A new theorem for optimizing the advertising budget
|
|
- Pamela White
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive A new theorem for optimizing the advertising budget Wright, Malcolm Ehrenberg-Bass Institute, University of South Australia 28. April 2008 Online at MPRA Paper No , posted 17. September 2008 / 20:13
2 A New Theorem for Optimizing the Advertising Budget Malcolm Wright Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science GPO Box 2471, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia Ph Fax Version History 15 September May April 2008 Acknowledgements Thanks to Scott Armstrong, Nick Danenberg, John Dawes, Gerald Goodhardt, Rob Lawson, Cam Rungie, Deborah Russell and Byron Sharp for helpful comments on earlier, longer, drafts of this paper. This is a working paper. Feedback is solicited. 1
3 A New Theorem for Optimizing the Advertising Budget Abstract This paper reports a new theorem and proof for optimizing the advertising budget. The theorem is that the optimal rate of advertising is equal to gross profit multiplied by advertising elasticity. This does not involve a ratio of elasticities, and so is an advance on the Dorfman-Steiner theorem that has dominated this topic for the last 50 years. The elegant nature of the proof makes it especially suitable for managerial economics textbooks. The simple nature of the theorem means that it is easily adopted, by both large and small businesses, in place of heuristics such as industry advertising to sales ratios. From meta-analysis, the mean advertising elasticity is.11. Therefore, in the absence of any other information, companies should spend 11% of gross profit on advertising. Introduction This paper reports a new theorem and proof for optimizing the advertising budget. The theorem is extremely simple, and represents an advance over previous advertising optimization methods in both marketing and economics. The Dorfman-Steiner theorem (1954) of advertising optimisation uses a linear functional form and relies on the advertising to sales ratio being equivalent to the ratio of advertising elasticity to price elasticity. Brook (2005) recently demonstrated that, when using an independent linear demand specification for advertising and price (or quantity), the Dorfman-Steiner equation reduced to an identity, implying that it is of little practical use. The new theorem does not assume linearity, offers a result that is more easily interpretable by managers and relaxes the Dorfman-Steiner requirement that advertising and price be dependent. Thus, it overcomes Brook s (2005) objections to the Dorfman-Steiner theorem. Assumptions (1) Profit = G - A (1a) G = (P C ) Q Where P is unit price. C is unit variable cost. Q is quantity demanded, defined below in (2). A is advertising cost. 2
4 (2) Q = k A e Where k = constant (1 for the purposes of this analysis). e = the exponent for the marketing mix element, in this case advertising (known through a simple algebraic proof to be the elasticity of Q to changes in that element). Note the assumption of a multiplicative function in equation (2): while empirical studies of supermarket checkout scanner data do not generally identify one functional form as being superior to others in marketing mix modelling (e.g. Bolton 1989), multiplicative functions are easily interpretable by managers as they have a constant elasticity. They are also widely used: see Danaher, Bonfrer and Dhar (2008) for a recent example, in which the multiplicative functional form is justified to avoid aggregation bias. The use of this functional form is the major assumption in this work; however the elegance of the proof and avoidance of problems arising from linearity lend it some support. Theorem: Profit is maximised when advertising expenditure equals gross profit times advertising elasticity (Note: This theorem was discovered through simulation. The full simulation method is reported in early versions of this working paper.) Proof Profit = G A from (1) = (P C) Q A by substitution of (1a) = (P C) k A e A by substitution of (2) d Profit = e (P C) k A e d A To maximise profit we set this differential equal to zero, add one to both sides, and then multiply both sides by A. This yields. A = e (P C) k A e-1 * A 3
5 Giving A = e (P C) k A e That is also A = e (P C) Q from (2) Or A = e G Or A / G = e to optimise profit. Q.E.D. Although this is a proof for advertising, it can equally be applied to any marketing mix element that has a positive elasticity, as such an item (for example distribution expenditure) could simply be substituted for A in (2). However, the theorem does not address interactions between marketing mix elements. Discussion Rather than use the advertising to sales ratio, and assume a linear dependence between price and advertising, this theorem implies that advertising budgets should be set so the advertising/gross profit ratio is equal to the advertising elasticity. This is a new budgeting rule for advertising expenditure, simple enough to be applied by any business that can calculate a gross profit. From meta-analysis, we know that the average advertising elasticity is.11 (Sethuraman and Tellis 1991). Thus, in the absence of any other information firms should spend 11% of gross profit on advertising. If gross profit is negative, firms should instead close their doors, as they are not covering variable costs, let alone overheads. In practice, this is of course overly simplistic. There may be both short and long term advertising effects, or advertising effectiveness may vary under different circumstances or with different advertising executions. Conceptually, however, many of these issues can be dealt with by adjusting the advertising elasticities. Here are four examples. First, if we accept the BehaviorScan results that the