 3. Wherever possible, plastics should ot be exposed to low temperatures over log periods. I particular, marked fluctuatios i temperature should be avoided, as this ca cause semi-fiished products to warp or become brittle. ard kocks ad equally throwig or droppig should be avoided, as otherwise cracks ad fracture damage ca occur. I additio, semi-fiished products stored i cold coditios should be allowed sufficiet time to acclimatize to room temperature before processig. This ca help to prevet defects such as cavities occurrig durig processig. It will also help to compesate for shrikage or also elogatio after exposure to hot atmospheres caused by the high coefficiet of liear thermal expasio of plastics. I order to store fiished ad semi-fiished products for high levels of maufacturig precisio, we cosequetly recommed storage uder costat coditios i a ormal climate (23 / 5 %r). This allows exteral iflueces to be miimized ad dimesioal stability to be maitaied over log periods. It is ot possible to specify a maximum storage period, as this depeds heavily o the materials, storage coditios ad exteral iflueces. 86

87 4. Semi-fiished products made of plastic should cosequetly always be stored flat or o a suitable support (i the case of rods ad tubes) ad with the greatest possible surface cotact i order to avoid deformatio through their ow itrisic weight or warmth. 5. Whe hadlig plastic semi-fiished products, esure that suitable warehousig equipmet is used. Esure that storage facilities, liftig gear, sligs ad other liftig equipmet are stable ad secure. Stock shapes must also be stored ad stacked so as to elimiate ay dager of tippig or fallig. Bear i mid here that plastics ofte have a relatively low coefficiet of frictio ad are cosequetly easily able to slip out of load suspesio devices, with the possibility of serious ijury to staff members. 6. Avoid the effects of high-eergy radiatio such as gamma or X-rays wherever possible due to possible microstructure damage through molecular breakdow. 7. Plastic stock shapes should be kept away from all kids of chemicals ad water i order to prevet possible chemical attack or the absorptio of moisture. otact with chemicals or water ca result i swellig, chemical decompositio or stress crack formatio. 1. If the above recommedatios are adhered to, it may be assumed that o sigificat chages to typical properties will occur durig the storage period. It is possible that miimal surface discolouratio may occur due to evirometal iflueces. owever, this does ot represet ay sigificat deterioratio of material properties, as the surface is geerally oly affected dow to a few micros i depth. 11. Plastic waste ad chips ca be processed ad recycled by professioal recyclig compaies. It is also possible to sed the waste for thermal processig to geerate eergy by a professioal compay i a combustio plat with a suitable emissio cotrol i place. This applies i particular to applicatios where the plastic waste produced is cotamiated, e.g. i the case of machiig chips cotamiated with oil. These recommedatios should be adjusted expedietly i lie with idividual requiremets ad circumstaces. They do ot replace the fudametally applicable statutory regulatios, or exoerate customers usig the products from their resposibility or idividuals from their duty of care. These are merely iteded as recommedatios draw up o the basis of curret kowledge. They do ot costitute ay geerally applicable assurace. 8. Plastics are orgaic materials ad cosequetly combustible. The combustio or decompositio products may have a toxic or corrosive effect. If correctly stored, plastics themselves do ot pose a fire risk. owever, they should ot be stored together with other combustible substaces. this subject, observe the product hadlig iformatio sheets for the idividual materials. 9. Uder ormal coditios, plastic semi-fiished or fiished products do ot release ay toxic costituets ad permit risk-free surface cotact. Tobacco products should ot be allowed i the viciity whe hadlig ad machiig plastics, as particles of some plastics (i particular fluoropolymers) ca release strog toxic gases i some cases durig pyrolizatio of the smoulderig tobacco. I respect of health protectio, please also ote the product hadlig iformatio sheets for the idividual materials. 87

