Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security

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1 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security 2009 Edition Direction Générale de l Armement

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3 strategic plan for research & technology in defence and security (PS R&T) 2009 edition Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

4 1 Preface Blandine Vinson Rouchon - Director of the Research and Technology in Defence and Security Division (DGA/DS/SRTS) DGAcom -F. Vrignaud Recent events are a reminder of how much the world as we know it has changed and continues to change ever more rapidly. A year ago, the White Paper on Defence and National Security outlined our new priorities. The Strategic Plan for Research & Technology outlines the way forward and the investments needed for our defence system and future procurement programmes. In order to meet future defence and national security challenges, we collectively (i.e. all stakeholders) must be in a position to make the most of technological breakthroughs, whether we initiated them or not. I therefore hope this Strategic Plan will stimulate substantial interest from our current and future partners leading to an increase in cooperation allowing us to achieve the initiatives highlighted in this plan. It is intended that this document will serve as a clear open reference for men and women in the Ministry of Defence, be they officers, engineers or researchers in their dealings with those who help us on a daily basis to prepare future systems for our Forces. Special attention has been given to the type of contracts which are best suited to deliver fast joint work. I also believe that this plan provides our current R&T partners, whether in industry, academia or other organisations, with a clear understanding of what they have been sharing with DGA for a number of years. This English version will promote the DGA R&T vision which will facilitate exchanges with our partners abroad. As we are particularly keen to share the majority of our R&T projects in Europe and with our partners, we have made a special effort to identify priority areas suitable for cooperation. As a matter of fact, the question now is not Can I find a way to cooperate? but rather Is there anything that stand in the way of cooperation? The Strategic Pan describes the implications for R&T following the publication of the Year Plan (Plan prospectif à 30 ans, or PP30 ). The 30-Year Plan prepares and recommends the choices to be made to procure and maintain operational capabilities for our forces now and in the future. With that in mind, we have undertaken an exhaustive yet synthetic appraisal of all technical areas related to defence and security. Priorities were identified and are listed according to technical domains to ensure successful implementation by DGA Technical Team Leaders. The Strategic Plan also complements the document entitled Basic Research Policy (POS) which serves as a reference for DGA and focuses on low TRL (1) technologies from basic research to initial lab tests. As this is a live document, we encourage you to add to it by sending us your views and observations, preferably via our DGA web site ixarm.com, and by completing the attached questionnaire. I now invite you to read on and familiarise yourselves with this Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in Defence and Security. (1) Technology Readiness Level 2 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

5 Table of contents 1 Foreword 1.1. INTRODUCTION FUNCTIONS OF R&T IN DEFENCE AND SECURITY SCOPE & INTERFACE OF THE PS R&T WITH OTHER STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES 7 2 Issues 7 at strake indefence R&T 2.1. ISSUES CONCERNING THE WHITE PAPER AND THE LPM (MILITARY PLANNING LAW) CAPABILITY ISSUES SECURITY PREPARATION FOR AND ADAPTATION TO REGULATORY CHANGES REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ECONOMIC ISSUES SPACE EVOLUTION OF CIVILIAN TECHNOLOGIES TECHNOLOGIES OF SOVEREIGNTY (TSV) R&T COOPERATION INDUSTRIAL STAKES INTERNAL ORGANISATION IMPROVEMENT OF R&T SPIN-OFF RELATIONS BETWEEN DGA AND OTHER R&T INVESTORS RELATIONS WITH R&T PROVIDERS FUNDING 37 4 PS R&T implementation strategy Technological analysis 4.1. GENERAL ASPECTS SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR NAVAL SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR LAND SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR C3I SYSTEMS MISSILES, WEAPONS AND NUCLEAR DEFENCE TECHNIQUES SENSORS, GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION (CGN) TELECOMMUNICATIONS INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY HUMAN SCIENCES AND PROTECTION MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS TESTING METHODS Appendices APPENDIX I: TRL SCALE (TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL) 115 APPENDIX II: GLOBAL PROJECTS 119 APPENDIX III: TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS 121 APPENDIX IV: TECHNICAL AERAS AND ITS R&T ACTIVITIES 122 APPENDIX V: GLOSSARY 124 APPENDIX VI: DIFFERENT DGA LOCATIONS 132 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

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7 1 Foreword 1.1. INTRODUCTION Evolution of global requirements Our experience of recent military operations abroad, against a security context characterised by the struggle against a number of disparate organisations, has highlighted a number of new requirements, sometimes long term and often urgent. Societal changes in recent years have accelerated the development of the regulatory corpus (health and safety, safety at work and in using hardware, eco-design, case law, the precautionary principle, etc.) applicable to defence systems and their use. The challenge for DGA is to target its R&T efforts appropriately in order that its future systems meet the needs of this new context as fully as possible. The White Paper on Defence and National Security constitutes the new reference document for our medium and long term needs, the operational capacities we need to obtain and also the degree of sovereignty and autonomy we need to preserve and the international partnerships we need to develop for the planning, execution and implementation of each programme. Apart from areas falling under pure national sovereignty, a very large degree of European and NATO cooperation and sharing of the most costly know-how is necessary in order to reach our goals within the budget available. European cooperation must become the normal operating mode for defence and security research, which must only be abandoned in the case of a real, long-term incompatibility of interests. Targeted cooperations outside Europe can also provide interesting opportunities. Finally, an optimal use of civilian research is required. Consultation of civilian bodies and their awareness of defence and security needs must be deeply reinforced. These various elements require a rational, flexible and opportunist approach to defence research. It is through dialogue with the best research and development departments that technological breakthroughs will be made and their emergence may be encouraged by new funding at the expense, if necessary, of technologies at the end of their maturity cycle. 1 Foreword The Strategic Plan for Research and Technology In this context of new requirements and sometimes of a possible contradiction between shortterm and long-term interests, research priorities need to be define, to combine and rationalise the efforts of many more participants, but whose budgets are structurally decreasing. This Strategic Plan aims to present the results of this analysis in an educational format. It describes in detail the mechanism linking defence research to available technology, knowledge of the state-of-the-art abroad and in the civilian sector, and also to the capability and programmatic issues for Defence and National Security. It is a public document, providing DGA s partners with an overview of the issues in this domain. The document The Strategic Plan for Research and Technology constitutes a global framework for DGA s actions in anticipating and mastering the evolution of the technologies required for future defence and security systems. Based on the operational needs and key priorities described in the PP30, the aim of this document is to place the available R&T studies within an overall framework (future operational needs/technology priorities/partnerships) in order to respond to operational requirements foreseeable by It complements the POS, which describes the basic research to promote in order to produce the Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

8 technologies which our future defence systems will require. It sets forth the areas where work is needed in order to meet the challenges facing us in the next few years but the effective funding of these studies will be reviewed in accordance with the resources available at the time. It implicitly includes all research priorities that DGA intends to finance, including those outside the strictly defence domain on which future systems may depend. It is presented according to areas of application, corresponding to DGA s weapon systems architectural areas and joint technology and components areas, and could provide a useful reference tool for annual technical policy discussions between defence and security industries and DGA technology areas leaders. It will also structure dialogue with our international partners, encouraging the mutual understanding of our goals and actions, and will provide a key tool for building efficient cooperation FUNCTIONS OF R&T IN DEFENCE AND SECURITY The main functions of R&T in defence and security, its beneficiaries and uses are presented below. The different issues associated with its various functions will be set forth in details in Chapter 2: Functions Possess the scientific and technical skills in order to advise decision makers. Meet medium and long-term capability requirements (PP30) with new technical solutions in order to achieve autonomy and supremacy of our means of action (on our own or in coalition) while minimising costs and time. Master defence system technologies corresponding to the technical solutions envisaged with the good degree of autonomy, both at the national and European level. Contribute to the construction of a European Defence by federating efforts around the launching of ambitious technological demonstrators. Build a competitive defence and security industry by: Communication of the sector based (product), industrial and technological priorities of each DGA technical expertise division; Support of the technological research effort; Support of innovation by SMEs and research laboratories. Beneficiaries The Defence Ministry and its key staff, who validates the major policy areas for preparing the future (LPM); Military staffs, directorates and departments of the Ministry in charge of preparing the future. The military staff who evaluates the possibilities of their integration into equipment; DGA, which integrates the results in the preparation of armament operations and the enhancement of coherency between military systems. The defence industry of the target DTIB (2), which uses the skills acquired or maintained to produce the required equipment; DGA, which draws up the technical specifications for future weapon systems while taking into account regulatory and environmental considerations. Military staff, DGA and the defence industry of the DTIB, to evaluate whether a specified performance level is achievable in operational conditions of use; The defence industry, to motivate and federate teams around major large-scale projects; European states, to focus and develop cooperation on major projects; DGA and the defence industry of the DTIB, to reduce the risks, costs and delivery times of future armament programs DGA, which identifies the products, industries and technologies to be used for armament operations; The defence industry and laboratories, which carry out research work; The SMEs and research laboratories concerned, which will be able to maintain or develop their skills (2) DTIB: Defence Technological and Industrial Base 6 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

9 1.3. SCOPE & INTERFACE OF THE PS R&T WITH OTHER STRATEGIES AND PRIORITIES scope of the ps r&t Defence R&T is part of the global process of preparation of the future. It covers a large range of activities. Apart from supporting the preparatory phases of armament programs, it also includes many applications resulting from the life cycle of programs, such as qualification of equipment, improvement of operational maintenance, dismantling, and reduction of renewal costs and maintenance of the skills of the industrial and state-operated teams. The purpose of this document is to present R&T priorities according to technical division, with time to application ranging from 2 to 15 years, as well as the key potential areas for coherency within the ministry regarding Research and Technology and ways of achieving them. R&T covers: - Research and technology responding to identified operational needs - Demonstrators in characterised environments. The PS R&T covers all defence and security technological needs regardless of the various forms of financing the associated work. We can therefore find, for example: - Contracted research studies including exploratory research and innovations (unsolicited proposals) - Subsidies to and contracts with public agencies (3) and Engineering Colleges under the supervision of the Ministry of Defence. Civilian funding will be considered for some of the priorities mentioned, in particular for security R&T for the technologies concerned (i.e. Biometry). 1 Foreword interfacing BEtWEEn the ps r&t and other documents and priorities The PS R&T corresponds to the priorities set forth in the White Paper on Defence and National Security and draws from preparatory work undertaken for the Military Planning Law. It also provides the Ministry s r&t programming process with the major trends in R&T. This programming process takes place once a year and consists of two complementary approaches for the use of R&T study resources: 30 years: A long-terme vision (PP30) 12 years: (2 LPMs) Priority Review of needs: October Choice of objectives: March Scientific policy R&T strategy Industrial strategy Cooperation strategy Technical expertise 3 to 5 years: Plan of engagement R&T study frame of work corresponding to objectives: March Planning: June 1 year: Execution Plan (3) ONERA, ISL, CNES, CEA Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

10 - The capability approach, based on equipment plans, which determines the demonstrations, the risk reduction operations and the technological developments to be carried out before launching the programs, - The technological approach, which identifies promising technological work to be supported, without any precise timeline The PS R&T sets forth the Defence R&T priorities contained in the Thirty-Year Plan (PP30). The PP30 is written by military staffers and DGA engineers and aims to constitute a long-term forwardplanning document, setting goals up to 30 years in advance in terms of defence and security needs. The Basic Research Policy (POS) is the DGA reference document in terms of scientific priorities (available at The POS is a document similar to the PS R&T, but focused on technology with very low TRLs, from the basic research to its first experiments performed in laboratories. Along with the PP30 and the POS, the PS R&T presents the key areas of coherence in terms of R&T.n 8 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

11 1 Foreword Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

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13 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T 2.1. issues concerning the WhitE paper and the lpm (Military planning law) The White Paper on Defence and Security set forth a new defence and security policy for the years to come. The resulting military strategy is based on three key principles: Nuclear deterrence; Autonomous situation awareness; The decision to retain full military power. The operational goals set for the Armed Forces correspond to five strategic functions (knowledge and awareness, prevention, deterrence, protection and intervention) and their associated means of implementation. The White Paper also defines the main technological and industrial priorities resulting from the strategic goals for National Security to It details a few domains where expertise could, or should, be acquired and developed through European cooperation. Alongside the long-term stakes exposed hereafter, overseas interventions have provided feedback on experience and short-term technological solutions. Those various inputs enable the identification of general characteristics that proper planning and execution of defence and security research must possess: Enable sustained effort on sovereign technologies with long term objectives and slow maturation, Allow major changes in priorities such as those suggested in the White Paper, while controlling their pace and consequences, For shorter-term applications, provide enough flexibility and reactivity in order to maintain operational control in overseas theatres facing an ever-moving and everevolving threat. The confrontation between these various issues and the technological state of the art within the defence and civilian sector, in France, in Europe and worldwide, enables the definition of a research policy as well as long term and short term planning of the corresponding actions. 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T 2.2. CAPABILITY ISSUES The aim of defence R&T is to satisfy the capability requirements identified within the armed forces. These requirements have been segmented within defence into five main so-called systems of force described in detail in this chapter. White paper C.Fiard - Dicod Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

14 deterrence system This system requires from R&T in defence and security the possibility to master the technological capabilities rendering it possible to design and execute, with full national autonomy, the essential elements of all the weapon systems necessary to exert a credible deterrence on a potential attacker in order to: - Ensure the technical credibility of weapons, their carriers and strategic transmissions: reliability of complex systems often integrating non dual-use technologies and making it possible to maintain the upper hand; resistance of weapon propellants and explosives to various categories of attack; nuclear safety of weapons and nuclear steam supply systems, up to and including their dismantling phase; stealth technology; efficiency, reliability and safety of weapons through simulation, without nuclear testing; - Implement nuclear forces: reliable and safe transmission of orders and information to nuclear weapons carriers for the command and control of nuclear operations; sustainable invulnerability of ballistic missile submarines (SSBN) with regard to the current and future threats, minimum dependency on external means, improvement of certain ballistic missile performances; range, precision, penetration and stealth for the airborne component; capability to identify the attacker. command and information superiority system The objective is to acquire or improve a broad set of features and capabilities: - command and control: information sharing, improvement of operations tempo, real-time mission reconfiguration, optimisation of the human factor in the Command and Control chain (C2); use of aerospace vectors and weapon systems optimisation offered in the operational command general architecture ; transparency of the combined battle-space and capacities of autonomous analysis of the environment for the situation awareness; - communicate: global network offering the forces a groupware and the inter-agency and international interoperability necessary for network operations; processing and operating capability compatible with foreseeable increases in volume of data and accessible information; - supervise, acquire, recognise, inform: availability of long mission radar sensors to be integrated onto Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) for surveillance, accelerated information up-dating, multisensor capability, use of Earth observation from space, use of electromagnetic signal intelligence at all levels in the command chain, all weather national and/or European air/ground surveillance capability, disposal of a global and reactive airspace surveillance network, space surveillance (detection, recognition and identification of objects in space). projection - Mobility - support system Defence strongly relies on technology from the civilian transport sector, but requires security and defence R&T to master technological capabilities for specific military needs and adapt civilian equipment and concepts for military use, in order: - to project forces: architecture of innovative air and naval platforms to project forces, in-flight refuelling systems; - to ensure mobility: architecture of innovative land, air and sea platforms in order to provide in-theatre mobility, complementary to projection, self protection systems for such platforms against proliferating threats; UAV SIDM (EADS) Demonstrator Catamaran (CNIM) DR DGA Flight Testing 12 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

15 - to maintain and restore on-the-ground support to operations: improvement of logistics and of equipment availability, reduction of ownership costs, improvement of soldiers living conditions, energy sources at a controlled cost and reduction of fuel consumption and optimisation of transport flows for a global improvement of the service from beginning to end. Engagement and combat system The aim of R&T is to prepare the evolution of the forces equipment so that they dispose of the best possible systems for asymmetric conflict, while maintaining the capacity to design equipment required to face the most serious threats. Adaptation to asymmetric conflicts requires: - Precision of armaments (ammunition and missiles) and control of their effects; - Observation and identification capabilities; - Protection of platforms and soldiers against threats which are no longer frontal but from all sides. The low density of forces in such conflicts needs long range, precise and fast support. Apart from work to control the effects of the weapons, the role of technology in the observation/decision/action loop is essential to maintain freedom of action. Improved collaborative action on land, in the air and at sea is the key to superiority in both asymmetrical and symmetrical conflicts. Longer-term actions are necessary to prepare the systems of Robotics, artificial intelligence, will make it possible to design systems with enough autonomy to avoid unnecessary exposure of soldiers to danger. Deep area interventions will use cruise missiles, combat drones and stealth planes. 2 Caesar (NEXTER) DGAcom - F. Vrignaud Issues at stake in defence R&T protection and safeguard system This system is particularly well adapted to the exploitation of dualities between civilian and military projects and corresponds to the defence/security synergy recommended in the White Paper. The main capabilities put forward are as follows: - protect approaches and national territory by means of five military capabilities: air defence (ground to air, air to air, air policing) surveillance and intervention at sea based on sensor networks and means of action (patrol boats, surveillance planes, etc.), control of space in order to ensure continuity of services based at first on radar surveillance, advanced alert with detection and identification of missile firings, anti ballistic missile defence with their interception in a given zone; - Ensure protection of armed forces and sites: protection of sites and physical networks, protection of operations on the ground, protection in coastal waters; as well as capacity to limit or prevent the acquisition of intelligence by the enemy; - Ensure protection of personnel: health support for personnel in operations, improved rehabilitation of wounded personnel, protection against the CBRN threat, capability to establish evidence of attack and identification of the attacker in order to engage criminal proceedings (charges, inquiries, etc); - Ensure security of the civil environment: participation in the inter-ministry crisis and major event management, participation in population security, search and rescue, assistance Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