average advertising elasticities are.26 for new products (for three years after launch) and.05 otherwise (Lodish et al. 1995), we can optimize advertising under each circumstance. In this case advertising expenditure should be 26% of anticipated gross profit for the first three years post-launch, dropping back to a maintenance budget of 5% of gross profit thereafter. (While the sample of BehaviorScan experiments is large (n = 389) they are conducted using a single method, so their elasticities are less generalizable than the multi-method meta-analysis of Sethuraman and Tellis 1991). Second, we can apply Danaher et al. s (2008) work on clutter. They found pure advertising elasticities of.16, compared to.076 under conditions of high clutter (note that the average of these values is.12, close to that of the meta-analysis). Danaher et al. recommended scheduling advertising to avoid competitive interference. It was not clear what would happen everybody followed this advice, as they did not calculate a game-theoretic equilibrium. We can extend their recommendations to find a budget equilibrium (although not a scheduling equilibrium) without resorting to game theory. The equilibrium 4
6 advertising budget under conditions of high clutter, in the markets Danaher et al. studied, is simply 7.6% of gross profit. Third, the theorem can guide the advertising budget during a recession. Businesses are prone to slash advertising at such times; the theorem developed in this paper suggests that advertising should be cut to the extent that gross profits are expected to be cut, but no further. Fourth, what if a creative execution is particularly effective? More effective advertising implies a higher elasticity for advertising expenditure. Therefore, effective creative executions should be backed by a higher advertising budget as long as this does not promote earlier wearout of effectiveness. While the new theorem is extremely simple, many enhancements are possible to relax assumptions and develop more complex models of market behavior. These could include introducing game-theoretic competition, splitting out long-term and short-term effects, modelling interactions and incorporating tactical elements such as price promotions, media buying decisions and message strategy. Actual advertising policies could also be investigated, to see whether theoretically sub-optimal decisions lead to lower firm profits. The theorem could be developed to include other advertising measures, such as an adstock decay variable, or a competitive share of voice. New dependent variables could be developed that are closer to the true objective of most firms: increasing shareholder wealth or market to book ratios. The theorem provides an elegant and productive line of enquiry for investigating such issues; they can be framed as relaxations of the basic assumptions made in (1) and (2). Meanwhile, a small business with limited expertise or resources currently has no sound rule available to optimize advertising expenditure. This new theorem provides such a rule. It is so simple that the theorem itself can be used as a heuristic by anybody capable of basic arithmetic. In the absence of any other information, small businesses should spend 11% of their gross profits on advertising. 5
7 References Bolton, Ruth N (1989), "The Robustness of Retail-level Price Elasticity Estimates," Journal of Retailing, 65 (2), Brook, Stacey, (2005), Is the Dorfman-Steiner Rule Always Optimal? The American Economist, 49, 2 (Fall), Danaher, Peter, Bonfrer, Andre. and Sanjay Dhar, (2008), The Effect of Competitive Advertising on Sales for Packaged Goods, Journal of Marketing Research, XLV (April), Dorfman, R. & P. Steiner, (1954), "Optimal Advertising and Optimal Quality," American Economic Review, 44, Lodish, Leonard M, Magid Abraham, Stuart Kalmenson, Jeanne Livelsberger, Beth Lubetkin, Bruce Richardson, and Mary Ellen Stevens (1995), "How T.V. Advertising Works: A Meta-Analysis of 389 Real World Split Cable T.V. Advertising Experiments," Journal of Marketing Research, 32 (May), Sethuraman, Raj and Gerard J Tellis (1991), "An Analysis of the Tradeoff Between Advertising and Price Discounting," Journal of Marketing Research, 28 (May),
Limitations of conventional marketing mix modelling 1
Limitations of conventional marketing mix modelling 1 P.M Cain 1) Introduction The primary function of all marketing mix models is to quantify the sales contribution of marketing activities, with a view
More informationGeneralizations about Advertising Effectiveness in Markets
JAR49(2) 09-035 1/6 05/19/09 7:56 am REVISED PROOF Page: 240 Generalizations about Advertising Effectiveness in Markets GERARD J. TELLIS Marshall School of Business University of Southern California tellis@marshall.usc.edu
More informationAdvertising. Sotiris Georganas. February 2013. Sotiris Georganas () Advertising February 2013 1 / 32
Advertising Sotiris Georganas February 2013 Sotiris Georganas () Advertising February 2013 1 / 32 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Main questions about advertising 3 How does advertising work? 4 Persuasive advertising
More informationLimitations of conventional marketing mix modelling
Limitations of conventional marketing mix modelling P.M Cain 1 1) Introduction The primary function of all marketing mix models is to quantify the sales contribution of marketing activities, with a view
More informationThe Library www.library.unisa.edu.au
The Library www.library.unisa.edu.au Educating Professionals, Creating and Applying Knowledge, Engaging our Communities This article is 2016 Emerald Group Publishing and permission has been granted for
More informationPractice Prize Report. Modeling the Microeffects of Television Advertising: Which Ad Works, When, Where, for How Long, and Why? Gerard J.