88 Material stadard values Material TEARAN ABS grey TEANYL MT coloured TEANYL GF3 TEANYL 731 grey TEAFINE PMP TEAPR MT TEAFRM A atural TEAFRM A black TEAFRM A GF25 TEAFRM A ELS hemical Desigatio ABS PPE PPE PPE PMP PP PM PM PM PM Fillers glass fibres heat stabilized glass fibres coductive carbo black Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,7 2,4 4,1 2,4 1, 2, 2,8 2,8 4,2 1, ,6 2,4 3,9 2,5 8 1,8 2,6 2,6 4,1 1, ,4 2,1 3,3 2,1 1, 1,6 2,3 2,3 3,6 1,5 15 / / 3 23 / / / / 26 2 / 35 2 / / / 25.b b a..a..a /.2.2 /.4.1 /.2.2 /.4 <.1/<.1.1 /.2.5 /.1.5 /.1.7 /.2.5 /.2 (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) B B B B B B B B B B Data geerated directly after machiig (stadard climate Germay). For polyamides the values strogly deped o the humidity cotet. Test specime to DIN EN IS good resistace (+) limited resistace poor resistace (depedig o coce - tratio, time ad temperature).b. ot broke.a. ot applicable (a) Glass trasitio temperature testig accordig to DIN EN IS (b) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to IS 832 (c) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to ASTM E153 (d) Surface resistace testig accordig to ASTM D

89 Material TEAFRM A SD TEAFRM A ID TEAFRM A LA blue TEAFRM A SAN TEAFRM A MT coloured TEAFRM AD TEAFRM AD black TEAFRM AD AF TEAST T TEAST TM hemical Desigatio PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PM PA 6 PA 6 Fillers atistatic aget detectable filler solid lubricat atimicrobic PTFE molybdeum disulfide Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,3 3,2 2,1 2,9 2,8 3,4 3,6 3, 3,5 3, ,2 3,1 2, 2,8 2,8 3,6 3,6 3, 3,2 3, ,1 2,4 1,8 2,2 2,2 2,7 2,8 2,4 2,9 2,8 12 / / / / / / / / / / 38.b b..b..b..b..b..b / /.1.5 /.1.5 /.1.5 /.1.5 /.1.5 /.1.5 /.1.2 /.4.2 /.5 (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) B B B B B B B B B B The correspodig values ad iformatio are o miimum or maximum values, but guidelie values that ca be used primarily for compariso purposes for material selectio. These values are withi the ormal tolerace rage of product properties ad do ot represet guarateed property values. Therefore they shall ot be used for specificatio purposes. Uless otherwise oted, these values were determied by tests at referece dimesios (typically rods with diameter 4-6 mm accordig to DIN EN 1586) o extruded, cast, compressio moulded ad machied specimes. As the properties deped o the dimesios of the semi-fiished products ad the orietatio i the compoet (esp. i reiforced grades), the material may ot be used without separate testig uder idividual circumstaces. Data sheet values are subject to periodic review, the most recet update ca be foud at Techical chages reserved. 89

90 Material stadard values Material TEAST L TEAST L black TEAST L yellow TEAGLIDE gree TEARIM 15 yellow TEAMID 6 TEAM 6 M TEAMID 6 GF25 black TEAMID 6 GF3 black TEAMID 66 hemical Desigatio PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 6 PA 66 Fillers oil oil oil solid lubricat elastomer molybdeum disulfide glass fibres glass fibres Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,9 3,1 3,1 3,2 2,2 3,3 3,3 5,1 5,7 3, ,9 2,9 2,9 3,1 2,2 2,9 3,1 4,9 5,2 3, ,7 2,7 2,7 2,5 2,1 2,7 2,9 3,9 4,2 2,7 19 / / / / / / / / / 42 2 / 35.b..b..b..b..b..b..b b /.4.2 /.4.2 /.4.2 /.3.6 / /.6.3 /.6.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.4 (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) B B B B B B B B B B Data geerated directly after machiig (stadard climate Germay). For polyamides the values strogly deped o the humidity cotet. Test specime to DIN EN IS good resistace (+) limited resistace poor resistace (depedig o coce - tratio, time ad temperature).b. ot broke.a. ot applicable (a) Glass trasitio temperature testig accordig to DIN EN IS (b) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to IS 832 (c) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to ASTM E153 (d) Surface resistace testig accordig to ASTM D 257 9

