THE TRADING WORLD OF ASIA AND THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY
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1 THE TRADING WORLD OF ASIA AND THE ENGLISH EAST INDIA COMPANY K. N. CHAUDHURI Reader in the Economic History of Asia The School of Oriental and African Studies, university of London CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CAMBRIDGE LONDON - NEW YORK MELBOURNE
2 Tables Figures Maps Abbreviations Notes on dates, contemporaneous spellings^ currency and weights Preface Acknowledgements xi xii xiii xiii xiii xv xviii 1 The international economy and the East India trade The nature and structure of international trade between Europe and Asia i The rise of multilateral trade 10 The impact of international trade 15 2 A formal theoretical model of the East India Company's trade The economic and political environment 19 The methods of systems analysis 22 The formal organisation and the management structure 25 The decision-making process 28 The trading variables and the operational system 33 3 The structure of early trade and the pattern of commercial settlements in Asia 41 4 The evolution of the Company's trading system : operation and policy Decision-making on the level of trade 5 7 The capital requirements of the Asian factories 61 The system of purchasing-methods in Asia 67
3 The shipping schedule Communication and control 74 5 Long-term trends and fluctuations Methodological issues 79 Movements in total exports and imports 81 The index of volume, aggregate prices, and the measurement of terms of trade 9 The commodity composition of trade 95 The geographical distribution of trade 97 Some comments on the price movements in Europe and India Politics of trade The political objectives and ideology 109 The politics of commercial privileges 120 The pattern of conflicts and alliances Markets, merchants, and the Company The structure of the selling market The geographical and economic characteristics of the Asian markets 135 Merchants The export of treasure and the monetary system The problem of trade balance and equilibrium in international trade *53 The monetary system in Europe and the supply of precious metals 160 Asian currencies, the bullion trade, and the movements of gold and silver 174 The Company's mints, currency, and the sale of precious metals The structure of country trade in Asia The general features of Asian trade : geographical areas and commercial characteristics 1 9 l Trade routes and shipping 2 l The commodity composition 204 English participation in country trade o Export of European commodities General policy 215 vi 7 l 1 3 l
4 The nature of demand and the regional markets 220 The volume of trade, prices and profitability The Company and the Indian textile industry Advantage in comparative costs 237 The location and changes in the geographical distribution of the textile industry 240 The organisation and structure of textile production in India 253 The general structure of costs : labour, raw cotton, and yarn 262 Some problems of technology : stagnation or stability? The Company's trade in textiles 13 Pepper The discovery and adoption of Indian textiles in Europe 277 The demand conditions in Europe and the overall trends in total imports 281 Guidelines to investment decisions 299 The purchasing-methods in India 305 The political considerations of the pepper trade 313 The volume of imports and market conditions Import of bulk goods The general role of bulk goods 329 Indigo 330 Saltpetre Raw silk 16 Coffee The product, areas of supply, and trends in European demand 343 Supply conditions in Bengal and European purchasing-methods 353 General trends and fluctuations in imports : the interaction in supply and demand 359 The organisation and the system of buying 366 Commercial privileges and customs 370 Ports, market-places, and areas of coffee cultivation 373 The structure of the market and the determination of prices 377 vii
5 17 Imports from China CONTENTS The tea trade 3^5 Porcelain Financial results The general problems of private and public finance 4 11 The financial methods and results Struggle between the Old and the New Company, the merger, and the union The balance-sheet, capitalisation, and the calculation of profitability Conclusion 453 APPENDICES 1 Notes on the statistical tables of the East India Company's trade Sources of statistics 4^3 The account books and the system of book-keeping 4*H Changes in the methods of book-keeping 4^4 The account books kept in the Indies 4*>6 Accuracy and the reliability of the account books 4^6 Data processing and computerisation 4^7 The plan and problems of tabulation 4^7 The margin of errors 4^8 The difference and variations between these tables and other previous figures 4^9 Methods of interpolation of missing values or incomplete figures 47 Quantities given in the account books 47* Currency 47 * Currency weights and standards 47* Weights 472 Linear measures 472 flow chart used in tabulating and compiling the East India Company's trade statistics List of commodities included in the Company's imports and exports Time-series analysis of the East India Company's 477 exports and imports viii
6 3 The econometric estimation of the trading model The general issues The specification of the model Assumptions in the hypothesised relationships in the model The results and their interpretation Summary of findings Equations and variables for estimating the elasticities of the Company's selected imports 4 The grouped list and the glossary of Indian textile types 5 The statistical tables of the Company's trade G. i Total exports to Asia C.2 Total imports from Asia G.3 Total commodity exports (excluding treasure) G.4 Total exports of treasure C.5 Total exports of broadcloth C.6 Total exports of new draperies G.7 Total exports of lead Q8 Import of chinaware and porcelain (China) G-9 Import of coffee (Mokha) C.io Import of indigo (Bombay) C. 11 Import of black pepper (Bombay : Malabar) G. 12 Import of black pepper (Madras) G. 13 Import of black pepper (South East Asia : Bantam and Bencoolen) C.i 4 Total imports of black pepper from Asia G.15 Import of saltpetre (Bengal) C. 16 Import of raw silk (Bengal) G. 17 Import of raw silk (China) G. 18 Total imports of raw silk from Asia G.19 Total imports of tea from China G.20 Import of textiles (Bombay) C. 21 I mport of textiles ( Madras) C.22 Import of textiles (Bengal) C.23 Import of textiles : silk piece goods (China) C.24 Total imports of textiles from Asia General glossary Bibliography Original sources Printed records Printed records, selections Contemporaneous travel Contemporaneous history " S** * T.W.A. I* IX
7 Contemporaneous economic literature 556 Secondary works 558 Short titles cited in the reference notes 567 Notes 571 Index 615
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