Marketing Science 24(3), pp. 351 366, 2005 INFORMS 359 Cooper, Lee, Masao Nakanishi. 1988. Market Share Analysis. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, MA. Elrod, Terry, Michael P. Keane. 1995. A factor-analytic
More informationImpact. How to choose the right campaign for maximum effect. RKM Research and Communications, Inc., Portsmouth, NH. All Rights Reserved.
Impact How to choose the right campaign for maximum effect RKM Research and Communications, Inc., Portsmouth, NH. All Rights Reserved. Executive summary Advertisers depend on traditional methods of testing
More informationDoes manufacturer advertising suppress or stimulate retail price promotions? Analytical model and empirical analysis
Pergamon Journal of Retailing 78 (2002) 253 263 Does manufacturer advertising suppress or stimulate retail price promotions? Analytical model and empirical analysis Raj Sethuraman*, Gerard Tellis Cox School
More informationHow Well Does Advertising Work? Generalizations From A Meta-Analysis of Brand Advertising Elasticity
How Well Does Advertising Work? Generalizations From A Meta-Analysis of Brand Advertising Elasticity RAJ SETHURAMAN, GERARD J. TELLIS, AND RICHARD BRIESCH The authors thank Don Lehmann, Mike Hanssens,
More informationThe Importance of Brand Name and Quality in the Retail Food Industry
The Importance of Brand ame and Quality in the Retail Food Industry Contact Information Eidan Apelbaum Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics 16 Soc Sci & Humanities Bldg University of California,
More informationName. Final Exam, Economics 210A, December 2011 Here are some remarks to help you with answering the questions.
Name Final Exam, Economics 210A, December 2011 Here are some remarks to help you with answering the questions. Question 1. A firm has a production function F (x 1, x 2 ) = ( x 1 + x 2 ) 2. It is a price
More informationBIG DATA AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN MARKETING
BIG DATA AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN MARKETING Oct. 16, 2014 Jean-Pierre Dubé "Half the money I spend on advertising is wasted; the trouble is I don't know which half. John Wanamaker, US dept store merchant
More informationChap 3 CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models
Chap 3 CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models 1 Asset Pricing Model a logical extension of portfolio selection theory is to consider the equilibrium asset pricing consequences of investors individually
More informationGame Theory: Supermodular Games 1
Game Theory: Supermodular Games 1 Christoph Schottmüller 1 License: CC Attribution ShareAlike 4.0 1 / 22 Outline 1 Introduction 2 Model 3 Revision questions and exercises 2 / 22 Motivation I several solution
More informationMoney and Public Finance
Money and Public Finance By Mr. Letlet August 1 In this anxious market environment, people lose their rationality with some even spreading false information to create trading opportunities. The tales about
More informationAlgebra Unpacked Content For the new Common Core standards that will be effective in all North Carolina schools in the 2012-13 school year.