91 Material TEAMID 66 M TEAMID 66 GF3 black TEAMID 66 F2 TEAMID 66 I TEAMID 66 LA TEAMID 66/X GF5 black TEAMID 46 redbrow TEAMID 12 TEAPET TEAPET black hemical Desigatio PA 66 PA 66 PA 66 PA 66 PA 66 PA 66 PA 46 PA 12 PET PET Fillers molybdeum disulfide glass fibres carbo fibres heat stabilized lubricat glass fibres Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,2 5,5 5,1 3,4 3,1 8,7 3,3 1,8 3,1 3, ,1 4,7 4,3 3,3 2,8 9, 3,3 1,7 3,2 3, ,7 4,1 3,8 2,9 2,4 6,2 2,8 1,6 2,7 2,8 2 / / / / 29 2 / / 56 2 / / / / 36.b b. 37.b..b /.4.1 /.2.1 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.4.1 /.2.4 /.7.4 /.7.2 /.3.2 /.3 (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) + (+) (+) (+) (+) (+) B B B B B B V2 B B B The correspodig values ad iformatio are o miimum or maximum values, but guidelie values that ca be used primarily for compariso purposes for material selectio. These values are withi the ormal tolerace rage of product properties ad do ot represet guarateed property values. Therefore they shall ot be used for specificatio purposes. Uless otherwise oted, these values were determied by tests at referece dimesios (typically rods with diameter 4-6 mm accordig to DIN EN 1586) o extruded, cast, compressio moulded ad machied specimes. As the properties deped o the dimesios of the semi-fiished products ad the orietatio i the compoet (esp. i reiforced grades), the material may ot be used without separate testig uder idividual circumstaces. Data sheet values are subject to periodic review, the most recet update ca be foud at Techical chages reserved. 91

92 Material stadard values Material TEAPET TF TEADUR PET TEADUR PBT GF3 TEANAT TEANAT GF3 TEAFLN PVDF TEASN S TEAPEI TEASN P white TEASN P MT coloured hemical Desigatio PET PET PBT P P PVDF PSU PEI PPSU PPSU Fillers solid lubricat glass fibres glass fibres Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,2 3,3 3,4 2,2 4,4 2,2 2,7 3,2 2,3 2, ,3 3,4 3,4 2,3 4,5 2,1 2,6 3,3 2,3 2, ,7 2,8 2,8 2, 3,3 1,9 2,3 2,8 2, 2, 21 / / 38 2 / / / / / / / 3 18 / b b..b a..a. 171.a..a..a..a /.3.2 /.3.2 /.4.3 /.6.3 /.5 <.1/<.1.6 /.1.5 /.1.1 /.2.1 / (+) + B B B B B V V V V V Data geerated directly after machiig (stadard climate Germay). For polyamides the values strogly deped o the humidity cotet. Test specime to DIN EN IS good resistace (+) limited resistace poor resistace (depedig o coce - tratio, time ad temperature).b. ot broke.a. ot applicable (a) Glass trasitio temperature testig accordig to DIN EN IS (b) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to IS 832 (c) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to ASTM E153 (d) Surface resistace testig accordig to ASTM D

93 Material TEATRN TEATRN GF4 TEATRN GF4 black TEATRN PVX TEAPEEK TEAPEEK black TEAPEEK bright red TEAPEEK GF3 TEAPEEK F3 TEAPEEK PVX hemical Desigatio PPS PPS PPS PPS PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK Fillers glass fibres glass fibres carbo fibres, PTFE, graphite glass fibres carbo fibres carbo fibres, PTFE, graphite Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,1 6,5 6,5 4,6 4,2 4,1 4,2 6,4 6,8 5, , 6,6 6,6 4,8 4,2 4,1 4,5 6,6 6,8 6, ,3 4,6 4,6 3,3 3,4 3,3 3,5 4,8 5, 4, 2 / / / / / / / 4 29 / / / b <.1 /.1 <.1 /.1 <.1 /.1 <.1 /.1.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 / (+) (+) V V V V V V V V V V The correspodig values ad iformatio are o miimum or maximum values, but guidelie values that ca be used primarily for compariso purposes for material selectio. These values are withi the ormal tolerace rage of product properties ad do ot represet guarateed property values. Therefore they shall ot be used for specificatio purposes. Uless otherwise oted, these values were determied by tests at referece dimesios (typically rods with diameter 4-6 mm accordig to DIN EN 1586) o extruded, cast, compressio moulded ad machied specimes. As the properties deped o the dimesios of the semi-fiished products ad the orietatio i the compoet (esp. i reiforced grades), the material may ot be used without separate testig uder idividual circumstaces. Data sheet values are subject to periodic review, the most recet update ca be foud at Techical chages reserved. 93