16 2.3. SECURITY The strategic plan of the Ministry of Defence as regards security R&T is to have civilian ministries benefit from its know-how and skills, to use as efficiently as possible the R&T carried out by civilians and to actively participate in work aimed at ensuring the coherence of R&T in defence and security, from an inter-ministry point of view aimed at providing optimal protection of our interests and of the population through defence and national security policy. Synergies exist to meet the needs of the armed forces and security forces, successfully using many important dual technologies in several fields: Medical evacuation intelligence, sensors, surveillance, UAV, reduced lethality weapons, etc. 15% of defence R&T, nearly 100M, directly concerns security, making the Ministry of Defence the largest investor in security technologies. Thus, civilian ministries (Interior, Transport, etc.) are involved in the studies on dualuse topics and they also benefit from defence R&T. Defence also seeks to ensure coherence between its research and that financed by the civilian sector. The European Union, the National Research Agency (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, or ANR) and the single inter-ministry fund (Fond Unique Interministériel, or FUI) for competitive clusters finance research projects on dual topics (maritime surveillance, software radio, simulation, etc.), fields in which DGA also invests. Inter-ministry cooperation on the technology needs for defence and security makes it possible to orient security R&T towards technological themes of common interest. DGA provides its expertise and knowledge of R&T management and prioritisation. Under the coordination of the National Defence Secretariat (Secrétariat Général de la Défense Nationale, or SGDN), DGA chairs the national thematic group which brings together the public and private R&T communities, maintains the list of national R&T priorities and the security R&T program database. DGA participates to the ANR program concepts, systems and tools for global security, launched in 2006 and takes an active part in its executive board (composed of members of the Ministries of Defence, Research and Interior At the inter-ministry and European level, this board is in charge of chairing and managing the security part (European Security Research Programme ESRP) of the European R&T Programme (7th Framework Programme) and represents France on the ESRP programme committee. This strategy exists within a national and international context undergoing significant changes, with an increasing emphasis on the use of technology to address new security issues (terrorism, organised crime, pandemics, etc.) and on synergies between defence and security. The use of civilian R&T enables early detection of technological advances while ensuring a permanent knowledge of the industry structures and key skills availability. DR 2.4. PREPARATION FOR AND ADAPTATION TO REGULATORY CHANGES Defence and security R&T provides the technological knowledge and needs necessary, in the best possible economic conditions, to ensure the observance of existing regulations, adapt to regulatory change and to control the establishment of new regulations. For example, in the area of arms control, the adhesion by France on 11 April 2001 to the first additional protocol to the Geneva Conventions requires its observance of Article 36 thereof, which commands that the State systematically determines the compliance of weapons or methods of warfare it plans to design or acquire with the relevant rules according to the law of armed conflict. In other words, each State must assess the lawful nature of any new weapon, means or method of warfare that it decides to study, develop, and acquire or adopt. 14 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

17 Some new weapons require regulations to be modified. For example, the development of drones requires the regulatory adaptation and/or new regulations for their integration into airspace shared with civil aviation. For other topics (frequency management, technical authority, reliability of equipment, lifespan of systems, costs of maintaining in operational condition), standardisation is an indispensable tool. Having the security of the civilian world as its ultimate objective, and being mindful of the efficiency of its equipment under any circumstances, defence has an active role in the regulatory and normative environment, in particular in the following fields: - Maintain State skills necessary for future programmes, - Secure sources of technology, - Reduce national dependency on foreign technologies, - Eco-design, - Deconstruction, - Capacity to exert technical authority, - Legal protection of the State and its agents REDUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT Society expects eco-responsible behaviour from the military forces even during conflict. There are many areas of application: waste sorting, in metropolitan area military sites as well as during home or overseas operations, energy management, hazardous substance management, noise pollution management around airbases and recycling of equipment are examples of topics which defence has been taking into consideration for several years. 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T This is illustrated, for example, by the joint directive on environmental protection in operations (4) and the manual on the law of armed conflicts (5), referring to several texts and international law agreements concerning environmental protection. compliance with legislative and regulatory provisions The applicable regulatory corpus is a notion which varies both in time and in space. Regulations evolve and equipment, in the vast majority of cases, is mobile. While European and national regulations are generally respected, local regulations must not be neglected, which may limit the mobility and operation of equipment and compromise the export of defence equipment. technological and industrial impact of these regulations Even if some regulations include exemption clauses for defence and security activities, they nevertheless strongly influence the domain. Defence is increasingly less certain to benefit from exemptions in its favour, as all these regulations will have an increasingly significant (4) Directive interarmées sur la protection de l environnement en opération PIA N 514/DEF/EMA/EMP.5/NP as of 17 May (5) Manuel de droit des conflits armés, DAJ, 22 October 2004, available on the Internet enjeux_defense/defense_et_droit/droit_ des_conflits_armes/manuel_de_droit_des_ conflits_armes No exception for defence electronics DGA/Comm Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

18 impact on the market and thus on technologies available in the long term. The market is generally driven by civilian demand, and a standardisation of the least polluting technologies is taking place making certain components whose only user remains defence obsolescent or over-priced. The directive known as RoHS (6) is a revealing example: it severely regulates the use of certain hazardous substances, including lead, in electrical and electronic equipment. Defence equipment is excluded from the scope of this regulation. However, in practice, defence electronics is not significant enough on the electronics component market to preserve such components for its own specific needs. Similarly, the new European regulation on the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemical products will entail the disappearance from the market of some substances critical for defence equipment. Precautionary principle The prevention and precautionary principles are written in the French Constitution since Applying them requires the actors concerned to establish concrete provisions in order to prevent risk (known risk in the case of the prevention principle, suspected risk in case of the precautionary principle). The provisions must be adapted to the risks, use the best technologies available and take into account proportionality imperatives. The case of nanotechnology is interesting. In a 2006 report, the prevention committee of French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Development advocated to balance public research funding on nanotechnology between the evaluation of their risk on tho one hand and their development on the other hand. Public incentives for research and investment in this domain must systematically include safety and traceability provisions. In general, the identification of health and environmental risk is becoming a necessity for research and equipment programmes, in order to manage risk and be able to prove its proper management. A pragmatic and progressive process The procedure lies on a combination of two criteria, giving priority, on the one hand, to advances easy to carry out providing immediate progress, and, on the other hand, actions that might be more difficult but are motivated by more important risks. Corresponding action must be determined in general according to two approaches: - Curative: manage the heritage of the past (dismantling, maintenance in operational condition of the existing systems, palliative solutions, etc.), - Preventive: be able to develop future operational capabilities in satisfying conditions (substitution of disappearing technologies, command tools including better control of effects, development of sustainable and appropriate dismantling procedures, etc.). Corresponding industrial and technological efforts Future research programmes and demonstrators will include the following key priorities: - Limit energy consumption and harness alternative sources of energy: consumption reduction of existing platforms; research and validation of alternative sources of energy for defence applications; increased use of simulation. - Develop less polluting technologies and processes research alternatives to critical substances used by defence and on the verge of disappearing from the market (impact of REACH regulations); (6) Restriction of hazardous substances Directive 2002/95 January 2003 by European Union, came into force as of 1 July Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

19 processes for cleaning up polluted soil and for dismantling defence equipments in a more environmentally friendly manner; Waste disposal during operations. - Reduce noise pollution: Apart from the physical and chemical risks, limitation of noise pollution must be taken into account by research projects for local inhabitants, those operating the equipment and even for animals (impact of active sonar on sea mammals). - Acquire and integrate environmental footprint assessment tools: In an operational context In a systems engineering context for the preparation and design of armament programmes. DGA Missiles Testing / Isle du Levant: environmental protection DGAcom -F. Vrignaud 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T European coordination These recommendations may be reinforced by coordinated action with our European partners. The European Defence Agency might be the appropriate framework to ensure this coordination; in particular in the following areas: - Monitoring of norms and regulations and active participation in their evolution; - Joint technology research efforts; - Harmonisation of procurement policies in terms of sustainable development requirements ECONOMIC ISSUES reduction of ownership costs Two major causes of economic and budgetary constraints that defence must face are: - The raising costs to maintain some increasingly complex armaments in operational condition, - The work needed to dismantle equipment at the end of its life cycle that new concerns regarding sustainable development tend to develop. The rather recent concept of the sustainability of a system integrates its financial cost throughout its entire life cycle: it involves making sure that beyond its development, acquisition and commissioning, the forces will have enough financial resources to implement it, maintain it, modernise it and finally dismantle it. The French equivalent of the cost concepts found in partner countries (7) is the concept of overall ownership cost (coût global de possession - CGP), i.e. the calculation of costs over the whole lifespan of the system, or the cost of the life cycle. The overall cost is now a decisive criterion in the decision to launch a program. It has consequently become a major performance aspect of a system and is paid full attention, in particular in terms of technological studies chosen according to their capacity to decrease the CGP of existing or future systems. Cost reduction issues enter constantly into the preparation of programmes. They appear in all areas of defence. R&T will enable, for example, to reduce the costs of air surveillance missions through the use of UAVs, to increase the time between programmed maintenance periods of naval vessels, (7) Life Cycle Cost (LCC), Whole Life Cost (WLC), Cost of Ownership (COO), Total Ownership Cost (TOC) Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

20 in particular submarines, to reduce the size of crews, or, through systems architectures, to allow the easy replacement of obsolete components or equipment. The associated trade-off studies make it possible to present decisive arguments during the selection of R&T projects curtailing EnErgy consumption Apart from the operational advantage it presents (autonomy, discretion, reduction of logistics in particular), mastering the energy consumed by weapon systems is a strategic issue. Energy consumption by the Ministry of Defence was reduced by 30% between 1995 and This consumption is 80% dependent on fossil fuels and in particular on oil. In addition, the volatility of the cost of oil and the prospect of exhausted energy reserves in the long term have an obvious impact on the contribution of energy to the budget of the Ministry of Defence. Moreover, France has laid down an ambitious policy for sustainable Photovoltaic energy development, requiring even more control over energy consumption by weapon systems. One should also adapt to other European and international legislative and normative changes in the field of energy and ensure that equipments operate with the fuel available in operation. For the majority of platforms, the fundamental long-term purpose is to reduce dependency by using other energy sources to replace conventional fuel. The use of synthetic fuels is under consideration, according to their availability in the civilian sector and/or possible NATO type standardisations. The evolution of other forms of energy (thermoelectric, fuel cells, high-efficiency solar, hydrogen, etc.) is also being carefully observed. They may be considered for targeted operational applications (generators, soldiers, UAVs, etc.). DGAcom -F. Vrignaud 2.7. SPACE In this field, synergies between defence and civilian research are fundamental and the National Space Centre (Centre National d Etudes Spatiales, or CNES) is the key institution. Conducted in close cooperation with CNES, space related defence R&T aims to satisfy users needs by: Reinforcing the robustness, precision and autonomy of satellite positioning and synchronisation information, with the support of the governmental department of the European program Galileo; Developing dual and cooperative aspects of the expansion of future network systems via satellite to a global network (communication and shared services) in order to offer the military a groupware as well as the necessary inter-ministry and international interoperability; Extending the use of Earth imaging from space and signal intelligence at all command chain levels. Galileo system EADS-Astrium 18 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

21 Lastly, space defence R&T aims to develop specific technologies necessary for new defence applications and to validate them with space demonstrators. The R&T activity aims to respond to spatial defence autonomy issues within a European framework. DGA make sure that competencies are preserved and combine its efforts with those of the CNES in shared military & civilian fields EVOLUTION OF CIVILIAN TECHNOLOGIES In the civilian sector, companies must optimise, now more than ever, their products permanently, first in order to face increasing competition, for example in terms of ownership costs, safety, energy consumption and operational performances, and second to very actively seek technological breakthroughs which will give them a durable competitive advantage. For some of them, the strong growth of the worldwide market for consumer goods offers sufficient prospects of profits to devote huge resources to the research and development of new products. This is the case in aeronautics and land transport, where the key industries are all global players; or in manufacturing sectors with large-scale production like electronic components, materials and IT. This competition is extended to the level of States and even of continents. Thus, States organise the public funding of civilian research so that their corporations can extract the best competitive advantages within their various markets. Civilian research funding thus plays an increasingly important role in the evolution of technological capabilities of industries. For example, as regards sustainable development, one of the priorities of the European Commission, EU programmes are setting the pace for the technological progress of European industries. This is also the case for dualuse technologies for more electrical aircraft, the use of more energy efficient and less polluting fuel or technologies used for modular aircrafts. The defence research in this Strategic Plan is a research: - funded by the State, as opposed to private sector investment in research motivated by commercial perspectives based on innovative products, - oriented according to precise and quantified technological objectives, and even by a specific need identified for an operational system, as opposed to civilian public research oriented according to research field and giving priority to the proliferation of ideas for a broad spectrum of applications Defence research is thus different from civilian research. Defence may however benefit from civilian scientific and technological advances for its own purposes. It must do so for the simple reason that, as they are easily accessible, they may be used at any time by another State or hostile organisation, and thus induce a technological gap and a strategic handicap. Dual research makes it possible to exploit synergies at the border between the two fields. Coordination actions between civilian and defence organisations are covered in Chapter 3. The area covered by civilian technologies is in a state of constant change, tending to increase considerably. Defence research must evolve coherently in order to remain complementary, and technological objectives must be adjusted even if capability objectives remain unchanged. Thus, the cost reduction associated with the progress of civilian technologies have led to an increased use of civilian technologies in defence systems, mainly electronics and software-related at the beginning. Duality now increasingly concerns the design and the components of the systems, their architectures and validation. This introduces an increasing overlap of civilian technologies with the technological capabilities of defence, thus raising the question of the control of the architectures and of in service support (ISS) during the lifespan of systems, as civilian and military systems have different life cycles. Indeed, civilian technologies develop and succeed one another at increasingly rapid pace, significantly faster than the life cycle of defence systems, at the same time inducing new needs in the Military. For example, dual-use information technology should ideally be able to be rolledout in the Military simultaneously with its mass diffusion in civil society, in order to benefit from a mature, robust and maintained technology. Moreover, in some sectors (electronic components, materials) and for some needs, defence becomes a marginal customer in term of series. There is a risk that certain technological fields on 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

22 which defence is dependent for its equipment in use may become extinct. To correct this situation, defence must know how to anticipate and manage stocks, or improve modularity thus enabling the replacement of equipment at reduced costs. This has resulted in a growing interest in research themes such as behaviour with ageing, or the architecture of open systems and their qualification. In order to better exploit the results of civilian research, defence research therefore tends: - to accelerate the transition between the various phases of technological maturation: exploratory research, technological development, demonstration, - to master open architectures authorising technological insertions during the development phase, partial upgrading during the life cycle of the systems, as well as incremental developments TECHNOLOGIES OF SOVEREIGNTY (TSV) To satisfy the strategic capacities of defence and security defined by the White Paper, some technologies fulfilling crucial functions are rare, difficult to acquire or implement. In order to guarantee the national autonomy of the systems concerned, access to these technologies, called technologies of sovereignty (TSV) must be rendered secure, notably by means of R&T action. This implies: - either their control by French industry; - or guaranteed access to industrial capabilities present on national territory; - or access guaranteed by intergovernmental agreements when they are not available on national territory. The most obvious technologies of sovereignty are linked to issues such as deterrence (design of strategic missiles). In other cases, they are tied to strong economic issues: aircrafts, launchers, satellites, nuclear energy, high power lasers, simulators, navigation, etc. Other less obvious TSVs may be used at various subcontracting levels without a sufficient approval process in place concerning their control by the customer or at a higher level of industrial integration. However, they must be identified, anticipated and supported in coordination with the scientific and industrial environment in order to direct investment and thus to maintain and develop state-owned and industrial skills in these fields. In the long term, projects for intergovernmental component licenses or the setting up of a European free trade area are among the possible solutions with regard to the least sensitive equipment. The security of TSVs cannot be addressed only at a national level. It is approached, with all necessary precaution, with our allies having similar concerns R&T COOPERATION With a few exceptions (8), international R&T cooperation is seen as essential and will grow over the coming years as long as it is in the technical, industrial and financial interest of all parties. Cooperation should lead to: enlarging the scope of R&T work by sharing resources and competences. Co-operation is the only way Europe can build a credible defence at an affordable price. France is very keen to promote more exchanges. reducing cost and risk and joining R&T effort to meet future requirements at a faster pace. building European DTIB ahead of programmes and progressively contribute to its rationalisation. preparing groundwork for future procurement programmes. In an ideal world, R&T cooperation should begin with a common strategy and could lead to mutual technology dependency with a view to the best possible DTIB. Although France wishes to maintain sovereignty on subjects such as deterrence, sensitive work on certain threats, crypto and intelligence, it strongly favours bilateral cooperation or multilateral (8) See 2.9 Technologies of Sovereignty 20 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