This document is designed to help North Carolina educators teach the Common Core (Standard Course of Study). NCDPI staff are continually updating and improving these tools to better serve teachers. Algebra
More informationIndiana State Core Curriculum Standards updated 2009 Algebra I
Indiana State Core Curriculum Standards updated 2009 Algebra I Strand Description Boardworks High School Algebra presentations Operations With Real Numbers Linear Equations and A1.1 Students simplify and
More informationThe consumer purchase journey and the marketing mix model
Dynamic marketing mix modelling and digital attribution 1 Introduction P.M Cain Digital media attribution aims to identify the combination of online marketing activities and touchpoints contributing to
More informationExercises Lecture 8: Trade policies
Exercises Lecture 8: Trade policies Exercise 1, from KOM 1. Home s demand and supply curves for wheat are: D = 100 0 S = 0 + 0 Derive and graph Home s import demand schedule. What would the price of wheat
More informationInternational MBA Part Time
International MBA Part Time Information: Schedule of classes: Fridays 02h00 pm to 08h00 pm fortnightly Saturdays 08h30 am to 5h30 pm fortnightly Class Hours: 600 Hours *The information may change without
More informationSolution to Homework Set 7
Solution to Homework Set 7 Managerial Economics Fall 011 1. An industry consists of five firms with sales of $00 000, $500 000, $400 000, $300 000, and $100 000. a) points) Calculate the Herfindahl-Hirschman
More informationOn the Efficiency of Competitive Stock Markets Where Traders Have Diverse Information
Finance 400 A. Penati - G. Pennacchi Notes on On the Efficiency of Competitive Stock Markets Where Traders Have Diverse Information by Sanford Grossman This model shows how the heterogeneous information
More informationLecture 6: Price discrimination II (Nonlinear Pricing)
Lecture 6: Price discrimination II (Nonlinear Pricing) EC 105. Industrial Organization. Fall 2011 Matt Shum HSS, California Institute of Technology November 14, 2012 EC 105. Industrial Organization. Fall
More informationChapter 8 Production Technology and Costs 8.1 Economic Costs and Economic Profit
Chapter 8 Production Technology and Costs 8.1 Economic Costs and Economic Profit 1) Accountants include costs as part of a firm's costs, while economists include costs. A) explicit; no explicit B) implicit;
More informationFinancial Markets. Itay Goldstein. Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Financial Markets Itay Goldstein Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania 1 Trading and Price Formation This line of the literature analyzes the formation of prices in financial markets in a setting
More informationIntroduction to Strategic Supply Chain Network Design Perspectives and Methodologies to Tackle the Most Challenging Supply Chain Network Dilemmas
Introduction to Strategic Supply Chain Network Design Perspectives and Methodologies to Tackle the Most Challenging Supply Chain Network Dilemmas D E L I V E R I N G S U P P L Y C H A I N E X C E L L E
More informationSECTION 2.5: FINDING ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS
SECTION 2.5: FINDING ZEROS OF POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS Assume f ( x) is a nonconstant polynomial with real coefficients written in standard form. PART A: TECHNIQUES WE HAVE ALREADY SEEN Refer to: Notes 1.31
More informationAlgebra I Credit Recovery
Algebra I Credit Recovery COURSE DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this course is to allow the student to gain mastery in working with and evaluating mathematical expressions, equations, graphs, and other topics,
More informationDoes Black-Scholes framework for Option Pricing use Constant Volatilities and Interest Rates? New Solution for a New Problem
Does Black-Scholes framework for Option Pricing use Constant Volatilities and Interest Rates? New Solution for a New Problem Gagan Deep Singh Assistant Vice President Genpact Smart Decision Services Financial
More informationChapter 11: Campaign Management
Chapter 11: Campaign Management Overview Topics discussed: Campaign Management Process Campaign Planning and Development Campaign Execution Analysis & Control Campaign Feedback 2 Campaign A series of interconnected
More informationNotes from February 11
Notes from February 11 Math 130 Course web site: www.courses.fas.harvard.edu/5811 Two lemmas Before proving the theorem which was stated at the end of class on February 8, we begin with two lemmas. The
More information1 (a) Calculation of net present value (NPV) Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales revenue 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600
Answers Fundamentals Level Skills Module, Paper F9 Financial Management December 2011 Answers 1 (a) Calculation of net present value (NPV) Year 1 2 3 4 5 6 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 $000 Sales revenue 1,600
More informationWHAT IS CAPITAL BUDGETING?
WHAT IS CAPITAL BUDGETING? Capital budgeting is a required managerial tool. One duty of a financial manager is to choose investments with satisfactory cash flows and rates of return. Therefore, a financial
More information11th National Convention on Statistics (NCS) EDSA Shangri-La Hotel October 4-5, 2010
11th National Convention on Statistics (NCS) EDSA Shangri-La Hotel October 4-5, 2010 INPUT-OUTPUT MULTIPLIER ANALYSIS FOR MAJOR INDUSTRIES IN THE PHILIPPINES by Madeline B. Dumaua For additional information,
More informationAgenda. The IS LM Model, Part 2. The Demand for Money. The Demand for Money. The Demand for Money. Asset Market Equilibrium.