94 Material stadard values Material TEAPEEK ELS ao TEAPEEK TF1 blue TEAPEEK ID TEAPEEK MT TEAPEEK MT black TEAPEEK MT blue TEAPEEK MT gree TEAPEEK MT yellow TEAPEEK MT bright red TEAPEEK MT ivory hemical Desigatio PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK Fillers NT PTFE Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,8 3,4 4,6 4,2 4,2 4,3 4,1 4,4 4,2 4, ,7 3,9 3,7 4,2 4,1 4,3 4,2 4,3 4,5 4, ,6 3, 4,8 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,4 3,5 3,4 27 / / / / / / / / / 4 24 / b..b..b..b..b. 5.b /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 / (+) V V V V V V V V V V Data geerated directly after machiig (stadard climate Germay). For polyamides the values strogly deped o the humidity cotet. Test specime to DIN EN IS good resistace (+) limited resistace poor resistace (depedig o coce - tratio, time ad temperature).b. ot broke.a. ot applicable (a) Glass trasitio temperature testig accordig to DIN EN IS (b) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to IS 832 (c) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to ASTM E153 (d) Surface resistace testig accordig to ASTM D

95 Material TEAPEEK F3 MT TEAPEEK LASSIX white TEAPEEK TS TEAPEEK MF TEAPEEK MF grey TEAPEEK T black TEAPEEK ST black TEATE PEEK W5 TEATE TEATR PEKK W6 513 hemical Desigatio PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEEK PEK PEKEKK PEEK PEKK PAI Fillers carbo fibres mieral filler ceramic ceramic Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] , 4,7 5,7 5,5 5,5 4,6 4,6 53,2 54,3 3, , 4,4 5,9 5,5 5,5 4,6 4,6 48,9 5,9 3, ,5 3,5 4,3 4,3 4,3 3,5 3,5 4,5 5,1 23 / / / / / / / / b..b b..b a (c) (d).2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.3.2 /.4.2 / (+) (+) V V V V V V V V V V The correspodig values ad iformatio are o miimum or maximum values, but guidelie values that ca be used primarily for compariso purposes for material selectio. These values are withi the ormal tolerace rage of product properties ad do ot represet guarateed property values. Therefore they shall ot be used for specificatio purposes. Uless otherwise oted, these values were determied by tests at referece dimesios (typically rods with diameter 4-6 mm accordig to DIN EN 1586) o extruded, cast, compressio moulded ad machied specimes. As the properties deped o the dimesios of the semi-fiished products ad the orietatio i the compoet (esp. i reiforced grades), the material may ot be used without separate testig uder idividual circumstaces. Data sheet values are subject to periodic review, the most recet update ca be foud at Techical chages reserved. 95

96 Material stadard values Material TEATR 531 PVX TEASINT 111 TEASINT 121 TEASINT 131 TEASINT 141 TEASINT 161 TEASINT 111 TEASINT 1611 TEASINT 211 TEASINT 221 hemical Desigatio PAI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI PI Fillers graphite, PTFE 15% graphite 4% graphite 3% molybdeum disulfide 15% graphite, 1% PTFE 3% PTFE 15% graphite Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,9 4, 4, 4,34 4, 3,7 4, ,2 3,448 4, 4,33 4, 3,6 4, , 1,88 4, 1,713 1, (a) 33 (a) 33 (a) 33 (a) 33 (a) 33 (a) 33 (a) 37 (a) 37 (a).a (c).22 (b).53 (b).22 (b).22 (b) 1 17 (d) V V V V V V V V V V Data geerated directly after machiig (stadard climate Germay). For polyamides the values strogly deped o the humidity cotet. Test specime to DIN EN IS good resistace (+) limited resistace poor resistace (depedig o coce - tratio, time ad temperature).b. ot broke.a. ot applicable (a) Glass trasitio temperature testig accordig to DIN EN IS (b) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to IS 832 (c) Thermal coductivity testig accordig to ASTM E153 (d) Surface resistace testig accordig to ASTM D