23 European cooperation within the European Defence Agency (EDA). For it is within Europe that, most acutely, solving DTIB problems, meeting common requirements and agreeing on true strategies to share competences is most relevant. In 2008, France spent 835 million Euros on R&T (not including nuclear and dual research) of which 150 million (18%) was spent on collaboration. France is thus the first contributor to R&T cooperation in Europe, equal to United Kingdom. Should France wish to increase that percentage and achieve a figure in excess of 200 million Euros, we need to: - undertake cooperation in the most appropriate frameworks while avoiding dispersal, - identify the best tools for cooperation and, - prioritise promising collaborative actions and consider early withdrawal from those appearing to have little chance of success INDUSTRIAL STAKES A large industrial sector in France The defence industry is an industry of high technological value, with expertise essential in order to satisfy military needs and to guarantee, even in the long term, the supply of our forces with equipment, their freedom of action and the possibility to export. France has a large, successful defence industry, the second largest in Europe after the United Kingdom. French defence industry skills are well positioned in Europe, and, for some of them, in the world: they form a complete spectrum, covering all sectors. France has an important group of industrial clusters of excellence that gives it unquestionable leadership in some domains (electronics, space and missiles, among other things), positions of excellence at the best technological level for aeronautics and naval systems, and good expertise in the land sector. Today, research and development represents 10 to 20% of the revenues of the ten largest defence groups in France, which employ some 20,000 persons in their research centres. Research favours technological innovation and constitutes a driving force in many major technologies, with some civilian applications. Issues at stake in defence R&T Essential industrial skills to maintain and develop The armament industry is the key to defence; it is essential to maintain and develop a DTIB with a proper level of autonomy on a European or national scale, while seeking a competitive edge. The DTIB relies on various industrial expertises, some of which are strategic with regard of the wished level of autonomy. Some of this expertise is fundamental and concerns R&D capacities (research, studies, design, engineering), but also some manufacturing know-how (industrialisation, processes, etc.) and is associated to State-owned expertise and capacity, especially in terms of defence evaluation and testing. Mastery of industrial expertise relies on the implementation of a policy to maintain and develop this expertise in order to satisfy the needs of the armed forces in the long term and to ensure the best economic efficiency of investment and reduce the burden on the nation. One of the challenges is to perpetuate expertise in order to provide, maintain and upgrade the equipment in service. For sectors currently under development, the challenge is to acquire and develop the expertise that will enable us to answer future needs. National public procurement At the national level, the White Paper on Defence and National Security has reasserted the need for an industrial policy and set forth the technological and industrial priorities resulting from the strategic goals for national security to The chosen capacities as well as the renewal cycles of key equipment resulting from the White Paper have been transposed in the Military Planning Law (Loi de Programmation Militaire, or LPM) validated by the Parliament, and have a structuring impact on the DTIB, depending on the sector and whether concerning production or R&D. Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

24 During production phases, implying low levels of work for research centres, the sustainability of high technology industries implies the mobilisation of a core of expertise, comprising engineers and researchers, towards technology goals aimed at preparing the next generation of weapon systems: the load of the industrial engineering departments, which conditions the maintenance of their technological expertise, is carried out through a substantial amount of research studies funding and an adapted organisation of future programmes, firstly in the key sectors set forth in the White Paper (deterrence nuclear submarines, space, complex missiles), and secondly in the strategic combat aircraft sector (platforms, electronic warfare, propulsion). Europe: a reference framework The current level of European budgets and the increasing cost of weapon systems mean that no single nation in Europe, including France, has alone the size and thus the capacity to bear the cost of a defence industry able to answer all its needs. In the specific case of sectors falling strictly under national sovereignty, for which France wants to retain national autonomous capacity, and with the exception of equipments with no particular strategic value in terms of supply (shared equipment that can be supplied by many providers) procurement can be carried out on the world market. In all other cases, the mutualisation of procurement by European nations is an interesting perspective enabling control of industrial expertise. This implies the acceptance of mutual dependencies between European partners, which in turn implies reciprocity and balance. Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) Industrial expertise is present at all levels, from large industrial groups among world leaders to many SMEs. Around an estimated 4,000 SMEs take a share in the defence effort, some of them owning crucial and even strategic expertise. Generally speaking, SMEs are reactive and competitive, and also, thanks to their capacity for innovation, indispensable for maintaining and developing the technological excellence of weapon systems. SMEs expertise has to be fully exploited for in research studies as well as in the armament programmes. n 22 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

25 2 Issues at stake in defence R&T Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

26 24 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

27 3 PS R&T implementation strategy 3.1. INTERNAL ORGANISATION process The organisation of defence to control its R&T reflects the specific nature of the latter, both dedicated to reaching the highest possible levels for precise applications in the medium and long term (up to several decades) and to best exploit the results of civilian research. Its goals are: to ensure concentration of R&T efforts on the most strategic issues; to facilitate the work of key players in the process by providing them visibility adapted to their level of command; to reduce the gap between the R&T scope statement and its realisation; to take into account the scientific, technological and industrial environments. The link between the capability requirement and the innovative technologies needed (with a view to their inclusion into future armament programmes) is established according to two approaches: global projects: global projects (Appendix 2) bring together in an ordered and coherent way the capability requirements and work needed in order to meet them, prepare future armament programmes and improve the associated operational capabilities. They are described in the PP30 and are documented in a scope statement and roadmaps. They are under the shared responsibility of the capability managers, within DGA, and the joint chiefs of staff (EMA). Corresponding tasks are quantified by explicit goals. 3 PS R&T Implementation strategy High-level Roadmap (RM) Platforms and equipment interested by RM constraints Why Why: Platforms, equipment and their milestones Links product stages/objectives RM programmes Objectives Technologies DTIB, cooperation RM primary action What How What: Products to realise in response to why : How: Technological breakthroughs: required action Links actions/products Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

28 technological Basis: (Appendix 3) organised by the technical expertise areas, this is comprised of the low readiness level technological breakthrough concept studies adapted to longer term operational needs, generic technological developments (e.g. modelling tools), multiple operational application technologies (e.g. electronic components present in many weapon systems or subsystems, for which European autonomy desired); DGA heads of technical areas are in charge. High-level Roadmap (RM) Platforms and equipment interested by Why Why: PlatePlatforms, equipment and their milestones Links development stages/equipments RM stages of development, DTIB, cooperation What What: Products to realise in response to why : feasibility stages in development RM action How : Technological breakthroughs: required action Links actions/stages of development How With this double approach (unifying projects and technological basis) R&T studies are planned according to a long medium and short-term process described in Appendix 3: priorities according to a year time frame; research planning on a moving 3-5 year time frame; annual scheduling of action. Execution of this planning is done by DGA management units. a strong set of priorities, defined according to technological goals defined in terms of content, deadlines and costs, organised according to stakes, was issued in early 2009 for the next twelve years or so. It will be updated every 3 years or in order to remain consistent with revisions of the Military Planning Law (LPM). All R&T goals and actions are planned via road maps linking R&T action to the capability goals. This project management process has been implemented progressively since the end of Information management tools help updating, consistency management and capitalisation of all synthesis data instruments The instruments used to allocate R&T budgets among the various providers depend on the status of the latter and on the type and finality of the service provided. research programmes (programmes d études amont, or pea (9) ) are applied research and technology acquisition activities on well-defined themes. Their goals are to explore the military potential of new technologies and to place the defence industry in a position to be able to integrate them into defence equipments. They are implemented by public procurement or international cooperation (see 4 for the technological priorities of each division). They account for more than 90% of the funding of contracted research. Exploratory research and innovation allows innovative companies (in particular SMEs), academic laboratories and public organisations to have an easier access to defence research funding through (9) 750 PEAs are managed in the programme 26 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

29 unsolicited proposals via a single DGA portal, with specific eligibility criteria and contracting procedures (see 3.4.4). sme support for dual innovation (Régime d Appui aux PME pour l Innovation Duale - RAPID) supports industrial research or experimental development projects with strong technological potential, having military applications but also potential for the civilian market. dga/oseo innovation partnerships and participation on the management boards of competitive clusters enable the support of dual application innovation. The partnerships provide funding of up to 50% of the cost of the proposed programmes, reimbursable if the commercial applications identified are successful. partnerships and coordination with civil research organisations, like the National Research Agency (Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, or ANR), the National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, or CNRS), universities, for scientific innovation and fundamental research, especially through the funding of doctoral theses. grants to public research organisations (onera, isl, cnes, cea) as well as to Engineering colleges under dga supervision, allowing them to execute internal research programmes with the support of the Ministry of Defence IMPROVEMENT OF R&T SPIN-OFF Balancing of r&t WorK DGA has systematised the use of the technology readiness levels (TRL - see Appendix I): PEA are described with their TRL from beginning to end. Basic R&T (TRL 1 to 3) explores the field of the emerging technology with potential applications for defence. It constitutes a breeding-ground for technology, of which the most promising will later be subjected to deeper research, and possibly later still to demonstrators. Technological studies (TRL 4 and 5) aim to reduce the technological risk. They enable to transition from a laboratory concept to a model capable of evolving in an environment representative of its future usage. Demonstrators (TRL 6 and 7) make it possible to validate a set of technologies in an environment representative of the operational environment. They unify teams around ambitious projects or cooperation, which prepare them to meet the technical challenges of future programmes and to validate State-governed and industrial organisations. 3 PS R&T Implementation strategy The relevant spread of the funding between these three types of activities makes it possible to advance the targeted technologies in the short and medium term to an acceptable readiness level for the programmes, without neglecting emerging technologies indispensable to long term progress. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Scale TRL 9 _ TRL 8 _ TRL 7 _ TRL 6 _ TRL 5 _ TRL 4 _ TRL 3 _ TRL 2 _ TRL 1 Actual system proven on successful operational mission _ Actual system completed and qualified through test and demonstration _ System prototype demonstrated in an operational environment _ System/subsystem model or prototype demonstrated/validated in a relevant environment _ Component and/or breadboard verification in a relevant environment _ Component and/or breadboard test in a laboratory environment _ Analytical or experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept _ Technology concept and/or application formulated _ Basic principles observed or reported Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

30 Hence, DGA aims to allocate: - 15% of the budget to basic R&T (TRL 2, 3), - 50% to technological research (TRL 4, 5), - 35% to technology demonstrators (TRL 6, 7) Demonstrators Policy Like a prototype, a technology demonstrator combines a set of new technologies, often developed separately, to execute the key functions of a future product. It makes it possible to define and verify the accessible performance in an operational environment, and to manage the associated technological and industrial risk. Demonstrators realised or scheduled in cooperation for the period: - Generic system of networking and information management; - Software radio; - Airborne ground surveillance radar; - Airborne multichannel active modules radar; - Electromagnetic multifunction integrated system; - Cruise missile, post-bdi (Battle Damage Information); - Hyper-speed hyper-ramjet; - Land System transformation (Bulle Opérationnelle Aéroterrestre, or BOA); Also, demonstrators offer an excellent framework for structuring cooperation. Much more than the simple mutualisation of research effort, these large-scale projects, like a demonstrator can create conditions favourable to the realisation of complete cooperative programmes, by validating the share of work, industrial alliances as well as the extension of common standards. The UCAV European demonstrator neuron: A structuring project for the European defence industry - Land combat missile; - Metric precision ammunition; - Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle; - All-weather and re-enforced operational capability helicopter; - Close-range minesweeping system; - Airborne optronics for fire control system; - Global chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) defence system. Within the next twenty years, the European combat aircraft industry will face two great challenges: - Development of strategic technologies that the United States already have or will have and that will never be transferred to Europe; - Maintenance of its clusters of excellence and the workload of its research centres. The European industry has developed many technological niches, and a lack of workload might make this expertise disappear. The best way to face these challenges would be to launch a new combat aircraft programme, based on European-only development. Unfortunately, the replacement schedule for the current generation of European combat aircraft clearly shows that this opportunity will not come about before around Given this situation, French Government has taken the initiative to launch an unmanned combat aircraft technology demonstrator, project developed in European cooperation.. Via the neuron demonstrator, the aim of the French initiative is to give European research centres a project enabling them to develop and maintain their strategic expertise over the coming years. This project will go further than the theoretical studies conducted so far within the European Union; up to the manufacture and in-flight trials of a demonstrator. The French initiative is also an opportunity to launch an innovative process for the management and organisation of a European cooperative programme. In order to be efficient, the programme is managed by a single body, DGA, and a unique executing unit, Dassault Aviation, general contractor of the neuron programme. Apart from France, the Italian, Swedish, Spanish, Greek and Swiss governments, as well as their respective industries: Alenia, SAAB, EADS, Hellenic Aerospace Industry (HAI) and RUAG, constitute, around the neuron programme, a successful model of European cooperation. UAV neuron Dassault Aviation 28 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

31 Fast integration of technology In order to extract the best from the most recent technological advances and encourage their insertion into future systems, the Ministry of defence favours modular and open architectures. This approach, introduced occasionally or in some sectors (avionics, naval combat systems, modular drone systems) until 2003, has been re-enforced and used in a multi-disciplinary manner with the creation of the system of systems technical expertise area. The French MoD battlelab (LTO, Laboratoire Technico-opérationnel) is a powerful tool to study and validate operational concepts and new technologies. In particular, it makes it possible to place operational users in realistic future conditions of use. Involvement of clients through the LTO As a DGA-EMA national entity, managed by the CATOD (Centre d Analyse Technico-Opérationnelle de la Défense, or CATOD), in Arcueil, the Ministry of Defence s battlelab (LTO) is a structure that instrumentalises the definition and evaluation of capability issues in a collegial manner, involving DGA as well as the armed forces and industry. Thus, the LTO provides a set of methods, services and tools enabling shared and interdisciplinary discussion on doctrines, concepts, architectures or organisations, and offers the opportunity to carry out experiments virtually (through simulation) or in the field (with hybrid devices mixing simulations, prototypes and real equipment). It can also carry out inter-connection and interoperability of several systems and participants, from State, industry or even allied countries or organisations (NATO, etc.). It also enables, through the use of concept imaging and modelling tools, to have a multi-cultural team share a common interpretation of the concepts and scenarios used. The LTO has been operational since the end of 2006 and has demonstrated its added value in terms of creativity and collaborative work with clients (forces) and industrial prime contractors. It has also been used for global security issues, passing outside of the strict defence LTO Exercice framework. DR 3 PS R&T Implementation strategy Special forces equipments The role of the special operations is to offer the authorities nonconventional options for riposte. In terms of equipment, Special Operations Command (Commandement des Opérations Spéciales, or COS) looks for equipments in limited quantity and with reduced lifespan but offering breakthrough capabilities. Their needs are defined between COS and DGA in the framework of a DGA-COS mixed creativity group. The PEA objective is to develop and produce demonstrators that will be used by the special forces in order to evaluate their operational potential. They are selected using a scope statement and will allow to: - increase the special forces operational capability - enable the advanced use of technical solutions which may later be of interest for the conventional forces - test innovative procurement procedures. This research programme is a perfect example of a short loop between operational requirements, technical solutions and operational application. VAB with electromagnetic jammer DR Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

32 3.3. RELATIONS BETWEEN DGA AND OTHER R&T INVESTORS Cooperation with civilian research Collaboration and the search for synergies between defence and the institutional research community must be developed, encouraged and reinforced in order to: Urge laboratories and motivate the best researchers in the French science and technology community to work on topics of interest for defence; Increase the efficiency of the shared financial resources and thus contribute to a more efficient public research system; Spread the knowledge of defence needs outside the ministry and share the defence goals with the civilian community; Integrate defence into national and European civilian research networks by stimulating new research tracks with innovative laboratories and SMEs, by supporting competitive cluster projects of interest to defence. The following must be developed in order to stimulate these synergies: Direct contact and discussion with the bodies in charge of research policy: civilian ministries (Research, Interior, Industry, Transport, etc.), agencies (ANR, OSEO, etc.), and the strategic directorates of large research organisms (CNRS, CNES, etc.) Security Defence R&T contributes significantly to the global security objective, encouraging collaboration with civilian research organisms and civil authorities on protecting against the biological and chemical threat, as well as medical support. The policy of the Ministry of Defence aims to: Use the results of this civilian research, notably by participating in their funding Encourage coordination between different funding organisms (e.g. EDA and the European Commission) The search for synergies is the search for the best use of State s resources in order for defence to guide and take advantage of civilian security research programmes for defence purposes, both at the national (ANR programmes) and international (European Security Research Programme - ESRP) levels. For example, in the information processing domain, the Ministry of Defence has long involved the civilian ministries in the R&T programms to develop technological building blocks for the automatic processing of the spoken word. The launch in early 2008 of a permanent group will reinforce defencesecurity synergies in the long term. Defence also associates organisms concerned by open information. It invests in video image intelligent processing for video, noncooperative biometry linked to work carried out by the National Police. Participation in the ANR, European Commission and competitive cluster project management boards Exploitation of the dual research programme (191) of the Budget Law (Loi Organique relative aux Lois de Finance, or LOLF) Implementation of joint Research and Development projects with civilian research. Defence has also taken a strong position in favour of the development of competitive clusters mobilising collaboration from universities and research institutions, industry (large companies and SMEs), institutional territorial actors, around high visibility shared national and international R&D projects. Aware of the technical and economic issues at stake for the clusters, the Ministry of Defence decided, as early as 2005, to provide financial support. This process makes it possible to involve SMEs as well as large groups in research designed to promote technological innovation for dual applications with an important leverage effect. This cooperation between DGA and the civilian research community and industry, particularly SMEs, can exist at the strategic level as well as on specific projects, shaped by agreements, partnerships and also contracts. 30 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

33 Development of international cooperation Selected and better targeted forums Bilateral cooperation has already proved very efficient. France intends to develop bilateral cooperation with those countries in Europe that dedicate significant parts of their activities to defence and share common goals in terms of DTIB and capability vision. As far as other countries are concerned, European and non-european, France intends to engage into a la carte cooperation, depending on specific interest and opportunities following a less structured path and concentrating on very specific competences. France enjoys a special relationship with the five other European countries (10), with the largest R&T budgets. France sees the European Defence Agency (EDA) as the preferred forum for multilateral cooperation. The four departments of the Agency provide a coherent structure to prepare for the future. The new organisation of the R&T department echoes the French approach. The European R&T strategy which was approved of by Ministers in November 2008 sets the scene for R&T cooperation. Technological priorities are now in place and will provide the background for common R&T projects. In essence, NATO provides the appropriate forum to discuss interoperability issues and standards. NATO Research & Technology Organisation (RTO) does not do R&T but offers the opportunity to share experience in a large number of areas. France intends to carefully select its participation to some of the many working groups even though, in terms of technology watch, it would be in its interest to be more involved New tools So far R&T cooperation meant: Information exchange sometimes leading to an exchange of results of R&T national studies and in turn to cooperation for the next phase. Coordinated work with each party placing a separate contract for part of the work and sharing results. Collaborative programme contracts placed with consortia made of industries belonging to the participating nations (a variation consists in placing the contract with a prime contractor supported by sub-contractors with the approval of the participating Nations). The above methods are perfectly adequate. However, they are not ideal in terms of DTIB since each country chooses their contractors locally. It makes sense to resort to a wider competition in order to select the best technological solutions. In the recent past, in agreement with its partners, France began to encourage the development of new concepts to allow a certain level of competition. They are: innovation Technology Partnerships (ITP) to structure certain parts of the DTIB. A prime contractor, in partnership with Governments, co-ordinates R&T work in a number of technical areas open to competition. The ITP is open to academia and research laboratories as well as SMEs. The concept is already in use in two collaborative programmes: one bilateral (UK and France) project on missiles and one on multifunction compact radars (France, Sweden and UK) within EDA. France is determined to promote the concept using lessons learnt from the first two projects. Joint Investment Programmes (JIP) in EDA which select a number of common technological objectives with a view to find the best possible solutions by issuing a call for proposals to a large audience. A group of experts chosen among participating Nations then assesses the offers on the basis of criteria agreed in advance and later submits its selection to a Steering Committee. Two programmes are now in the making. - The Force Protection programme with 20 countries, including France, Germany and Poland which contribute 60% of the overall project. - The ICET (Innovative Concept and Emerging Technologies) programme with 11 countries promoting R&T research. France, Germany and Spain contribute 2/3 of the overall programme. (10) The United Kingdom, Germany, Italy, Spain and Sweden 3 PS R&T Implementation strategy Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