Agenda The IS LM Model, Part 2 Asset Market Equilibrium The LM Curve 13-1 13-2 The demand for money is the quantity of money people want to hold in their portfolios. The demand for money depends on expected
More informationComparing purchase patterns in online and offline gambling Chris Hand, Kingston University.
Comparing purchase patterns in online and offline gambling Chris Hand, Kingston University. One oft-cited advantage of online shopping is convenience, especially in the grocery market which has been the
More information19 : Theory of Production
19 : Theory of Production 1 Recap from last session Long Run Production Analysis Return to Scale Isoquants, Isocost Choice of input combination Expansion path Economic Region of Production Session Outline
More informationHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 1. a) HRM Strategies b) Difference between Recruitment and Selection 2. a) Techniques of Performance Appraisal b) Methods of Executive Development 3. a) Methods of wage determination
More informationIntroduction to functions and models: LOGISTIC GROWTH MODELS
Introduction to functions and models: LOGISTIC GROWTH MODELS 1. Introduction (easy) The growth of organisms in a favourable environment is typically modeled by a simple exponential function, in which the
More informationThe Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary
The Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary John Creedy The University of Melbourne Abstract This paper provides a non-technical summary of the concept of the elasticity of taxable income,
More informationIn this section, we will consider techniques for solving problems of this type.
Constrained optimisation roblems in economics typically involve maximising some quantity, such as utility or profit, subject to a constraint for example income. We shall therefore need techniques for solving
More informationAdvertising Effectively Influences Older Users: How Field Experiments Can Improve Measurement and Targeting
Advertising Effectively Influences Older Users: How Field Experiments Can Improve Measurement and Targeting Randall A. Lewis and David H. Reiley 1 Abstract Does advertising measurably affect sales? New
More informationCausal Loop Diagramming of the Relationships among Satisfaction, Retention, and Profitability Gerard King School of Management Information Systems, Deakin University, Australia 3217 Email: gerardk@deakin.edu.au
More informationA Simple Model of Price Dispersion *
Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas Globalization and Monetary Policy Institute Working Paper No. 112 http://www.dallasfed.org/assets/documents/institute/wpapers/2012/0112.pdf A Simple Model of Price Dispersion
More informationO KEY GROUP ANNOUNCES AUDITED FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR 2014
Press Release 19 March 2015 O KEY GROUP ANNOUNCES AUDITED FINANCIAL RESULTS FOR 2014 O KEY Group S.A (LSE: OKEY), a leading food retailer in Russia, today released audited consolidated financial results
More information0 100 200 300 Real income (Y)
Lecture 11-1 6.1 The open economy, the multiplier, and the IS curve Assume that the economy is either closed (no foreign trade) or open. Assume that the exchange rates are either fixed or flexible. Assume
More informationSharing Online Advertising Revenue with Consumers
Sharing Online Advertising Revenue with Consumers Yiling Chen 2,, Arpita Ghosh 1, Preston McAfee 1, and David Pennock 1 1 Yahoo! Research. Email: arpita, mcafee, pennockd@yahoo-inc.com 2 Harvard University.
More informationThe program also provides supplemental modules on topics in geometry and probability and statistics.