97 Material TEASINT 231 TEASINT 2391 TEASINT 411 TEASINT 421 TEASINT 4111 TEASINT 4121 TEASINT 551 TEASINT 521 SD TEASINT 81 hemical Desigatio PI PI PI PI PI PI PAI PAI PTFE Fillers 4% graphite 15% molybdeum disulfide 15% graphite 15% graphite 3% glass fibres carbo fibres, glass fibres 2% polyimide Desity (DIN EN IS 1183) Mechaical properties Modulus of elasticity (tesile test) (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth (DIN EN IS 527-2) Tesile stregth at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at yield (DIN EN IS 527-2) Elogatio at break (DIN EN IS 527-2) Modulus of elasticity (flexural test) (DIN EN IS 178) Flexural stregth (DIN EN IS 178) ompressio modulus (EN IS 64) ompressive stregth (1% / 2%) (EN IS 64) Impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eU) Notched impact stregth (harpy) (DIN EN IS 179-1eA) Ball itedatio hardess (IS 239-1) Thermal properties Glass trasitio temperature (DIN 53765) Meltig temperature (DIN 53765) Service temperature, short term Service temperature, log term Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 6 (DIN EN IS ;2) Thermal expasio (LTE), 23 1 (DIN EN IS ;2) Specific heat (IS 227-4:28) Thermal coductivity (IS 227-4:28) Electrical properties Surface resistace (DIN IE 693) Miscellaeous data Water absorptio 24h / 96h (23 ) (DIN EN IS 62) Resistace to hot water / bases Resistace to weatherig Flammability (UL94) (DIN IE ;) [g / cm³] [%] [%] [kj / m²] [kj / m²] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [1-5 K -1 ] [1-5 K -1 ] [J / (g*k)] [W/(m*K)] [Ω] [%] ,3 4,4 4, 4,943 7, 6,6 5,8 4, ,2 4,136 4,3 4,93 6,1 6,1 6,625 4, ,27 2,2 2,1 2,67 2,5 2,2 2, (a) 37 (a) 26 (a) 26 (a).a. (a).a. (a) 34 (a) 34 (a) 2 (a) (b).35 (b).25 (b) 1 16 (d) 1 16 (d) V V V V V V V V V The correspodig values ad iformatio are o miimum or maximum values, but guidelie values that ca be used primarily for compariso purposes for material selectio. These values are withi the ormal tolerace rage of product properties ad do ot represet guarateed property values. Therefore they shall ot be used for specificatio purposes. Uless otherwise oted, these values were determied by tests at referece dimesios (typically rods with diameter 4-6 mm accordig to DIN EN 1586) o extruded, cast, compressio moulded ad machied specimes. As the properties deped o the dimesios of the semi-fiished products ad the orietatio i the compoet (esp. i reiforced grades), the material may ot be used without separate testig uder idividual circumstaces. Data sheet values are subject to periodic review, the most recet update ca be foud at Techical chages reserved. 97

98 Liability disclaimer ur iformatio ad statemets do ot costitute a promise or guaratee whether these are express or iferred. This iformatio is provided to the best of our curret kowledge ad is desiged to provide data about our products ad their applicatios. They are cosequetly ot iteded to provide ay legally bidig guaratee or assurace of chemical resistace, product properties or saleability. The suitability for the ed use of the products is iflueced by various factors such as choice of materials, additios to the material, desig of shaped parts ad tools, ad processig or evirometal coditios. Uless otherwise idicated, the measured values are guidelie values which are based o laboratory tests uder stadardized coditios. The iformatio provided does ot, aloe, form ay sufficiet basis for compoet or tool desig. The decisio as to the suitability of a particular material or procedure or a particular compoet ad tool desig for a specific purpose is left exclusively to the customer i questio. Suitability for a specific purpose or a particular use is ot assured or guarateed o a legally bidig basis, uless we have bee iformed i writig about the specific purpose ad coditios of use ad we have cofirmed i writig that our product is specifically suitable for the applicatio or for the plaed use described i writig. The ature of our products coforms to statutory provisios valid i Germay at the time of the trasfer of risk, i so far as these statutory provisios cotai regulatios regardig the ature of these products specifically. ly if the customer poits out expressly i writig that he iteds to export our products also after processig or istallatio if applicable ad oly if we expressly cofirm the suitability of the goods for export, shall we also esure compliace with the export regulatios of the Europea Uio, its member states, the other states who are sigatory to the agreemet o the Europea Ecoomic Area (Norway, Icelad, Liechtestei) ad Switzerlad ad the USA. We are ot obliged to take ay steps to comply with the statutory regulatios of other states. We are resposible for esurig that our products are free from ay rights or claims by third parties based o commercial or other itellectual property (patets, pateted desigs, registered desigs, authors' rights ad other rights). This obligatio applies for Germay; it oly applies for the other member states of the Europea Uio ad the other states who are sigatory to the agreemet o the Europea Ecoomic Area ad Switzerlad ad the USA if the customer expressly poits out to us i writig that he iteds to export our products after processig or istallatio if applicable - ad we expressly cofirm i writig that the products ca be exported. We shall ot accept liability for ay other states tha those listed. We reserve the right to make chages to the desig or form, deviatios i colour ad chages to the scope of delivery or service i so far as the chages or deviatios are reasoable for the customer whilst takig our iterests ito accout. ur products are ot iteded for use i medical or detal implats. PEEK-LASSIX TM ad Ivibio are registered trademarks of Ivibio Ltd. VITREX PEEK is a registered trademark of Victrex plc. Esiger, TEA, TEADUR, TEAFLN, TEAFRM, TEAM, TEAMID, TEANAT, TEANYL, TEAPEEK, TEAPET, TEAPR, TEASINT, TEASN, TEAST, TEATRN are registered trademarks of Esiger Gmb. TEATR is a registered trademark of Esiger Ic. 98