34 France intends to use lessons learnt from the above JIPs to develop the concept based on a competition of ideas IPR (intellectual property rights) better suited to R&T cooperation As mentioned in the above paragraph, R&T collaborative projects have been designed with a view to preserve a balance between the contributions of each participant. This was done by resorting to the traditional IPR concept. While promoting state-of-the art technological innovation, France is aware that, in the absence of a secure system ensuring the protection of innovation, the best players will discouraged. The risk is less with low TRL since time is needed to go from concept to technology. With medium TRL, the risk is high since there is no stopping those involved in the development of technologies (and not necessarily as originators) from passing them on to integrators. France is therefore determined to be part of any forum, particularly within EDA, addressing the issue Which R&T cooperation? For the moment, cooperation is limited to basic research and applied research, simple and involving relatively small amounts of money. The new mechanisms, as mentioned above, should allow making better use of their R&T potential. With the exception of neuron, cooperations on demonstrators are still few and far between, even though demonstrators would help serve European DTIB and represent significant investments. France is determined to promote an ambitious approach of demonstrators. A recent list of European technological priorities showed that several of our European partners were clearly interested in developing collaboration on architectures, with a special interest for air and land RELATIONS WITH R&T PROVIDERS Research Organisations Public establishments under the authority (or co-authority) of Ministry of Defence These organisations contribute, at various TRL: - To the acquisition of defence technological capability; - To DGA s technical expertise capability, in their domains of excellence, and in coordination with the Technical Directorate; - In maintaining expertise. They also facilitate the relationship between defence and civilian R&T organisations, facilitating the monitoring of scientific progress and the exploitation of dual work. For this, they receive subsidies (for their research activities) and contractual funding (for their application activities and transfers to industry). French Ministry of Defence has authority over three organisations, Institut Saint-Louis (ISL) (shared with Germany), ONERA and CNES (shared with the Research Ministry) in order to: Improve the general framework of their activities and act in order to have the necessary evolution take place in each of them, while respecting the spirit of a subsidy; Provide an interface with the DGA directions in charge of the prioritisation of their technical activities; Follow the performance of the pluriannual contracts with the Government and the overall financial balance of the establishments, and notably, oversee the contractual activity (finality of funding, control of research and application activities). Although DGA has no formal authority over CEA, it participates in the same manner in orienting CEA s activities with defence subsidies. 32 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

35 institut de saint louis (isl) ISL is an important actor in defence research, and contributes to the development of the technology capacities of the industry, French and German in particular. It carries out work in five areas, oriented by the CCRE (11) : laser-material interaction, perforation and armours, protection and environment of the combatant, projectiles acceleration, and projectiles command. ISL is notably known for its expertise in internal ballistic, explosions, electric acceleration of projectiles, aero-acoustics, metrology, and laser sources. In the framework of the modernisation process in recent years, the ISL has several major objectives, notably: PEGASUS: electric rail gun - Open up its activity: by developing dual activities, notably linked to security; through the development of contractual activity, notably through European projects (7th Framework Program, European Security Research Programme, or ESRP); through the reinforcement of partnerships with other research establishments and industry; - Europeanise : by contributing firstly to the constitution of a network of European defence research institutes, then to the creation, through EDA, of a European research centre for defence and security. ISL 3 onera The assessment of the first pluriannual objectives and means contract (Contrat d Objectifs et de Moyens, COM) confirmed ONERA s role in the aeronautics and space domain; it contributes to excellence in this field. This contract emphasised in particular ONERA s strengths: scientific excellence, openness to the outside world, importance of innovation and detection of technological breakthroughs. Its capacity to conduct pluridisciplinary research, control the systems, provide expertise for the needs of the Ministry of Defence and its European ambitions, especially in cooperation with its German counterpart, DLR, are strong assets for ONERA. The development of its expertise activities for DGA is an important result of the COM. Elsa The key priorities of ONERA for the new Military Planning Law period - to be included in the next COM currently being finalised, are the following: - ONERA contributes to defence research as a national technical referrer, a breeder of technologies and concepts, and in providing specific support to DGA project management, in the following technical domains: Airborne Systems Architecture, Command-Control-Communication-Intelligence Systems Architecture, Sensors-Guidance-Navigation, Missiles, Arms and Nuclear Security, Materials and Components, Systems of Systems; - ONERA maintains a prospective dialogue with the Forces Systems Architects; - ONERA contributes to the Defence Industrial and Technological Base (DITB), with specific effort in terms of SMEs. The COM sets forth these priorities in detail. Onera PS R&T Implementation strategy (11) CCRE: Conseil Consultatif des Recherches et Etudes Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

36 national centre for space research (Centre national d études spatiales, or cnes) Via the defence team at CNES (DGA-EMA-CNES members), designed to detect and promote defence and security dual activities of, DGA is involved in guiding CNES activity toward the preparation of future observation, intelligence and telecommunication systems, and general R&T in defence and security. This action has triggered DGA-CNES cooperation on several projects, partly financed by the subsidy attributed under the dual research programme, notably: ELISA (Electromagnetic Intelligence demonstrator), Pleiades (optical observation), Altika (altimetric oceanography), Athena-Fidus (high bandwidth telecommunications), MUSIS CSO (post- Helios preparatory actions), CERES (Electromagnetic Intelligence programme, in a preliminary research phase). Helios Defence also encourages joint projects between CNES and ONERA. This approach has materialised since 2004 with several partnership agreements in the domain of space orbital systems, launchers, and exploration robotics. EADS Astrium Commissariat à l énergie atomique, or cea Through its fundamental research, the CEA has built up a scientific potential of great value. For the future, in the domain of deterrence, the goal is to lead and adapt the research activity of CEA to its indispensable global reduction in a context of restricted budgets. The challenge will be to maintain this potential for nuclear safety and propulsion, and to maintain the scientific credibility of CEA/DAM (Military Applications Directorate) in the absence of nuclear experimentation thanks to simulation. In the framework of a CEA-DGA partnership agreement, discussions are under way in order to coordinate some complementary defence research action to be carried out by departments within CEA and DGA. Megajoule Laser CEA Enginnering colleges under the dga authority In a context of the internationalisation of academia and of increased competitiveness, the Engineering colleges under the authority of the Ministry of Defence (Ecole polytechnique, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées - ENSTA, Institut Supérieur de l Aéronautique et de l Espace - ISAE and Ecole Nationale Supérieure d Ingénieurs des Etudes et Techniques d Armement - ENSIETA) have invested in several areas of change regarding teaching and research which they have taken to care to coordinate with the cycle of change that recently took place in France in the field of higher education: the Licence Master Doctorat! (12) reform, the creation of research and higher education clusters, and the creation of advanced research thematic networks, etc. Among the main development priorities that have been chosen, are, in particular; international openness, a coherent set of Masters courses of interest for defence (e.g. an Ecole Polytechnique Master in Systems of Systems Engineering) and increased internal sources of revenues (research contracts, chairs, etc.) DGA also uses the scientific and technical expertise of these establishments to carry out defenceoriented research and provide expertise to the R&T work of the research programmes (PEAs). (12) Levels of diplom 34 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

37 Other research organisations Relations with other research organisations, other than the direct contacts and joint participation in scientific networks, essentially consist in the funding of research work, with exploratory research and innovation contracts (REI) and the funding of researchers (doctors, post-doctors, researchers, confirmed researchers). This mode of interaction enables the promotion of defence needs within the national academic community and maintenance within DGA of a scientific monitoring capacity by closely following advanced scientific research work Acquisition Policy The Ministry of Defence s acquisition policy is based on the principle of competitive autonomy enabling to seek the best economic efficiency for purchases while preserving an autonomous supply. The goal of R&T acquisition is to enable the application of this principle for future programmes. This principle leads to different responses (sovereignty, cooperation, recourse to the global marketplace) depending on the end use of the equipments concerned. Examples of acquisition policies: - Sovereignty: nuclear submarines, strategic missiles, electronic warfare, navigation - Cooperation: A400M, Tigre, NH90, neuron, UAV - World Market: wheeled vehicles, air observation planes, catapult for aircraft carrier This R&T acquisition policy (notably the scope of competitive purchasing) is set forth each year for each technical division with regard to the operational, technological, industrial, financial and international considerations. These recommendations, concerning top level contracting, are grouped into around sixty products segments with technological and industrial coherency. They determine the scope of the competition purchasing and cooperation. 3 R&T procurement The principle of competitive autonomy applies to European cooperation R&T programmes. In order to obtain the best economic conditions, but also to stimulate innovation and improve output, procurement must be made with recourse to the widest possible competition. It must be carried out within a geographical scope adapted to the desired degree of autonomy. For cooperative research and technology programmes, the scope of competition is the area formed by the countries participating to their funding. PS R&T Implementation strategy Procurement Plans At the second industrial contracting level, the Ministry of Defence favours the use of procurement plans. These aim to give DGA visibility and transparency over the competitive acquisitions by the prime contractor and favour competition-stimulated innovation. Purchasing procedures adapted to exploratory research and innovation Defence develops direct contracts with scientific actors, SMEs and industry, for exploratory research and innovation. Special procedures (REI and RAPID) make it possible to establish contracts quickly for non-solicited proposals Actions for SMEs Defence action for SMEs consists firstly in maintaining a constant watch in order to identify and know those SMEs with strategic interest for the needs of defence. The Ministry of Defence implements different intervention tools in their favour. In the domain of R&T, it is more specifically for upstream research, the REI (Exploratory Research and Innovation) projects and joint funding with OSEO-ANVAR. SMEs access to defence research must be encouraged by accessible, relevant and clear information offering SMEs a greater capacity to anticipate and direct their work. Greater value must be given to Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

38 SMEs, freeing their growth potential, by, for example, improving their administrative relations with DGA. Different DGA-SME Action Plan initiatives must facilitate SMEs access to public procurement by providing them with the resources, not only financial but also human, necessary for their development and facilitate innovative technology transfer towards industry. In this framework, the creation of a dedicated bureau within DGA a SME Bureau, makes it possible to implement SME support measures. One of the goals of this bureau is to propagate within the Ministry of Defence better knowledge of the expertise and innovations of SMEs and to have a better knowledge of market opportunities. SMEs thereby benefit from advice on the tools implemented by defence and on the rules (contracting, exports, REI contracts, RAPID, etc.). SMEs have a dedicated area on the DGA portal The Ministry of Defence wishes to offer SMEs increased visibility of its R&T priorities and of the resulting opportunities for upstream research contracts. For this purpose, defence organises every year the R&T workshops day for technology SMEs and thematic forums. Direct access by SMEs to public contracting is encouraged by the renewal and optimisation of purchasing procedures, by the adaptation of the DGA organisation and by an improved link between exploratory research, upstream research, development and production. The Ministry of Defence has set up a purchasing team dedicated and adapted to small contracts, making it possible to shorten contracting delays and adapt procedures to the SMEs. This reorganisation is accompanied by the adoption of new contractual clauses aimed at limiting the financial risk of companies for high technology contracts. The Ministry for the Economy, Industry and Employment and the Ministry of Defence announced on 11 May 2009 the launch of RAPID, a mechanism supporting strategic innovation projects of SMEs. The SME support regime for Dual Innovation, or RAPID (Régime d Appui aux PME pour l Innovation Duale) will support high technological potential industrial research or experimental development projects with military applications but also civilian market spinout. Any independent SME with fewer than 250 employees, either alone or in a consortium with a company or research organisation, may offer an unsolicited proposal, in order to benefit from a RAPID subsidy. The mechanism is set up in order to be extremely reactive and to be able to finance selected projects within a four-month delay between submission of the dossier and the start of work. RAPID is implemented by the Directorate General for Competitiveness, Industry and Services (Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l Industrie et des Services, or DGCIS) and DGA, which will jointly assess the proposed projects and thereby reinforce their strategic action in favour of developing these companies Promote Innovation Innovation is an essential component in preparation for the future. In both its mission to equip the armed forces and that of preparation for the future, the Ministry of Defence places innovation at the heart of its role as public contractor, responsible for the availability of technologies. For this purpose, it aims to facilitate the emergence of innovative ideas that may lead to new concepts and performance or cost improvements sought by users. DGA has created at the end of 2004 the mechanism called REI - Recherche Exploratoire et Innovation whose goal is to manage the projects proposed without request by research laboratories and innovating small and medium-sized enterprises, alone or in partnership. More information is available on the DGA website ixarm.com. The link to REI news describes themes that are of particular scientific interest for defence. In addition, the Mission for Scientific Innovation and Research has been animating since 2004 and in cooperation with the Council of French Defence Industries (Conseil des Industries de Défense, or CIDEF) and the French Aeronautical and Space Industries Group (Groupement des Industries Françaises Aéronautiques et Spatiales, or GIFAS) a working group whose goals are: 36 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

39 - identify the limits of present technological families; - monitor emerging technologies; - analyse breakthrough potentials and their consequences for equipment performance, costs and concepts of use; - define technological roadmaps and identify accessible or specific industrial organisations concerned. The group has established a list of forty technologies considered to have potential for breakthrough. The presence within this group of the main companies forming our defence industrial and technological base, makes it possible to share the strategic visions underlying R&T projects to be launched, and also to have better visibility with regard to the feasibility of integrating technological advances into future equipments. The group procedure must make it possible to favour technological innovation and anticipate its integration into future systems. Eligibility criteria for REIs Beneficiaries of this procedure must be: - either public research laboratories, - or innovative SMEs, - or private research laboratories, associated with a SME or a public laboratory, - or a group of laboratories and SMEs. The REI projects must enable the exploiration of new scientific approaches of interest for defence. Innovative SMEs may act in partnership with academic or industrial research laboratories. The maximum funding by DGA is 300k (incl. VAT) for periods up to 36 months. In case of a particularly ambitious project with several partners, including at least one SME, this can be supplemented with an option carrying maximum funding by DGA (base + option) of 500k (incl. VAT). The selection committee is free to accept or reject the proposed option FUNDING Defence R&T depends on the defence section of the Budget Law, and more precisely on programme 144 Environment and Prospective for Defence Policy. Its budgets are thus included in the scope of the Military Planning Law. Defence R&T has represented an annual budget of around 800 million Euros in the Budget Law in recent years. The Economic Recovery Plan (Plan de Relance de l Economie) has pushed this budget up to around 930 million Euros in the 2009 Budget Law. So-called dual R&T, with military as well as civilian end uses, is the topic of programme 191 Dual Research, that contributes to the Interministry Mission for Research and High Education (MIRES) and that includes State funding to the two operators of this programme during this period, CNES and CEA. Its annual budget has been about 200 million Euros over recent years. n PS R&T Implementation strategy Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

40 38 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

41 4 Technological analysis 4.1. GENERAL ASPECTS Key technologies The Ministry of Defence develops its strategy and its activity focusing on key technologies necessary to prepare, use and evolve our weapon systems with the appropriate level of autonomy. Research studies are always connected either to a capability requirement, or to new promising technologies (see Chapter 3). They are always led by actors belonging to a technical division and a DGA business activity (see Appendix IV (12) ). It belongs to a family of technologies identified in the PS R&T and qualified by a Technology Readiness Level (see Appendix I). The key technology approach of the PS R&T makes it possible to attribute to a single identified project manager the definition of national competences desired, the organisation of discussions with foreign partners or civilians, the launch and follow-up of actions in cooperation, and knowledge management and training Tables of technologies The tables presented below specify required national capabilities : - Fields to be controlled at the national level (specifications and integrating industry on national homeland), - Nature of the activity: techno-operational expertise of the government and industry, purchaser s skills (smart customer (14) ), - Certain data influencing upstream R&T (critical performance, environmental conditions, safety, vulnerability, conditions of integration, through life support, etc.) and some information on crossover with civilian research. Informations on cooperation indicate: - Technical areas for which cooperation is sought, - Forums under consideration, mentioning certain partner countries. The missing mention of countries in the text and the table referring thereto means that every option is examined on an individual case basis, - Nature of cooperation activities: demonstration, benchmarking, preparation of design capability, preparation of a capability for reactive adaptation, - Methods of organisation considered: distribution of technological sets of themes among partners under joint access terms; sharing of results; production of equipment or demonstrators by sharing tasks or under the supervision of a sole contracting authority and prime contractor; preparation of a joint programme or of an evolution; other constraints. 4 Technological analysis (13) Appendix IV presents the technical divisions of the DGA as well as the business activities and their contribution to R&T. (14) Acknowledgement of the industrial technical bid, its technical level, its accessibility; ability to propose and evaluate acquisition strategy allowing to give rise to industrial organisation, technical solutions optimising the response to the need; ability to propose R&T strategies to develop technologies and to give rise to technical and industrial fields, if necessary Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