Algebra 1 Course Overview Students develop algebraic fluency by learning the skills needed to solve equations and perform important manipulations with numbers, variables, equations, and inequalities. Students
More informationA Shortcut to Calculating Return on Required Equity and It s Link to Cost of Capital
A Shortcut to Calculating Return on Required Equity and It s Link to Cost of Capital Nicholas Jacobi An insurance product s return on required equity demonstrates how successfully its results are covering
More informationMacroeconomics Lecture 1: The Solow Growth Model
Macroeconomics Lecture 1: The Solow Growth Model Richard G. Pierse 1 Introduction One of the most important long-run issues in macroeconomics is understanding growth. Why do economies grow and what determines
More informationInflation. Chapter 8. 8.1 Money Supply and Demand
Chapter 8 Inflation This chapter examines the causes and consequences of inflation. Sections 8.1 and 8.2 relate inflation to money supply and demand. Although the presentation differs somewhat from that
More informationFiscal Stimulus Improves Solvency in a Depressed Economy
Fiscal Stimulus Improves Solvency in a Depressed Economy Dennis Leech Economics Department and Centre for Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy University of Warwick d.leech@warwick.ac.uk Published
More informationPractice Problems on Money and Monetary Policy
Practice Problems on Money and Monetary Policy 1- Define money. How does the economist s use of this term differ from its everyday meaning? Money is the economist s term for assets that can be used in
More informationLecture 1: Asset Allocation
Lecture 1: Asset Allocation Investments FIN460-Papanikolaou Asset Allocation I 1/ 62 Overview 1. Introduction 2. Investor s Risk Tolerance 3. Allocating Capital Between a Risky and riskless asset 4. Allocating
More informationRethinking Fixed Income
Rethinking Fixed Income Challenging Conventional Wisdom May 2013 Risk. Reinsurance. Human Resources. Rethinking Fixed Income: Challenging Conventional Wisdom With US Treasury interest rates at, or near,
More informationConstructing Portfolios of Constant-Maturity Fixed- Income ETFs
Constructing Portfolios of Constant-Maturity Fixed- Income ETFs Newfound Research LLC December 2013 For more information about Newfound Research call us at +1-617-531-9773, visit us at www.thinknewfound.com
More informationIs there a revolution in American saving?
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Is there a revolution in American saving? John Tatom Networks Financial institute at Indiana State University May 2009 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/16139/
More informationFinancial Analysis for Frontier Communications Corp. (FTR)
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Financial Analysis for Frontier Communications Corp. (FTR) Ammar Aldubaikhi and Nidal Alsayyed 1. August 2011 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/66989/ MPRA Paper
More informationSegmentation for Private Labels and National Brands an examination of Within-Demographic Market Share
Segmentation for Private Labels and National Brands an examination of Within-Demographic Market Share Rui Hua Huang and John Dawes, Ehrenberg-Bass Institute for Marketing Science, University of South Australia
More informationLecture 2. Marginal Functions, Average Functions, Elasticity, the Marginal Principle, and Constrained Optimization
Lecture 2. Marginal Functions, Average Functions, Elasticity, the Marginal Principle, and Constrained Optimization 2.1. Introduction Suppose that an economic relationship can be described by a real-valued
More informationIf n is odd, then 3n + 7 is even.
Proof: Proof: We suppose... that 3n + 7 is even. that 3n + 7 is even. Since n is odd, there exists an integer k so that n = 2k + 1. that 3n + 7 is even. Since n is odd, there exists an integer k so that
More informationWhere s the Beef? : Statistical Demand Estimation Using Supermarket Scanner Data
Where s the Beef? : Statistical Demand Estimation Using Supermarket Scanner Data Fred H. Hays University of Missouri Kansas City Stephen A. DeLurgio University of Missouri Kansas City Abstract This paper
More informationManagement Accounting and Decision-Making
Management Accounting 15 Management Accounting and Decision-Making Management accounting writers tend to present management accounting as a loosely connected set of decision making tools. Although the
More informationComputer Handholders Investment Software Research Paper Series TAILORING ASSET ALLOCATION TO THE INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR
Computer Handholders Investment Software Research Paper Series TAILORING ASSET ALLOCATION TO THE INDIVIDUAL INVESTOR David N. Nawrocki -- Villanova University ABSTRACT Asset allocation has typically used
More informationWhy Did House Prices Drop So Quickly?