99 Esiger: Facts ad figures eadquarter Nufrige, Germay Workforce appr. 2 Year of formatio 1966 Producig locatios i Germay 3 Locatios ad braches worldwide 27 Directors Klaus Esiger, Dr. Rolad Reber Products ompouds Stock shapes (extruded, cast, sitered) Profiles Fiished parts (machied, ijectio moulded) ustom castigs (direct formed, cast polyamide) Applicatios Mechaical ad plat egieerig ostructio idustry Automotive egieerig Medical techology Aerospace idustry il ad gas idustry Electrical ad semicoductor egieerig May other braches of idustry

100 Esiger Germay Esiger worldwide Esiger Gmb Rudolf-Diesel-Straße Nufrige Tel Fax Esiger Gmb Mercedesstraße Rotteburg a. N. Tel Fax Esiger Gmb Wilfried-Esiger-Straße ham Tel Fax Esiger Gmb Borsigstraße Aröchte Tel Fax Esiger Gmb Mooswiese Ravesburg Tel Fax Austria Esiger Sitimid Gmb Werkstraße Lezig Tel Fax Brazil Esiger Idústria de Plásticos Técicos Ltda. Av. São Borja São Leopoldo-RS Tel Fax hia Esiger (hia) o., Ltd. 1F, Buildig A3 No Gumei Road Shaghai 2233 P.R.hia Tel Fax zech Republic Esiger s.r.o. Prùmyslová 991 P.. Box Dobřay Tel Fax Demark Esiger Damark Ltd. Rugvæget 6B 41 Rigsted Tel Fax Frace Esiger Frace S.A.R.L. ZA les Batterses ZI Nord 17 Beyost Tel Fax Italy Esiger Italia S.r.l. Via Fraco Tosi 1/3 22 lcella di Busto Garolfo Tel Fax Japa Esiger Japa o., Ltd , Rikaicho, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo , Japa Tel Fax Polad Esiger Polska Sp. z o.o. ul. Geodetów Leszo Tel Fax Sigapur Esiger Iteratioal Gmb (Sigapore Brach) 63 illview Aveue # 4-7 Lam Soo Idustrial Buildig Sigapore Tel Fax [email protected] Spai Esiger S.A. Giroa, La Llagosta Barceloa Tel Fax Swede Esiger Swede AB Stevretsgata 5 SE Eköpig Tel Fax Uited Kigdom Esiger Limited Wilfried Way Toyrefail Mid Glamorga F39 8JQ Tel Fax USA Esiger Ic. 365 Meadowlads Boulevard Washigto, PA 1531 Tel Fax Thermoplastic egieerig ad high-performace plastics from Esiger are used i almost every importat sector of idustry today. Their ecoomy ad performace beefits have see them frequetly supplat classically used materials. 1/12 E991175A11GB