42 Eco-dEsign Sustainable development requirements described in 2.4, 2.5 and 2.8 bring the expression of key priorities in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact reduction from the design stage and all through the life-cycle of defence and security systems. Apart from the unifying project master energy dependency which objective is to manage all R&T activities related to weapon systems in the domain of energy, these priorities are described in the technological analysis of the different divisions, in the paragraphs below. The 5 following areas reflect transversal concerns shared by all analyses presented in this chapter: - Research for less polluting technologies or procedures; - Substitution of the most impactful or suspect substances (precautionary principle); - Control of noise pollutions; - Systematic integration of environmental aspects in project management; - Systematic use of simulation for design, validation and training SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMS A system of systems (SoS) is a set of inter-connected autonomous systems, coordinated in order to satisfy a military capability and/or to realise a number of predetermined effects that none of the participating systems could achieve alone (emerging capability linked to the system of systems). The SoS area covers activities linked to: - Analysis and definition of the architecture of systems of systems, with tasking between the participating systems and control of the interfaces, - Rationalisation and urbanisation of the SoS (including the Information Systems), - Design of methods and engineering and simulation tools necessary for the preparation, design, acquisition, evolution and restoration, with controlled costs and risks, of systems and systems of systems. SCCOA System of systems DR 40 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

43 The challenge concerns the capacity to control complexity and risks, design defence systems with lower costs and shorter delivery times, increase their reliability, ensure interoperability of systems at the various levels required by joint and multinational operations, and manage interfaces with civilian devices. The Ministry of Defence, and more particularly DGA, is interested in maintaining a high level of skills for the various technical areas directly tied to the concept of system of systems and listed below repository, core system network and architecture frameworks The approach for core system network chosen by DGA leads to mutualisation and rationalisation of the elements used in C3I systems, with a goal of modularity. This modularity aims to reduce dependency between components and limit the impact of local evolutions and thereby the risks of related programmes. This approach contains a general framework of technical architecture, a reference frame of standards (such as for example the NATO C3 technical architecture ), a list of hardware and software products and a reference frame of data architecture to guarantee control of interoperability. The general architecture frameworks defines, for the Ministry of Defence, a standardised manner to control architecture while taking as a starting point the enterprise architecture approach of the civilian sector. They provide a means to model, represent, understand, analyse, share and specify the capacities, systems, systems of systems and operational processes. Those models may be very complex and they are therefore represented from various viewpoints, each with a specific purpose ( operational, techniques, services, etc.). The architecture frameworks carry a standard set of views. They are commonly used in the governance of information systems. In recent years, DGA has been using the proprietary architecture framework: AGATE (15) for the Command and Control Information Systems (CIS) programmes. Taking into account the ongoing convergence of the main frameworks of architecture adapted to defence and in order to facilitate exchanges with the industry and allied forces, DGA has decided to adopt the NATO Architectural Framework (NAF). Design evolutions are still necessary in order to meet the needs of the Systems of Systems decision-making processes One of the key interests in the increasing digitalisation of the battle-space and the networking of actors is to benefit from a largely facilitated access to information and thus improve the preparation of decisions and the coordination of actions. The engagement of our forces must be accompanied and prepared with operational planning and decision making support tools. Progress is necessary in corresponding technologies such as: - Distributed man-machines interfaces, similar to those used for virtual enterprises and information systems of corporations (beside this, not specifically for SoS, technologies allowing a rapid reconfiguration of Man Machine Interfaces widgets... - deserve special attention because they allow to solve ergonomics problems that can stir up rejection by final users.) - Multi agent systems with application to cooperative engagement, robotics and mobile networks. Other fields of research, related to functional chains, are of special interest to DGA: - Heterogeneous data fusion (including symbolic data) from multiple distributed sources - Supervision and automatic reconfiguration of complex systems and systems of systems (autoregulated computing, autonomic computing, etc.) - Improvement of the robustness of the functional chains against breakdowns and attacks (jamming, intrusion, computer attacks) 4 Technological analysis (15) AGATE: Atelier de Gestion des Architectures Techniques Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

44 Networked function Operational situation awareness Fusion at plot level for multiplatforms/multi-sensors (Radar, panoramic watch, IR, ESM) Heterogeneous data fusion (including human information) for land contact combat Networked function Command Command/Decision aids European cooperation National expertise Networked functions Engagement and collective use of the weapons Optimisation under constraint in real-time Networked function Survivability of SoS Fault-tolerance (failure detection), robust architectures (SOA, GRID) Self-configuring (degraded mode) Resistance to external attack (collaborative protection, threat detection and alert diffusion, counter-measure coordination) European cooperation National expertise Cognitive aspects in Systems of Systems Cognitive aspects in systems of systems European cooperation National expertise Network architectures In the field of the Network Architectures, DGA will build its knowledge on important activity existing in the civilian world. DGA considers as necessary to use civilian technologies such as: - IPv6 protocol; - Service Oriented Architectures (SOA). DGA is particularly interested in the evaluation of operational and economic contribution of Services Oriented Architectures in defence systems; - Real-time distributed Middleware. SoS architecture Frameworks Development for SoS architecture: generic architectures (SOA) and applied architectures (patterns: Ballistic Missile Defence, Land networked capabilities) National expertise Battle lab Interoperability within SoS: Standards Tools and methods for battle labs European cooperation and NATO European control for the definition of the methods National control for the application In the long term, multi level security solutions, with the management of users rights, will be available and standardised for the needs of corporations. The security aspects are also very impacted at the tactical level by the dynamic nature of the network (compatibility with IPSEC, VPN with dynamic ad hoc networks, architecture Red/Black, by-pass for QoS, etc.). 42 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

45 Methods and tools for systems engineering In order to unify as much as possible the set of common tools, DGA wishes to develop a continuous dialogue with industry and corporations in this field through the various usual forums for discussions (AFIS, Industrial associations, etc.) and competitive clusters, and also promotes cooperation with other interested countries. Methods and tools for systems engineering Systems of systems engineering (Agile software development, representation of architecture, testability of the systems of systems and assistance to the definition of tests, tools for rough estimates of the cost of SoS) Validation and qualification methods of SoS architectures (metrics, processes, integration labs) European cooperation European control for the definition of methods National control for the application Engineering and reliability of embedded systems The studies carried out in this field relate to the optimisation of embedded systems and to the tools and methodologies to manage obsolescence and reliability (formal methods). Formal methods Analysis and validation of the reliability of life-critical systems adapted to new distributed information processing architectures Engineering and reliability of embedded systems Embedded systems engineering (software/hardware independence, segmentation of applications for IVVQ (16) ) European cooperation European control for the definition of methods National control for the application Open architecture Infrastructures, tools, technologies and standards for simulation The topics of interest for defence are in particular: - Infrastructures for simulation, to build, on a national or cooperative basis, federations of simulations, simulators and real systems, for experimentation with operators in representative situations, within the framework of LTO (17) ; - Methods and standards: development and application of a methodological and technological common reference framework of Verification Validation Accreditation (VVA), HLA certification, specification of environmental data exchange formats between simulations (SEDRIS); - Generic models: the constitution of model libraries (generic, coherent with present needs, evolutionary, perennial and validated) is necessary for simulation used for the analysis and design of complex systems. Multi level studies (aggregation/disaggregation) of the modelling of human behaviour for the automation of simulations, and of the impact on the command chain of new forms of combat are essential to reach a high level of skill in this field; - Simulation environments allowing fast and simple composition of the above-mentioned models, notably in the framework of techno-operational analyses. 4 Technological analysis (16) IVVQ: Integration, Verification, Validation, Qualification. (17) LTO: Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

46 Interoperability between simulations (standards, HLA certification, SEDRIS) and between simulations and Command & Control Information Systems (CBML) Architectures of simulation, structures of federations (LAN, WAN) Validation, verification and accreditation of simulations (IVVQ) Security of distributed simulation systems (Protection of classified simulations into federations) Techniques and environments for modelling, Domain Specific Language (DSL) Infrastructure, tools, technologies and standards for simulation European cooperation, NATO National control for the application Internet technologies (Webbased Services, cartography, etc.) for defence infrastructures and simulation tools Technologies developed for multi player computer games applied to defence simulation tools 4.3. ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS The technical Architecture and techniques for Aeronautical Systems area covers technical activities necessary for the preparation, public contracting and role of technical authority regarding systems based on manned fixed-wing or rotary-wing air platforms including unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV) and also systems able to land men and equipment from the air (parachutes, airdrop, etc.) The role of technical authority includes in particular expertise activities for the navigability of aircrafts including UAV systems. The major technological priorities are: System design R&T programs must address the primary concern which is to ensure in-service support and to enable current platforms to evolve. The analysis of equipment plans shows that little new equipment will enter into service before 2020, and even by Even before the preparatory phase of clarifying operational needs prior to the launch of a new programme, it is necessary to prepare industrial capabilities, in order to offer competitive technologies. However, the main primary contractors of aeronautical systems are all dual, which ensures the renewal of most necessary skills. The sustainment of skills is a major issue for the area, and relates also to aircraft in service, the evolution of which, including management of obsolescence, requires certain specific military skills, in particular for the carriage and integration of new armaments and combat systems. It is necessary for DGA to preserve control of the tools enabling in-service support of existing and future platforms (structural modelling, aging platforms, processing of in-service events), and the validation of new technological solutions, enabling it to answer in a reactive and effective way to requests for evolution resulting from operational needs. With regard to European cooperation, DGA wishes to support the European Defence Agency in launching actions to promote new technologies adapted to the needs of military aircrafts. Other cooperation, for example bilateral, is however also possible, in the interests of efficiency. For demonstrators of integration, the organisation of multilateral cooperation will have to be implemented, with the need for identifying a single industrial prime contractor able to guarantee the maintenance of integration skills and ensure overall consistency. 44 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

47 Integration of combat aircraft platform Preliminary design tools for combat aircrafts Multidisciplinary design Acceleration of design loops Concurrent engineering Share of the design Concurrent numerical design methods Exchanges of results in the preparation of a demonstrator National control for the global design overall concept of platforms without equipments The control of basic technologies, which is constantly evolving (aerodynamics, structures, low observable (LO) technologies), and of their association and implementation, is necessary for the future in-service support of the aircraft (processing of in-service events), and will be essential for the design of new platforms. In these fields, certain technological breakthroughs will remain possible and have to be evaluated. The evaluation of these aeronautical technologies must be able to be based on the upstream scientific skills existing in research laboratories, like ONERA, which will remain a key partner for industrial teams for the modelling of complex physical phenomena, or for the adoption of innovative technologies. ONERA also has an important role providing scientific and technical expertise for the benefit of DGA. EPISTLE R&T areas Key technologies Coopération National capabilities New piloting forms and laws Onera Aerodynamics and flight control of combat aircrafts Aeroelasticity and carriage/weapons integration Flow control, new control surfaces adapted to LO platforms Carriage and internal weapon carriage Flutter prediction Interaction with flight control Design and justification Prevision of dynamic effects Benchmarking of tools Exchange of results Wind tunnel testing for numerical tools validations National control for the aerodynamic and structural environment of combat aircrafts including LO concepts. 4 Technological analysis Methods for design/structural qualification/repair Structures of new platforms (LO) Structural vulnerability Control of ageing aircraft (diagnostics and methods of repair) Benchmarking of tools Vulnerability Repair technologies National control to allow the evolution of the aircraft in service (qualification of storage integration) and reparability Control of the environment (corrosion), eco-design Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

48 Tools, modelling methods, tests Reduction of Electromagnetic (EM) and Infrared (IR) signatures of combat aircrafts Reduction of the detectability EM and IR of existing platforms) Reduction of detectability of air intakes and afterbodies Methods and means for in-service support Benchmarking of tools Sharing of results (demonstrator) National expertise Tools, modelling methods, tests Electromagnetic vulnerability Behaviour under strain (lightning, strong fields) Electromagnetic and radioelectric compatibility Methods and tests Standards National control of models and test methods Unmanned combat air vehicles (UCAV) Even if their entry into service is not foreseeable before at least 2020, the concept of the UCAV is the object of multiple demonstration programmes, both in the USA and Europe. France has involved itself with several other European countries in the definition and realisation of the neuron demonstrator, which was centred on the design of a Low Observability platform able to release an armament from an internal weapon storage. The observability goals are very ambitious and much higher than those for manned combat aircrafts. The work has already highlighted a few technical areas of difficulty that imply that the initial performance objectives will not be met during the demonstration. It is thus necessary to maintain the research and demonstration efforts on the Low Observability UCAV platform in order to be able to continue to follow the roadmap towards an eventual programme. UCAV engines will probably derive from existing civilian or military engines, while taking into account the flight envelope and performances considered. It will be advisable however to examine the specific constraints induced by the integration into the platform and in-service use: UCAV storage, intermittent use being able to comprise very intensive phases of use (for ex: flight in Operation). Architectures of UCAV systems Concept studies into UCAVs, etc Benchmarking Definition of a future aeronautical combat system National control Official means of simulation UCAV engines Determination of UCAV specificities Simulation of use Specifications of propulsion function Operational feedback Intelligent customer (access to technologies) Through life support Low Observability of the Platform Concept studies and demonstration Concept studies Demonstrator Intelligent customer (access to technologies) In-flight refuelling Taking into account the operational issues of projection and hovering, in-flight refuelling is impossible to avoid, whether in terms of inhabited platforms or, in the future, UCAVs. For UCAVs, it will be necessary to be able to attain full automation of the process. As of now, its application to combat aircrafts represents an important issue in terms of reducing the risks of accident and incidents, in a context where the tiredness of the crews plays a major role. 46 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

49 In-flight refuelling Improvement of in-flight refuelling Automation of in-flight refuelling Open to cooperation (interoperability) Concept studies Demonstrator Intelligent customer (access to technologies) combat aircraft engines The duality with civilian applications of methods and industrial resources is particularly marked for engines. This reality must make it possible to increase the profitability of technical and human investments, and spread out the industrial workload in a sector where the development of new engines with purely military applications has become the exception to the rule, due to the size and nature of the defence market. DGA is not considering the national development of a new combat aircraft engine, except in order to adapt the M88 engine of the Rafale in order to improve availability and reduce the costs of through life support. This field will remain very dependant on new materials, but should also benefit from progress to be achieved in in-service support and engine flight control. As regards basic technologies (multiphysical modelling, high temperature materials, etc), the Ministry of Defence will rely on the progress made on civilian engines except for certain needs attached to military applications like low pressure compressors, afterbodies, engine control laws, architecture and integration. DGA supports research into the applications of ceramic matrix composites, which are of particular interest in improving the lifespan of several high temperature components in the engine). Engines represent up to 40% of the overall cost of the through life support of a combat aircraft, and it is therefore fundamental to seek and validate technological improvements enabling to reduce the overall costs of ownership including ISS, production and fuel costs. The objectives are: - to supply engines in conformity with the specifications, at the lowest cost and as soon as possible, - to ensure follow-up of the airworthiness of the aircraft, while identifying during the instruction of in-service events appropriate solutions for users in terms of availability and cost, - to ensure the reliability, maintainability, and lifespan of the different engine components, and finally in-service availability. Engine control architecture and equipments should evolve gradually towards all-electrical systems and more distributed and optimised architectures. Future engines could be more intelligent, auto-adapting to the cycle of the engine, the missions, the engine status and environmental conditions. Engines may have self-diagnosis and even fault detection and forecasting capacities. These improvements will have to take environment protection objectives into account (reduction of noise pollution mainly through engine usage procedures, and emissions reduction) as well as the need to optimise the platform survivability aspects and the employment in context of interallied operations. Defence will be interested in American projects for substitution fuels, while monitoring similar European Union actions for civilian applications. As regards European cooperation, we should seek to exchange information and carry out joint research, which could be developed on the basis of future shared programmes (TP400 for example). Defence would also like to develop work on innovative topics such as the specific issues involved in UCAVs engines. Engine M88-2 on Navy Rafale DGAcom -F. Vrignaud 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

50 Engines: reduction of the cost of ownership, improvement of availability, reduction of consumption Turbine blades High temperature materials and thermal barrier technologies More economic use (operational analysis, through life support) Technologies: exchange of results & possibly distributed access to the technologies National control to ensure the inservice support of existing platforms and to control costs of ownership (priority on M88) Missile turbo-engines Specifications National control High pressure core technologies Cooperation for a future platform National control to ensure inservice support of existing platforms Engines better adaptable to employment Intelligent engines (cycle management) Health control of the engine Open National control to enable the evolution of existing engines More electric aircraft Generalisation of the use of electrical equipment More electric engines architecture (functions integration) European cooperation Intelligent customer Tools and advanced technologies Ceramic materials Design tools, evaluation of new technologies and engine architectures Environmentally friendly engines (noise, fuel alternatives) Benchmarking of technological solutions Cooperation in the context of a new platform design National control of the effects on the general design of a combat aircraft Intelligent customer (access to technologies) Aeronautical platform equipments The introduction of new technologies driven by the concept of more electrical aircraft will be realised primarily through research carried out in the civilian sector. Action by the Ministry of Defence will consist mainly in technological monitoring, with occasional R&T support in cases presenting technical specificities different from the civilian and linked to military environment and use. In addition, in this equipment field, where industrial parties remain multiple, the priority issue is the safety of flights, which depends on in-service support and a control of supply, which requires an industry with sufficient stability to limit the risk of faults in in-service aircrafts, as well as in programmes currently under industrialisation or production. More electric aircraft More electric platforms architecture (Energy management, functions integration, more electric components) Integration of electrical generation into the engine Concept studies National control architecture, performances and integration Start up on accumulator or alternator 48 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