Why Did House Prices Drop So Quickly? David Barker April 26, 2009 Summary: After a long period of stability which ended in the early 1990s, U.S. house prices rose for more than a decade, then suddenly
More informationThis article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and
This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution
More informationA Classical Monetary Model - Money in the Utility Function
A Classical Monetary Model - Money in the Utility Function Jarek Hurnik Department of Economics Lecture III Jarek Hurnik (Department of Economics) Monetary Economics 2012 1 / 24 Basic Facts So far, the
More informationBehavioral responses to inheritance tax: Evidence from notches in France
Behavioral responses to inheritance tax: Evidence from notches in France Jonathan Goupille and Arturo Infante 12 février 2015 1 / 70 Motivation Wealth is strongly concentrated Wealth can be transmitted
More informationPaper 7 Management Accounting
Technician Level Paper 7 Management Accounting Extended Syllabus INTRODUCTION Extended Syllabuses are part of a comprehensive package of support materials offered by SIAT. This package includes past question
More informationIncome and the demand for complementary health insurance in France. Bidénam Kambia-Chopin, Michel Grignon (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario)
Income and the demand for complementary health insurance in France Bidénam Kambia-Chopin, Michel Grignon (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario) Presentation Workshop IRDES, June 24-25 2010 The 2010 IRDES
More informationQuantitative Finance
Quantitative Finance Joel Hasbrouck October 23, 2002 Copyright (c) 2002, Joel Hasbrouck, All rights reserved. 1 Topics What is quantitative finance? Where is it used? / Where are the jobs? Where are the
More informationThe University of North Carolina at Pembroke 2015-2016 Academic Catalog COMMON BODY OF KNOWLEDGE OR FOUNDATION REQUIREMENTS:
Graduate Studies and Research 452 The University of North Carolina at Pembroke 2015-2016 Academic Catalog MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (M.B.A.) Director: Nick Arena The Master of Business Administration
More informationLecture 12-1. Interest Rates. 1. RBA Objectives and Instruments
Lecture 12-1 Interest Rates 1. RBA Objectives and Instruments The Reserve Bank of Australia has several objectives, including the stability of the currency, the maintenance of full employment. These two
More informationThe Real Business Cycle model
The Real Business Cycle model Spring 2013 1 Historical introduction Modern business cycle theory really got started with Great Depression Keynes: The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money Keynesian
More informationAlgebra 1 Course Title
Algebra 1 Course Title Course- wide 1. What patterns and methods are being used? Course- wide 1. Students will be adept at solving and graphing linear and quadratic equations 2. Students will be adept
More information2.3. Finding polynomial functions. An Introduction:
2.3. Finding polynomial functions. An Introduction: As is usually the case when learning a new concept in mathematics, the new concept is the reverse of the previous one. Remember how you first learned
More informationEVALUATI G TV A D PRI T SALES EFFECTS
Worldwide Readership Research Symposium 2001 Session 10.8 EVALUATI G TV A D PRI T SALES EFFECTS Bruce Goerlich, Starcom MediaVest Group Acknowledgement Many thanks to Simon Broadbent for his help and insights.
More informationPreparation course Msc Business & Econonomics
Preparation course Msc Business & Econonomics The simple Keynesian model Tom-Reiel Heggedal BI August 2014 TRH (BI) Keynes model August 2014 1 / 19 Assumptions Keynes model Outline for this lecture: Go
More informationCAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models
CAPM, Arbitrage, and Linear Factor Models CAPM, Arbitrage, Linear Factor Models 1/ 41 Introduction We now assume all investors actually choose mean-variance e cient portfolios. By equating these investors
More informationThe Effect of Money Market Certificates of Deposit on the Monetary Aggregates and Their Components
The Effect of Money Market Certificates of Deposit on the Monetary Aggregates and Their Components By Scott Winningham On June 1, 1978, the Federal Reserve System and other regulatory agencies gave banks
More informationThe Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence. Abstract
The Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence Jan Tin Commerce Department Abstract This study takes a closer look at the relationship between money demand and the life-cycle motive using panel
More informationJUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER 1.8. ALGEBRA 8 (Polynomials) A.J.Hobson
JUST THE MATHS UNIT NUMBER 1.8 ALGEBRA 8 (Polynomials) by A.J.Hobson 1.8.1 The factor theorem 1.8.2 Application to quadratic and cubic expressions 1.8.3 Cubic equations 1.8.4 Long division of polynomials
More informationHow to Measure Your Media Multiplier Effectiveness With 360 Research
Measuring the return Measuring the return on investment of your multimedia campaigns Optimise and Measure Time to go multimedia and measure your campaign effectiveness. Marketing has changed dramatically.
More informationBusiness ethics Period 1 Financial Accounting organisational Behaviour 1 Financial Markets and Valuation
core courses Business Ethics (this is a non-credit bearing core course and it runs across periods 1 and 2). This course informs and stimulates your thinking on the ethical issues encountered in business
More informationUnit Title: Managerial Accounting Unit Reference Number: D/502/4812 Guided Learning Hours: 160 Level: Level 5 Number of Credits: 18
Unit Title: Managerial Accounting Unit Reference Number: D/502/4812 Guided Learning Hours: 160 Level: Level 5 Number of Credits: 18 Unit objective and aim(s): This unit aims to give learners a comprehensive
More informationECONOMICS FOR HEALTH POLICY
ECONOMICS FOR HEALTH POLICY HEALTH INSURANCE SOME BASIC CONCEPTS IN HEALTH INSURANCE 1 THE PRINCIPLE OF INSURANCE IN ALL ITS SIMPLICITY... The principle of insurance is familiar: Suppose that, out of a
More informationWhat Do Prediction Markets Predict?