51 Air conditioning Hybrid air conditioning Integrated power module (IPM) Demonstrator National control of the architecture, performances and integration Fire protection Environmentally-friendly extinguishing systems Concept studies Demonstrator Intelligent customer (access to technologies) Modular avionics The gap between the low rate of fleet renewal and the fast progress of avionics technologies is increasing, pushed by the extending duality of certain hardware and software components with the non aeronautical civilian world. As a result there is the need to implement on military aeronautical platforms avionics architecture solutions which will be able to adapt in the future to the evolutions of technologies and systems, as well as to the environment and concepts of use. In this field, DGA also seeks to make the best use of advances in civilian research, which will need to be adapted to military uses. The man-system interface including crew aspects will have to be tackled. Since the end of 2006, a decree concerning the navigability of military aircrafts requires their certification. New design methods have to be implemented in order to suppress early risks of incoherency and errors, as well as to be able to justify compliance of the hardware and software with the safety requirements. In addition, the creation of a generic tool for the design, development and demonstration of a shared physical and functional system architecture is under consideration for future air combat platforms, whether or not unmanned. In supporting the implementation of open modular avionics principles, it will facilitate, beyond the design and development of new platforms, management of hardware and software obsolescence at a controlled cost, as well as the evolutions of needs and concepts of use. This demonstration is to be built with European cooperation and aims to establish a common methodology, accessible to all industrial and official teams concerned, and independent of the final platform of integration. The research under consideration should also make it possible to approach differently and in a more effective way the mid-life restoration of existing combat aircrafts. Open and shared modular avionics Definition of principles and standards Design methods integrating cost aspects and demonstration Functional and logical analysis Logical architecture mock-up Architecture demonstration Convergent engineering (definition of an implementation, evaluation) Standards National control of principles and standards Management capability of cooperation State control of costs State customer expertise 4 Technological analysis Combat systems For the vulnerability assessment of combat aircrafts and their combat systems, the development of global analyse simulations is necessary. The increasingly elaborated and technically representative means of simulation must be able to be implemented both at the initiative of industrial teams and in government facilities, with networking solutions when needed. The importance of fast and accurate air-to-ground strike capability has been confirmed in all recent conflicts. Operational analysis and the evolution of the programme in progress are fundamental in this sense. The associated operational needs require the evolution of the technologies linked Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

52 to this capability, in order, for example, to transmit coordinates in real time, identify a target with ground assistance and return fire. The development of technologies making it possible to achieve accurate all weather airto-ground fire control systems is essential to enable strike effectiveness and minimise the risk of collateral damage or fratricide effects. In the medium term, the purpose is to address movable and even mobile targets. It is necessary: to take into account the evolution of sensor and effector technologies and that of transmission systems, IR decoys and to evaluate performances under conditions representative of operational use; to launch the integration demonstrations necessary to evaluate the prospects of application in an operational context, including the possible impact on concepts of use. The use of shared electromagnetic and optical antennas appears likely to greatly improve the performance of communication, detection, fire control systems and recognition on future combat platforms, on the condition that they are able to carry out their integration without degrading aerodynamic performance or that of low observability. Self-protection is an essential contributor to the reduction of vulnerability of aircrafts which should be developed in coordination with the evolution of threats and the networking of platforms. The functions of detection and threat jamming enter into a global strategy for managing the vulnerability of aircrafts, tied to LO technology aspects. DGAcom - O. Guerr Research into aeronautical systems architectures Global survivability Exchange of results National control State means of simulation Cooperation between aircrafts: - Transmission and management of tactical data - Cooperation between sensors Weapon systems architecture (cooperation between functions, sensors within a platform and MMI) Evaluation of technologies Definition of new sensors Weapon system aeronautics High flow data transmissions Air-to-ground fire-control systems European cooperation Benchmarking, cooperation according to the sensors used Integration and evaluation of Meteor National control (taking into account possible cooperation on sensors and armaments) Air-to-air fire-control systems Integrated architectures technologies European cooperation Self-protection: architecture, sensors, decoys Decoys 50 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

53 Shared and low observable antennas Antennas and apertures architecture on aircraft (design, integration, demonstration) Radar, ESM and CNI antennas (18) Optical apertures Technological solutions Integration on a future aircraft National control helicopters The priority in the helicopters field is to ensure in-service support and the evolution of the various rotary wing platforms for national needs, which implies effort targeted on the most recent programmes: the Tiger, the Cougar, and the NH90. Eurocopter is the airframe prime contractor (along with Agusta Westland for the NH90). European cooperation would seem to be the proper framework for the design of future rotary wing platforms. DGA takes advantage of the design skills Helicopter Tigre (EUROCOPTER) of helicopters platforms used for civilian applications. The cooperation established between ONERA and the DLR should make it possible to evolve basic technologies, one important topic being low observable propulsion integration with regard to survivability needs in operational contexts. As regards turbine engines, it will be important at some point to be able to develop more powerful versions of the current engines (Tiger and NH90), but priority will be given to introducing evolutions and know-how enabling Helicopter NH90 (EUROCOPTER) significant gains in ownership costs and operational availability. Beyond the basic platforms, systems and survivability in operation aspects will require a sustained effort in the decades to come, in particular with regard to the adaptation of capacities and use to coalition operations. DGA is very open to cooperation on the development of all weather military use capacities, and on Weapon systems capacities of evolution and adaptation, and is thus ready to involve in close cooperation on these two subjects. DGAcom -F. Vrignaud Eurocopter - Deulin 4 Technological analysis Weapon systems Monitoring (electro-optical sensors and radar) Tactical data links and cooperation with other aircrafts and UAVs Target designation and fire control system Concept studies Technology blocks National control of: architecture, performance of the integration of tactical data transmissions, mission information management (18) Communication - navigation - identification Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

54 Conduct of flight All weather sensors and navigation Data processing (fusion) and collision avoidance Help in landing Low altitude tactical flight Crew vision and MMI (workload) Sensors (mutual access) Global performances All-weather helicopters demonstration or heavy helicopter (including architecture) National control over architecture and data related to the safety, performance in precision of navigation, and links with Weapon systems The technological priorities of specific interest to Defence include: - Improvement of the protection and survivability of the helicopters, at the level of the crew or the systems (in a passive way by the use of new materials or new architectures, and in an active way, thanks to the evolution of sensors and effectors); - Development of fly-by-wire flight control applications, in terms of evolved piloting laws, in particular for all-weather flights close to obstacles; - Insertion in the digital battlefield, which requires increased capacities of coordination of actions and data transmission and processing; - Applications linked to advanced sensors, with the appearance of new technologies (optronic, electromagnetic, acoustic), precise navigation associated with the digitalisation of ground data, development of the capability for fusion between this data, and, in the longer-term, cooperation between sensors, on the same platform and in multi-platforms. Lastly, to profit fully from new technologies from the civilian world, which will make possible a better control of some obsolescence risks, it will be necessary to ensure there will be no dependence creation at the level of the hardware and software components used. Survivability Protection of the crew Behaviour in crash landing Global survivability integrating activation of the Weapon systems (detection - protection - action) Databases of tests Exchange and tuning of simulation Knowledge and fine modelling of the threats Official global analyse simulations Official modelling of vulnerability Low observability of the helicopters Modelling of IR, EM and acoustics signature Low observable propulsion integration Tests databases Exchange and tuning of simulation National control Self protection of the helicopters Referencing of threats Global analyse simulation Studies of self-protection architecture and integration European cooperation: exchanges of results, new concepts of self-protection National control Transport and specialised aircraft Beyond the A400M, in the long run, the prospects as regards future air transport being able to interest defence will depend on the evolution of the civilian market for airliners, which should profit from important technological advances, in particular as regards environmental impact and fuel consumption reduction. Military needs may, however, require special adaptation of 52 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

55 these platforms (loading, carriage, dropping techniques) and systems (interoperability, network communication, self-protection, navigation/guidance systems). In the very long term, military applications of more innovative solutions could be considered (tilt-rotor, VSTOL techno for example), in response to significant needs, and after the maturation of these technologies. Prospects as regards specialised aircrafts (intelligence and reconnaissance), beyond the exploitation of advances in platforms not A400 M dedicated to this, will depend in part on the development of specialised UAVs and satellite means, and also on the operational needs, sensors and systems concerned. EADS/Airbus landing systems (smt) Within the logistical chain, the costs of transboarding, in terms of delays and personnel, are a permanent concern for the forces. New reconditioning means for air pallets must be perfected in order to interface with the upstream chain (mostly civilian) and the downstream chain (military). At the end of the chain, theatres of engagement such as Afghanistan have proven the need to be able to supply advance units by air in a context of air superiority and poor ground security (ambushes, IED). This requires a sharp Airdrop from C160 TRANSALL improvement in the precision of all-weather airdrops. DR High altitude airdrops autonomous systems Monitoring (foreign systems) Soft wing control (sails) Trajectory management and control systems for precision landing Concept studies Technology blockss 4.4. ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR NAVAL SYSTEMS National control of landing systems architecture and performances This area is structured around activities: naval platforms (NP) and naval combat systems (SNA), carrying out work applicable throughout the life of the ships, from design to dismantling phase. NP covers general contracting activities and work on the architecture of ships and submarines, activities relating to navigation safety systems, life on board as well as the implementation of weapon systems on the ships and submarines and integration of nuclear steam supply systems and nuclear weapons. SNA covers all activities relating to control of the combat capacity of naval platforms, whether airborne, on the water or underwater, both in terms of global performance and control, and the functional integration of the following components: - Combat Management Systems and their operational use; - Underwater Warfare, including Mine Warfare; - Communications and Tactical/Navigation data-links; - Situation Awareness; - Implementation of surface-to-air, sea-to-sea and ground fire support weapons; - Planes, helicopters or Unmanned Vehicles (UVs). 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

56 With the recent launch of many large programmes to renew the fleet, now in production phase, thus soliciting less engineering and innovation capacities, the R&D effort is devoted to sustaining a qualification level sufficient to maintain the DITB in the domain surface ship and submarines design, in order to ensure the superiority of the underwater, surface and air forces, in coastal zones, and the implementation of the naval component of deterrence. In this last field, it must prepare the future oceanic component of deterrence. It allows the maturation of breakthroughs, including multi-platform engagement capability and underwater combat systems. The aims of naval R&T are as follows: - overall cost reduction of operational capabilities (in-service support and crew reduction); - control of environmental impact and ships safety; - surface warfare with synergies within the naval force (multi-platform situation awareness and engagement capability); - submarine warfare and emerging concept of underwater cooperative engagement; - future mine warfare, with stealth threat and diversification of modes of action on surface or submarines vehicules - preparation of future oceanic deterrence Naval combat systems A first area of effort is to streamline and ensure scalability of naval combat systems. Architectures must be able to integrate short life-cycle equipments throughout the life of the system. Evolution is linked either to new missions, threats, performance, or interoperability reasons such as, for example, the use of new high rate telecommunication equipment, operational data-processing computer systems (naval Intranet) or systems-of-systems standards. Future naval combat management systems will have to be designed from a core software base shared by a group of ships, with interfaces with the various traditional subsystems (air warfare, underwater warfare, land warfare, command and information system) and with new additional functions (multi-platform engagement capacities), without having to modify this core. Since June 2007, in order to reduce the number of in-service naval combat systems, the Ministry of Defence has prepared a strategic plan for naval combat management systems, which makes it possible to plan evolutions by developing synergies between systems for the main two categories of platforms: ships and submarines. In the future DGA will continue to engage its public and its industrial partners (national and international) on the methods of implementing this information system strategic plan. At the stage of physical and functional integration, more compact and powerful aerial architectures are required in terms of electromagnetic compatibility and signature reduction.. Architecture of naval combat systems Integrated, modular and evolutionary combat management systems Integration of tactical data link into combat systems Safety Combat management systems securityt Integration of sensors and armaments (general contracting tools, illustrateurs de besoins d exploitation opérationnelle (IBEO), reference and integration platforms, interactive visualisation of needs, specifications, standards, naval Battle Lab) Electromagnetic compatibility IInteroperability Exercises NATO, EDA, Maritime Theatre Missile Defence (MTMD) National control 54 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

57 on water warfare These systems include combat against aircraft, missiles, ships and land, ballistic missile defence and protection of platforms against asymmetrical and terrorist threats. Multi-platform integration, by supporting the sharing of rough information, the development of common situation awareness within the naval force and the automated optimisation of the use of sensors and weapons are priorities for the improvement of combat superiority. For combat against aircraft, performance is required in terms of early detection, robustness against manoeuvring targets, detection in a complex or disturbed environment, identification of non co-operative targets and capacities to intercept missiles whatever manoeuvre they make. For combat against ships, precision of target designation and the capability to target over the horizon are top priorities. In the future UAVs should have a major impact on the overall performance of detection and in controlling the operations. UAVs must be studied according to their intrinsic capacities (VTOL (19), autonomy, payload) and associated integration constraints (time to operate, platform movements and sea state). s On water warfare Implementation and integration of UAVs into the combat management system Non-cooperative targets above the surface Allied interoperable force functions Optimisation of multi platform concepts of use Implementation of new means and weapons (ergonomics, crew reduction, systems security) Combat Systems Equipment Interoperability Exercises Simulations MTMD Research on international standards National capability for classified tactical data (ISS (20) ) Underwater warfare Underwater detection is essential to ensure the invulnerability of the deterrence force, protection of the aircraft carrier battle group in open seas and superiority in coastal areas. In this field, priorities are: sustain a high level of performance in detection to ensure the tactical advantage of ships (widening bandwith of sonars, transients); signal processing (reduction of false alarm rates, backing sonars evolutions, influence of environment and oceanography); synergies between underwater detection applications and other applications (detection equipment, data processing); inter platform cooperation: air (maritime patrol planes), surface and underwater, by developing multi-statism; dedicated sensors and their integration (antennas, light towed sonars) and integration to the new carriers (underwater robotics). Beyond detection, it is also fundamental to be protected against underwater threats (mines, submarines, scuba divers, and unmanned vehicules) by regrouping the different detection, prevention, neutralisation and threat processing surveillance. The priorities are: torpedoes: physical integration, on-board processing with capacities against targets with sophisticated countermeasures in coastal areas, autonomous decision-making, concepts of use; protection against torpedoes (detection, jamming, deception, destruction); preparation of future mine-hunting systems. Work or evaluation concerns the following technologies: multi-platform architectures, use of unmanned platforms, tactical underwater 4 Technological analysis (19) VTOL: Vertical Take Off and Landing (20) ISS: Information Systems Security Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

58 communications, fast embedded microcomputers, lasers (blue-green) for detection, high frequencies sonars for identification and recognition, sensor data fusion, on-board integration and implementation, joint operations, supply chain management and storage (joint equipments, transport, in service support), on-board intelligence chain; design and demonstration of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) for mine detection and neutralisation. Research on innovative solutions in artificial intelligence and mission programming algorithms. Barracuda submarine The design of the mine-hunters systems (Systèmes de lutte anti-mines futurs, or SLAMF) will differ from the dedicated tools currently in service (tripartite class mine-hunters) by simultaneously working upon various platforms. Evaluation of these systems and preliminary works mean considerable challenges in terms of operational issues and ownership costs. DCNs Sonars Torpedoes Mine hunting Underwater warfare Antennas, Integration of antennas Development of an interception demonstrator Development of a transient wave sonar demonstrator Acquisition and signal processing: self noise, false alarms, variable environment, acoustic impact of the environment, transient and biological, hard underwater environments (fluctuating, reverberation, coastal areas Impact of sonars on marine-life Imagery sonars No global cooperation considered Open General architecture and design European cooperation Physical integration and system Firing control system Use close to the coast and in shallow waters New concepts of use Tactical systems Underwater robotics Video technologies Underwater countermeasures: alarm systems, anti-torpedo countermeasures Underwater warfare UUVs Concept of use of air-dropped underwater sensors Analysis and evaluation of the threat Underwater jammers No cooperation considered European or international cooperation European cooperation No cooperation considered National control Intelligent purchaser Division of European expertise National control Intelligent purchaser National control 56 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

59 design of naval platforms Existing or future naval platforms must be persistently maintained at the best possible operational level throughout their life cycle, whatever evolution occurs in terms of missions, threats and/or regulations. It is thus necessary to maintain architecture skills in order to be able to answer any questions regarding the integration of new armaments, active or passive sensors or dedicated platforms (Unmanned Surface Vehicle - USV, UUV, UAV) and to evaluate security levels and how they affect life on board. Whenever possible, civilian state of the art technology is used and skills must be focused on specific military aspects: survivability (damages prevention, sea risk, combat damages) and ammunition safety. The evolutionary nature of the conditions of service favours use of the Battle Lab in order to be able to test quickly and thoroughly the consequences of any material or organisational evolution Interoperability trials of BPC Tonnerre such as crew reduction. Evaluation of survivability will be built upon the control of integration developed within the industrial teams and based on their capacities for simulations and tests (shocks, blows, fire, etc.). Consequences of crew reduction must be studied in terms of ship s management and weapon systems management, design and evaluation of man-machine interfaces, organisations of tasks and maintenance and socialisation of crews. This also implies consideration of crew time on station as well as the ship s use (navigation, combat, etc). Guaranteeing the safety of submarines (underwater safety and nuclear steam supply systems integration) requires uninterrupted effort regarding submarine architecture, manufacturing processes, design and construction of the hulls and specification and validation of the choices of materials. To guarantee the invulnerability of the deterrence force, acoustic and non-acoustic stealth skill must be maintained at the highest level, which requires uninterrupted efforts in the processing of vibrations, active control, engines and rejections in their scientific, technological and industrial aspects. Life in a confined environment requires effort to control the composition of this atmosphere and to determine acceptable rates of pollutants for humans, means for measurement these levels and regeneration processes. DGAcom -F. Vrignaud 4 s General architecture of naval platforms Evaluation and simulation of the concepts Architectural impact assessment of the integration of new systems or components (constraints linked to propulsion and the safety of the ammunition on board) Optimisation of naval architecture Safe-keeping of digital technical information throughout the life cycle of the system Dimensioning and construction of hull Ship superstructures Resistant hull of submarines Results of simulation Concept studies National control of architecture trades-offs Technological analysis General design of naval platforms Cooperation preparing a programme Capacity to specify Access to technologies National control of safety Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

60 External structures (ballasts, bow and stern frames, tower); internal structures (bridge, compartment, supporting structures, cradles, etc) of submarines Physical integration of weapon systems Use of simulations: virtual prototyping, operational use cases, IBEO; virtual ship with men in the loop General design of naval platforms Physical integration of UAVs, USVs and UUVs, along with their systems of implementation Integration of ammunition (concepts of deconfinement and storage, regulation) Safety studies (fire, pyrotechnical, safety) Fire modelling, Man Machine Interface (MMI) Cooperation preparing a programme Capability to specify Access to technologies National control of safety Manoeuvrability and speed of submarines, exit of weapons Constraints (compartments, insulation, energy, cooling, monitoring) Crew reduction Environmental protection: waste management, use of pollutionfree materials and paints, monitoring of rejections Control of confined atmosphere in submarines Comparison of tools and methods National control Survivability of naval platforms Acoustic low observable (LO) technologies: propellers, hydrojets, accessories, noise of the hulls LO EM and IR technologies above water Comparison of tools and methods National control Combat damage The control of energy production, its transformation, delivery to users and its storage will take into account the general trend toward an increased use of electricity providing increased flexibility, increased availability, a reduction in ownership costs and reduced gas emissions. In addition, the wiring of military ships will have to be also evaluated according to its survival capability and its capability to easily integrate future large energy incentive systems. Ibeo: virtual ship with men in the loop DGA Naval Systems 58 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

61 Of proven interest for large ships, the concept of an all electric ship still needs to progress in term of compactness of the delivery systems and propulsion. More electric technologies must also be evaluated for applications such as small ships, submarines, USVs and for some platform systems like aircraft catapults. For ships, the use of fuel cells would make it possible to reduce gas emissions in ports and to supply energy for emergency (replacement of the small power thermal generators). The combination of fuel cells and gas turbines makes it possible to consider improved yields for the primary energy generators. More prospective technologies such as, for example, the application of magnetohydrodynamics, supra-conductivity and thermo-electricity also merit evaluation. s More electric ship: Generation, delivery Conversion, storage of electricity Propulsion of submarines: - Fuel, other anaerobic nonnuclear systems Propulsion and energy management, Air processing In the context of the preparation or improvement of a program Intelligent purchaser National control for nuclear propulsion - Regeneration of the atmosphere in submarines 4.5. ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR LAND SYSTEMS The Architecture and techniques for Land Systems division (AST) covers activities necessary to attain technical general contracting capability for land systems, vehicles and equipments, along with their in-service support. Land armaments encompasses: fighting vehicles, special vehicles, general purpose vehicles and equipments, soldier systems and autonomous systems. The mastery of the architecture of the land systems relies on the mastery of exchanges with other systems, requiring: - high level standards ensuring coherency between elementary systems, use of systems engineering; - constraints and methods of secure information systems architecture, constraints and methods of architecture for human factors and protective Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear,(CBRN) systems; - interface standards with other systems: aeronautical, naval, and C3I systems; - missiles and artillery; - other products and technologies to be integrated (Battlefield Management Systems, small UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), telecommunications systems, monitoring equipment, positioning, etc.). As an integration domain, AST mainly aims at opportunely exploiting R&T developed elsewhere by/for other divisions. In addition to its own research AST benefits from research carried out in the Missiles, Arms and Nuclear Defence Techniques area (Missiles, Armes et techniques Nucléaires de défense, or MAN, including Metric Precision Munitions, Laser Guided Rockets, etc.), the SoS area (BOA, PHOENIX II, etc.) and transversal areas (Sensors, Guiding and Navigation for the optronics of future vehicles, or Component Materials, for the protection of soldiers, for example). The following needs have been identified, with high expectations from new technologies: - All-weather vision for the soldier, either mounted or dismounted, (including indirect and panoramic vision for armoured vehicles) and autonomous systems; - Reversible means of controlling a crowd or threatening individual - Means of neutralisation with limited collateral effects - Sniper detection systems; - Mobility assistance for the dismounted soldier (for example: exoskeleton and/or sherpa robot); - Weight reduction of ballistic protection and other equipment carried by the soldier; 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

62 - Innovative technologies for vehicle mobility (hybrid, drive-by-wires); - Autonomous decision-making for robots, either mobile or fixed (including sensor networks), with short-term focus on their capability to conduct simple missions, in a reliable and robust way with regard to the environment; - Modular, standardised and more efficient vetronics with better power management, integrating automated functionalities (Detection, Recognition and Identification - DRI, target tracking, aids to mobility, etc.) and elaborated Man Machine Interfaces (speech recognition, multimodal interfaces, Augmented Reality, Head-up display); - Construction of tactical information networks which are flexible, intuitive, reconfigurable and above all robust, including in harsh environments (urban areas, etc.); - Decision making support tools and efficient real time tactical situation assessment; - Protection of the soldier in aggressive conditions (climatic, CBRN) and physiological support; FELIN equipment with MINIROC robot - Adaptation of training techniques and tools (virtual reality, hybrid simulation integrated into combat equipment, networked training, etc.). In this context, nanotechnologies as well as biotechnologies appear to be vectors of technological breakthrough whose potentialities need to be further investigated (explosive detection, smart dust, etc.). Sagem land systems, technology users For land systems, the main challenge will remain access to multiple candidate technologies and their quick exploitation within acceptable costs in terms of adaptation, integration and maintenance so that they remain compatible with exploitation in land systems. One challenge is to reduce the cost and time to militarise, which is today the main obstacle to the operational diffusion of technological innovation. This is the case for innovative products (robotics) and also for more classical equipment either under development or requiring reactive adaptation. With respect to land applications, technologies can be categorised into three categories: - dual-use technologies, which may mature within civilian market, which should in the future become a reference and for which active observation for potential defence applications is sufficient; - specific military technologies, which should be reduced to the sword/armour problem (weapons, ammunition and protection against their effects); - a number of under-employed innovations from the civilian sector for which the challenge remains their identification, preliminary assessment then, once accepted, their fast maturation, adaptation to the operational environment, and resolution of the difficulties of integration to the weapons in service VEhiclE-systEM integration Given the new operational needs, future vehicles will integrate more electric systems (observation, protection, communications, etc.). There is a concern with providing enough energy to these platforms. Weight, volume and cost constraints have resulted in a focus on vetronics and the integration of functions and equipment. This field is open to cooperation notably taking advantage of modular architectures and the mutualisation of equipments. 60 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

63 Architecture (final integration of all functions with respect to the tradeoff Mobility/Survivability/Firepower) Experience sharing, open to cooperation Reactive capacity to integrate French Eyes Only equipment Capability to operate in networks Battlefield Management System (embedded C3I) Cooperation to ensure an interoperability Integration capability in SoS. Adaptation to the needs and organisation of the Military Vehicle-System Integration Vetronics European cooperation for modular architectures (including protocols) and mutualised equipments (at least MMI) National design capability Organisation and crew workload Safety of operation, maintenance, etc.: Simulation of operating processes, Monitoring systems for vehicles Share experience - open to cooperation National capability of controlled simulation National design capability Vehicle Firing Function In this domain, the issue is to find a good balance between survivability and platform mobility requirements and the desired fire-power. France promotes in particular the Case Telescoped Ammunition (CTA) system, a weapon system based on the concept of telescoped ammunition, of which the main advantages are better reliability and space saving in the turret. Vehicle Firing Function Vehicle Mobility Armaments and ammunition integration (guns and missiles) Turrets (weapon assembly, pointing, optronics) Observation, detection, identification, target acquisition Co-operative engagement capability, non-line-of-sight fire Cooperation with the UK on 40 CTA Open Intelligent purchaser Design capability Over and above increased mobility performance, the aim is to find technologies enabling the reduction of the total cost of ownership of the system as well as a reduced footprint in overseas contingency operations. 4 Technological analysis Vehicle Mobility Energy production and management Exotic fuels and their impact on EURO norms engines Tires, suspension, steering and driveline Hybrid transmission Open Intelligent purchaser Design capability Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

64 VEhiclE protection The survivability of armoured vehicles and their crews is directly linked to the global architecture of the system (principle of layers for survivability). Even if the final resulting architecture is mostly French Eyes Only (vulnerability of our systems), the constituent technologies are open to cooperation. Passive protection Passive protection against mines and IEDs (21) Vehicle vulnerability reduction (backfire, blast and shocks) Active protection by masking and deception Active protection by interception before impact Control of signatures Vehicle Protection Open Capacity of reactive adaptation for French equipments land robotics Robotics is one of the main vectors of innovation, especially with the development of cognitive functionalities in response to operational needs. The use of robotics in land operations should improve (all the more so as the level of autonomy is high): - the protection of soldiers by replacing them in dangerous situations; - the productivity and consequently the availability of soldiers, by carrying out repetitive tasks in the place of soldiers, - flexibility of use. Autonomous decision-making ranks among MINIROC (ECA) the primary technologies to develop, in order to reduce the burden on transmission resources and operator workload for monitoring autonomous systems. Focus should be given to navigation and perception for navigation. Further work will no doubt include: tactical autonomy, cooperation with heterogeneous entities, etc. Robotic applications already under study include: - semi-autonomous robots designed for mine-sweeping and countermining operations as well as the detection and neutralisation of Improved Explosive Devices (IEDs). - networks of unattended sensors, laid down or scattered on the ground (they could be used for the protection of sites (see R&T priority) by ensuring peripheral surveillance, or for remote action, by monitoring adverse activities in zones unoccupied by friendly forces, in addition to other means such as land robots, satellites and UAVs); DGAcom -F. Vrignaud Innovating locomotion, and associated command and control Energy management Robotics Open Intelligent purchaser Efficient means of communication in urban areas (21) IED: Improvised Explosive Devices 62 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

65 Semi-autonomous navigation European cooperation (EDA project) Autonomous Tactical Decision-making Sharing of information possible Robotics Global Control Architecture European cooperation for interoperability and standardisation Design capacity Man/robot interaction Multi-robot cooperation and cooperation with heterogeneous entities Possible European cooperation soldier - system integration The digitization of the battlefield falls within the scope of future soldier programmes. The purpose of digitization is to transform one to one communication into a capability to communicate with all players on the ground at the same time all together. However, the tactical use of future land combat systems architectures, necessary to control this level of complexity, will not be possible unless production, storage and delivery of electrical energy technologies keep pace with the increasing needs. The multiplication of electrical devices on the soldier s clothing as well as on individual protection equipment (see corresponding R&T priority) is also challenging as for weight and volume. Civilian technological developments are of interest to the DGA and must be supported to meet the specific military needs. As such, DGA notably participates in security R&T, in order to orient and sometimes monitor this R&T for a better correspondence between the technologies (for example, in geolocalisation) and covers the needs of the armed forces, as well as those of the security forces (police, constabulary, customs) and firefighters. FELIN DR 4 Mobility (light materials, miniaturisation, optimised integration of equipments, etc) Observation/Vision (fusion of sensors (II-IR (22) ), networking of the equipment) Technological analysis Soldier - System integration C4I (networking for knowledge, tactical situation assessment, 3D localisation in urban areas) European cooperation Design capacity Future infantry armament Coordinated management of fires Support (biomedical sensors, energy autonomy, reduced support system) (22) II: Image Intensifier (Intensificateur de Lumière), IR: Infra-Red Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

66 protection of soldiers, sites, routes and convoys Protection during overseas contingency operations is a field in which important technological advances regularly occurs Passive protection remains a priority, but is increasingly associated with active protection, which must enable a quick detection of danger. In terms of cooperation, the Force protection programme, launched in 2006, is the first joint R&T programme of the European Defence Agency. Force protection in urban environments corresponds to a major BUFFALO need of the armed forces. In all theatres of operations, our soldiers, as well as the rolled-out infrastructures and command and communication systems, are exposed to multiple threats (suicide attacks, improvised explosive devices, CBRN risks, snipers, etc.). In parallel, with regards to the fight against terrorism, this military field possesses technological synergies with the security field. Defence technologies are often used in the security domain. Conversely, the DGA is interested in civilian technologies used for explosive detection. DGA / ETAS Soldier protection Passive protection (new materials, signature reduction) Detection of snipers Open Off-the-shelf procurement Intelligent purchaser Site protection Networks of sensors, etc EDA Cooperation (Force Protection) Design capability Counter RAM (23) Self protection: architecture, sensors, effectors, chain of lethality Open Design capability Itineraries and convoys protection (Countermining, war against IEDs) Mines and explosives detection Detection of any change, suspect objects, etc. Sensors fusion for detection Open Design capability Explosive Ordnance Disposal diversification of MEans of action The question here is to explore new weapons for soldiers and vehicles, in response to precise objectives such as the control of lethality. Graded responses, from lethal to reversible effects Diversification of weapons for soldiers and vehicles Selective means to stop/impede /counter adverse mobility Multiple-effect weapons Weapons with reduced lethality Open Intelligent purchaser Capability to lead special operations Without Reactive adaptation capability (23) War against indirect fire (rockets, artillery shells and mortars) 64 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

67 4.6. ARCHITECTURE AND TECHNIQUES FOR C3I SYSTEMS C3I Systems (Command, Communication, Control and Intelligence) enable the acquisition, processing and use of the required information by the forces. The White Paper attributes an important role to C3R Systems by prioritising capabilities in areas such as knowledge and anticipation, network warfare and interoperability, both combined and civilian-military, as well as in the field of geophysical information. These C3I systems can be divided into three domains, with a high level of technical interrelation: - Space, Observation, Intelligence and UAV Systems (Espace Observation Renseignement et systèmes de Drones, or EORD), the principal mission of which is intelligence, including airborne and non-airborne theatre surveillance systems, - Command & Control Information Systems (Systemes d Information Operationnels or SIO), the main purpose of which is to provide information support, enabling strategic command planning, and decision-making both operational and tactical as well as logistical, if necessary within a coalition, - Geophysical Environment (Environnement géophysique, or EN), which covers all information required to properly describe the geographical and physical endo-atmospheric environment (land, air and sea), as well as human geography, be it to provide environmental data as such or to assess its impact on defence systems space, observation, information and uav systems Surveillance, Target Acquisition, Reconnaissance and Intelligence systems (Surveillance, Acquisition de cibles, Reconnaissance et Renseignement, or SA2R are involved at every level of the command chain (tactical, operational and strategic), justifying the use of a variety of means. This field is therefore essential to political decision-making and to the operations preparation, control and assessment. Cooperation is possible, but only according to methods guaranteeing national access to information and assessment autonomy. A large variety of sensor systems exists due to the diversity of the means devoted to intelligence: satellites, CSO planes and helicopters and their pods (Reco NG, Clio, etc.), UAVs, land vehicles, ships, other ground means of zone control (network of unattended sensors, autonomous robots) and human intelligence. Intelligence systems of have developed with the assistance of increasingly powerful sensors. A comprehensive approach is needed. This is provided by the concept of intelligence chain covering both intelligence and the surveillance chain (transferring information from the sensor to processing and exploitation sites). Skills in information chain architecture are essential in order to optimise the resulting information and its access time, support the development of sensors adapted to each carrier and develop the adaptability of the information chain to the theatre. That means taking into account the equipment available for the various types of engagement and phases of engagement as well as improving the interconnection capacities of the information chains, both in the context of a national operation or in cooperation. DGA s activity on SA2R systems and on their architecture consists in: - defining continuous, coherent and effective information chains; - contributing to integrate the intelligence systems into the information chains: by determining the sensors and processing characteristics which are key to the intelligence performance ; by defining the adequate requirements to ensure that the integration of the intelligence system into the intelligence chain will meet overall coherency needs (interconnection of the intelligence tools with the processing and multi-sensors exploitation tools, data format and exchanges standardisation, etc.); EADS/Astrium 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

68 - ensuring the consistency of the production of systems dedicated to intelligence; - providing space systems dedicated to intelligence and warning; - providing UAV systems; - providing the ground systems of sensor monitoring, transmission and exploitation of intelligence space and satellite systems By providing a permanent capability to see, listen, communicate, locate and synchronise, on a worldwide scale, satellites have acquired an important role in the control of information in situation assessment, preparation and action phases. They contribute to save means by enabling a better concentration of resources for maximum military efficiency. Satellite systems improvement research concerns two main goals: the precision of information obtained and the delay of information delivery. Except payload, space system improvements require control of integration with board/ground tradeoffs and adaptation of concepts and techniques SAR image developed for civilian applications. DGA and CNES regularly coordinate their action within the CNES-DGA framework agreement as regards space research which deals with dual-use space technologies (mainly the platform and propulsion). Hence DGA s activity mainly concerns R&T relating to the global architecture, the ground segment and the payload. DGA has carried out various military satellite programmes, including HELIOS, for space observation, which has contributed to reinforcing its national industrial skill in the field of satellites. DGA pursues this by supporting new capabilities demonstrators in the field of intelligence. The guarantee of autonomous access to information justifies the current existence of a national industrial basis in the field of intelligence and observation satellites. In the mid-term, France will favour: - setting up solutions consisting in sharing capabilities at a European level, following the examples of HELIOS 2/SAR LUPE and HELIOS 2/COSMO-SkyMed agreements (exchange between optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar images); - developing cooperation within the programmes. DGA cooperates with its German, Belgian, Spanish, Greek and Italian counterparts on the space based imaging system MUSIS, intended to ensure the continuation of service of the HELIOS 2, SAR-Lupe (Germany), COSMO-SkyMed (Italy) and PLEIADES (under French leadership) systems. DR Observation and Intelligence Satellites Space SAR (24) detection (24) SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar General architecture Actuators and sensors Satellite systems (constellation, cluster) Integration of payloads Structure and technologies of space SAR remote detection European cooperation on the preparation of new programmes Procurement/ exchanges of space SAR/optical capability Control of the architecture of satellite systems (space defence coordination) Acquire contracting skills 66 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