What Do Prediction Markets Predict? by John Fountain and Glenn W. Harrison January 2010 ABSTRACT. We show that prediction markets cannot be relied on to always elicit any interesting statistic of aggregate
More informationMoral Hazard. Itay Goldstein. Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
Moral Hazard Itay Goldstein Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania 1 Principal-Agent Problem Basic problem in corporate finance: separation of ownership and control: o The owners of the firm are typically
More informationJournal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions Volume 9 Number 1 Spring 1996 THE IMPACT OF INFLATION ON CAPITAL BUDGETING AND WORKING CAPITAL
Journal Of Financial And Strategic Decisions Volume 9 Number 1 Spring 1996 THE IMPACT OF INFLATION ON CAPITAL BUDGETING AND WORKING CAPITAL Geofrey T. Mills * INTRODUCTION A major impact on both financial
More informationC(t) (1 + y) 4. t=1. For the 4 year bond considered above, assume that the price today is 900$. The yield to maturity will then be the y that solves
Economics 7344, Spring 2013 Bent E. Sørensen INTEREST RATE THEORY We will cover fixed income securities. The major categories of long-term fixed income securities are federal government bonds, corporate
More informationJacobi s four squares identity Martin Klazar
Jacobi s four squares identity Martin Klazar (lecture on the 7-th PhD conference) Ostrava, September 10, 013 C. Jacobi [] in 189 proved that for any integer n 1, r (n) = #{(x 1, x, x 3, x ) Z ( i=1 x i
More informationNew Evidence on Job Vacancies, the Hiring Process, and Labor Market Flows
New Evidence on Job Vacancies, the Hiring Process, and Labor Market Flows Steven J. Davis University of Chicago Econometric Society Plenary Lecture 3 January 2010, Atlanta Overview New evidence The role
More informationII- Review of the Literature
A Model for Estimating the Value Added of the Life Insurance Market in Egypt: An Empirical Study Dr. N. M. Habib Associate Professor University of Maryland Eastern Shore Abstract The paper is an attempt
More informationJim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester 2009-10 Lecture 25 Notes
Jim Lambers MAT 169 Fall Semester 009-10 Lecture 5 Notes These notes correspond to Section 10.5 in the text. Equations of Lines A line can be viewed, conceptually, as the set of all points in space that
More informationWarm up. Connect these nine dots with only four straight lines without lifting your pencil from the paper.
Warm up Connect these nine dots with only four straight lines without lifting your pencil from the paper. Sometimes we need to think outside the box! Warm up Solution Warm up Insert the Numbers 1 8 into
More informationAP Microeconomics Chapter 12 Outline
I. Learning Objectives In this chapter students will learn: A. The significance of resource pricing. B. How the marginal revenue productivity of a resource relates to a firm s demand for that resource.
More informationUsing Research for Effective Media Planning Cider Advertising UK Case Study
Using Research for Effective Media Planning Cider Advertising UK Case Study By Samira Mohamed, Research Manager, Ipsos ASI September 2012 Ipsos ASI: Cider Advertising UK Case Study People read around 10Mb
More informationdr Bartłomiej Rokicki Chair of Macroeconomics and International Trade Theory Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw
Chair of Macroeconomics and International Trade Theory Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Warsaw The small open economy The small open economy is an economy that is small enough compared to the
More informationThe Scenario. Copyright 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
BUSINESS SIMULATION: COMPETING IN AN OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKET (SIMULATION EXERCISE TO ACCCOMPANY KEAT, YOUNG, AND ERFLE, MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS: ECONOMIC TOOLS FOR TODAY S DECISION MAKERS, PEARSON, 7TH EDITION,
More informationArticle: The Development of Price Indices for Professional Business Services and Cargo Handling Christopher Jenkins and Aspasia Papa
Article: The Development of Price Indices for Professional Business Services and Cargo Handling Christopher Jenkins and Aspasia Papa Summary The Office for National Statistics has developed experimental
More information