69 Space optics, Zone monitoring Access to the components National control Observation and space optronics detection Optronic detection: - fast detectors - MTI radar detection - multispectral, hyperspectral, - optical interferometry Transmission and ground processing: - fast digital link - large capacity memory - compression, information security - high data rate transmission (including laser, relay) - production of images (fast calculators, archiving) Access to the components Methods European cooperation Acquire contracting skills European components production capacity National expertise for performances and processing Intelligent purchaser National control of information security uavs and mini-uav systems In addition to observation satellites, UAVs provide permanent zone capability to the global information system. Connected to the theatre telecommunications networks, they have the capability to transmit to the forces in real-time the information acquired. Their missions require a number of sensors and navigation systems, for which the technologies are available but the integrability at various levels of complexity still remains to be shown. More particularly dedicated to intelligence at strategic and operational levels, enduring UAVs offer an essential information capability within a limited zone with the required UAV s landing on a ship permanence. The European context is suitable for the construction of an industrial capability in this field. The Advanced-UAV (medium altitude, long endurance) is being developed in cooperation with Germany and Spain. Beyond taking part in controlling the architecture of this system of UAV, dga puts special emphasis on the systems, mainly on the definition optimisation and the specifications homogeneity. Vertical Take-Off and Landing (VTOL) UAVs respond to the need to collect tactical information for land or naval forces and provide a solution minimising the logistical footprint in the case of ground use and, subject to the development and validation of technological solutions for deck landing, the integration constraints on a ship in the case of a naval application. Insertion of UAVs in the general air traffic is a priority both for civilian and military applications. This subject, of increasing interest in Europe, must progress at technological and standardisation levels (USAR codes adopted by NATO for the flight of UAVs in controlled airspace). DGA supports the launching of the MIDCAS operation, which will allow to unify European sense and avoid efforts, an essential issue with regard to the circulation of UAVs in uncontrolled airspace. DGA takes part in a European debate on critical standards as regards the safety of UAVs. It supports a sufficiently open regulation to make it possible to develop competitive products. Thomas Lockhart 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

70 SAR Detection on UAV SAR remote detection on UAVs: Integration of active antennas, SAR technologies (very highresolution, low frequency, etc.) Compression European cooperation (EDA) Control architecture of the sensors and processing Design and integration system: Enduring UAVs, Theatre UAV, mini UAVs, micro UAVs Access to decisions and expertise on architecture, National control of Information Security UAV systems Rotary wings and new concepts Hovering/fast advance European cooperation (EDA, NATO) Intelligent purchaser Light and/or compact energy sourcess Energy autonomous concepts Micropropulsion Control of integration Sensors for UAVs and microdrones Intelligent purchaser Autopilot, automatic Landing European cooperation (EDA, NATO) Control architecture of onboard systems and naval platforme Data link Control of architecture & National controls (Information security) UAV systems Perception of the environment Behavioural autonomy Insertion in air traffic Sense and avoid Open European cooperation (EDA, NATO, R&D Framework Programme - RDFP) Airworthiness certification European certification Control of architecture Expertise on architecture Control of onboard and ground station integration To define following European debate Sensor orientation The use and benefit of intelligence sensors is no longer limited to the unit of implementation or these to which the sensor is organically attached; it is increasingly multilevel (tactical, operational and strategic). At the same time, multi-sensor systems, like UAVs, are developing and implementing several sensors at the same time during a mission, either for different needs or for the same need for information. These evolutions result in a significant increase in the complexity of the sensors orientation function, which must seek to provide the best response to the need within the means available. Tools must be developed to help the operators. This theme affects the forces organisation and must take interoperability into account. In cooperation with NATO, DGA undertakes a multi-annual study on the management and orientation of sensors (Optical, IR EM, on UAV or deposited vehicles) in a theatre of operations. Orientation of sensors Planning, optimisation, Decision-making support NATO and EDA cooperation: standardisation, exercises National Expertise adaptation of the standards/ methods, etc.. 68 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

71 images exploitation (optical, ir and sar) The mass of data collected by means of military intelligence is increasing significantly. It is crucial to set tools to assist in the processing of this data, in order to be able, with unchanged manpower, to quickly identify relevant information in the mass of information collected, and to correlate various data in order to extract richer, higher level information. The issue of heterogeneous data fusion must also take into account accurate geo-referenced information in relation to time. DGA keeps its efforts in the field of information fusion as it strongly conditions the MAJIIC project: sensors fusion intelligence chain architecture by impacting the intelligence production processes, the chain organisation as well as the way performances are allocated. Exploitation of SAR images Exploitation of optical images Data fusion Optimisation of filtering Special filtering Geolocalisation of images Interferometry Coordination of multiresolution images Multispectral processing Automatic classification Recognition and identification Fusion at the pixel level Fusion at the primitive level Fusion at the decisionmaking level Institutional civilian research European EDA cooperation Institutional civilian research European EDA cooperation Methods, principles: Institutional civilian research European cooperation (EDA NATO) National control of raw data and of interpretation (recording parameters) National control of optoelectronic systems National Expertise adaptation of standards/ methods, etc intelligence chains Intelligence chains are essential in order to coordinate resources. Their design relies on innovative tools such as the French MoD battle lab (LTO, see 3.2.3), or via NATO cooperation. 4 Technological analysis COP Intelligence chains Management support MMI General architecture NATO National control of intelligence chain architecture LTO Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

72 Goniometry, Elint, Comint At the strategic and tactical level, the function of electromagnetic intelligence (Elint) is fundamental for situation assessment at the highest levels of command or for managing information at the battlefield level. At the strategic level, Elint is a fundamental source of information. The integration of the exploitation of data in C4I systems is an essential need for command purposes. Goniometry/ localisation Localisation and Tracking of transmitters Geolocalisation of transmitters Super High Frequencies (SHF) and Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Equalisation-synchronisation (HVUHF) Possible Control of architecture Interception of communications Low TRL studies (NATO) Control of architecture Voice recognition, translation These techniques, linked to Comint, are essential to the rapid exploitation of the information collected. DGA is deeply involved in civilian research networks and cooperates with OSEO Innovation. It supports the study and development of the Quaero software product, providing expertise dedicated to the evaluation of technologies for the automated processing of speech and images. Experience shows that these subjects greatly benefit from the diversity of methods and experiments in European countries and can provide significant contribution to improving interoperability. Voice recognition, translation Identification Automatic transcription Automatic translation Translation of oral speech Tools and corpus: EDA or NATO cooperation State control of implementation (keywords and topics) Data mining The Internet is a great multilingual database. Data and information retrieval for the purpose of military intelligence requires the definition of a specific ontology. The adaptation of civilian search engines is the most promising method. Data mining Data mining Unstructured data Civilian institutional research Official control of implementation (key words and topics) GEOPHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Accompanying the massive move toward digitised data use in weapon systems, environmental data are becoming essential in operations preparation and control, systems navigation functions and targeting. The data need is two-fold: information system and operation of the weapon system. The operational context has a strong impact on environmental information needs, which requires the development of a progressive approach for: - Collecting data by means of off-the-shelf products, systematic acquisitions or even reactive programme of work meeting operational deadlines, which play a fundamental role in the organisation of defence; - Data exploitation means (access services, etc.). 70 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

73 It is necessary to synchronise and control the consistency between the evolution of needs for user systems and the evolution of capacities to acquire supply and delivery of information (standardised services and products). The control of the geometrical quality of images, which requires adapted expertise regarding the sources, comes under sovereignty insofar as it conditions the positioning capabilities of mobile defence forces. Rapid Environment Assessment SHOM DGA is interested in all techniques and activities linked to knowledge of the geographical and physical endo-atmospheric environment (ground, sea and air), as well as human geography. They are necessary for the specification and development of systems and equipment aimed at acquiring knowledge of this environment, representing it, and enabling its exploitation, in order to optimise the operational efficiency of in-service arms and command systems or the design of future systems. The three areas of principal interest, geographical information, military oceanography and atmospheric physics, are requiring the following techniques and activities: Techniques for the in-situ or remote-sensing acquisition of environmental data, studies and specific developments of sensors, methods of interpretation and qualification of the data collected; Modelling and characterisation of the various media from the point of view of their influence on the design and operational use of systems, in particular the influence of the environment on propagation and radiation conditions; Production and qualification process for geographical, oceanographic or weather information, including: techniques of informations geo-referencing or imagery whatever its finality (information, targeting, geography), methods for environmental information fusion from various origins and techniques to access to this information (infrastructure of geospatial services); Specific methods for the representation, transformation and fusion of environmental information by allowing adequate exploitation in the user s systems. The characterisation of the needs of systems remains the responsibility of the designers of these systems; Management and exploitation techniques for environment information, in particular those using geo-referenced databases; Definition and evolution of geographical, oceanographic or meteorological product ranges, standards applied to storage, access, representation, and transformation of geographical, oceanographic or meteorological data, and more generally to geo-referenced data. 4 state of the ocean analysis and forecasting The sea state knowledge is gained through analysis and forecasting models by the SHOM, in coordination with the armed forces and DGA. In order to improve the analysis and forecasting systems performance, priority areas in the medium term are : swell representation (state of sea), extension of the operational system to coastal zones, provision of environmental parameters linked to the sea water turbidity (coupling of hydrodynamic and bio-geochemical models), high performance computing means. Technological analysis Analysis and forecasting of the state of the ocean Representation of swell (state of sea) Extension of the operational system to coastal zones Provision of environmental parameters linked to the turbidity of sea water Altimetry, colour and temperature measurements of water satellites Civilian cooperation (ESA) Complete control of information systems for decisionmaking support (performances, parameters of operation) Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

74 Weather forecasting Research and development efforts concern the local improvement of the resolution of models, via the merging of various models, and the improvement of the data assimilation into the models. A first operational version of a high-resolution model (a few kilometres) is planned by At the same time, assimilation into the models should be enriched by the information accessible from the new geostationary meteorology satellites (MSG series), the first of which, MeteoSAT8, has been operational since As a whole, these efforts aim to improve the means of forecasting local phenomena in the lower layers of the atmosphere, such as fog or aerosols. A version of the defence meteorology R&D roadmap has been written in cooperation with Météo- France and has been presented to the Military. DGA intends to continue and consolidate the drafting of this roadmap in cooperation with Météo-France and the Military. Weather forecasting in the medium and immediate term Medium scale modelling in the low layers Fusion and assimilation of data (coupling between models and theatre measurements) Modelling of rainfall, fog, diffusion of contaminants, waves effects Remote sensing of weather parameters from ground or space Delocalisation of meteorological forecasting Weather forecasting Via Météo-France NATO standards Data routing and formatting Support to operational decision-making Radiative and transmissive properties of the atmospheric environment and radiation of the natural environment The field of atmospheric propagation (UV, visible, IR, EM, laser, etc.) is more specific to defence applications. Except in the unlikely case of a technological breakthrough, significant and continuous progress is expected from: - The development of our understanding of the micro-physical processes determining the optical properties of clouds and aerosols; - The development of methods to obtain in-situ knowledge of atmospheric structures in order to evaluate the propagation conditions; - Generalisation of hybrid digital modelling. Radiative and transmissive properties of the atmospheric environment and Radiation of the natural environment Propagation of UV, visible, IR, EM, laser, etc. Generalisation of hybrid digital modelling Open National expertise Production of geographical information From a geometric viewpoint models are reasonably well controlled for optical and radar space sensors, but they do not usually allow carrying out local reconnaissance in hostile regions. On the other hand sensor agility, a quality valued by intelligence, introduces poorly controlled uncertainties regarding the geometric characteristics of the viewpoint. Other image sources are available in a defence context (air reconnaissance and UAVs: optics, videos, radar), but their geometric models are still poorly controlled. Achieve the best value from geometric models is a priority in order to 72 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

75 allow the producers of geo-referenced military information to benefit from the rich quality of these sources (very high-resolution, all weather capability). Needs in reactivity involve identification of solutions and rapid data production technology (guided data selection among an available set, geo-referencing). Since 2007, DGA has been implementing a new organisation for the production of geographical data making improved use of the National Geographical institute resources (Institut Géographique National, or IGN). The IGN also provides its skills in term of standardisation (IGN-Defence standardisation unit). Production of geographical information Control of geometry and localisation capability without local support Geographic database Fast production Extraction of semantic information, characterisation of media (soils surfaces, etc.) Exchanges and comparison of products in cooperation (MGCP), DGIWG (normalisation) Control of geographic database Reactivity of production Control of produced images quality Control of soils characteristics (mobility) rapid evaluation of the naval environment For the needs of underwater warfare, a deep understanding of the naval acoustic environment is essential. REA (Rapid Environment Assessment) Acoustic naval evaluation by discrete tomography, datafusion and inversion (at present) NATO NURC research centre and European and Canadian universities Control of the naval environment as support for decision-making geophysics Knowledge of bathymetry is essential to ensure the safe navigation of ships, submarines and towed devices as well as for amphibious operations. It must be acquired in all of zones of interest for defence, at short notice. dga is directing its efforts, in civilian or military cooperation, towards the improvement of measurements and their processing and exploitation. We are constantly searching for either civilian or military cooperation. SPIV Robot DGA / GESMA 4 Technological analysis Geophysics Bathymetry, gravimetry, magnetism Bilateral agreements or NATO National control of the exploitation of data Management, access and representation of digital geo-referenced information The civilian and defence international community has, in recent years, been making significant efforts to define generic conceptual models enabling the cover of various elements entering into the constitution and management of digitized geographical data. International standards and Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

76 their adaptation to the defence context are emerging and should be able to be used to draw the basis of the joint information exchange datamodel for geo-referenced information. The subject of access to the data and diffusion introduces various themes such as geo-space service infrastructure, GHOM data fusion, decision making support tools and groupware (for easier data updates), in the context of REP (Recognized environmental picture). DGA will continue to participate in the groups defining the international standards. This issue also applies to oceanographical and meteorological data. Management, access, diffusion and representation of digitalised geo-referenced information NTIC Geospace service infrastructure GHOM data fusion (REP) Groupware (data updates and additions) Decision support International standards (generic models, encryption) NATO GMES National control of the technology implemented in programmes (DNG3D and GEODE4D) Characterisation of systems requirements, tactical assistance for use of the systems, qualification of available data The geo-referenced information or tactical assistance for use of the systems, based on the state of the environment, is a priority area of work. Characterisation of systems requirements, tactical assistance for use of the systems, qualification of available data Rough estimate of data quality Cooperation on various geographical products (maps, etc.) Specification of the quality required for weapon systems Control of the available data quality In order to keep up with rapid changes in the field and support the transformation, DGA is jointly developing approaches such as CD&E (concept/design, development and experimentation) with mixed DGA-Armed Forces structures and the relevant centres of expertise COMMAND AND CONTROL INFORMATION SYSTEMS Command and Control Information Systems (C2IS) are systems for processing data at the tactical and strategic levels in various environments (land, sea, air and joint) and in various fields (command and control, mission planning, logistics, intelligence, ). These systems are software-intensive and part of complex organisations, which are often unstable and where the human role is essential. In addition, interoperability constraints are very common, vertically within systems in the same hierarchy and horizontally between several organisations. The need for complexity control and interoperability management has led to a joint and convergent approach (through the CTFSIA study) in order to establish a governance of those systems at technical and acquisition levels. The technical skills necessary to build seamless information systems cover mainly the following topics : - software architectures; - data and process models management; - secured mail service; - messaging on tactical data links Software architectures Basic IT architectures are increasingly used according to the widespread of internet technology. In spite of a strong «web-based services» trend, systems are still disparate due to heterogeneous 74 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

77 architectures and contexts. A major simplification of the complexity of this topic amounts to the design of a unique repository of core services, common to the different systems. The construction and management of this repository depends also on strategic choices related to the acquisition process. Other efforts are also in progress in order to control software complexity: Usage of system engineering methods; Design of new tools to improve software quality at different levels. Software architectures SOA & Web services Core enterprise services Civilian NATO (NNEC) United States (NCES, ATO TITAN) CTFSIA & STC-IA (Joint Core Enterprise Services) Common Operating Environment Data and process models management The key approach, led in coordination with the CIADIOS (25) Centre interarmées d administration de l interopérabilité opérationnelle) consists in defining a method to ensure and to manage the semantic interoperability of exchanged data. The french joint data model (MPIA model and XML-IA transport model) is now converging towards the NATO JC3IEDM meta-model (Joint C3 Information Exchange Dated Model). Some progresses have still to be made in order to simplify the model complexity (with help of ebxml technology for example) and to combine it with the other commonly exchanged data sets (such as formatted messages, MIP sets). The CTFSIA study will also help to build structured views of organizations, functions and processes. These views are necessary to complete the data model and the SOA services architectures. In addition, the efforts will be increased in the field of data storage and other advanced topics (semantic web). Data and process models management Data models XML views Process models NATO Standards Civilian (ebxml) Methodology for data models management (MADIOS) R&T programme MADIOS NG POS French MoD Secured mail service Secured mail is a basic and essential operational service. The context of military mail is characterised by a variety of end-systems and data-links and by specific military constraints. Quality of service (interoperability, mail on constrained networks, trans-signature, trans-coding, secured gateway, instant messaging, etc.) must be given the biggest level of effort under that view. Some of these works are valuably done with help from the open source software community. Technological analysis Secured mail service Secured SMTP Civilian NATO, MNE TrustedBird mail client Security and certification (XIMF, secure extension) (25) CIADIOS : Centre interarmées d administration de l interopérabilité opérationnelle des systèmes d information et de communication Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

78 Messaging on tactical data links Progress is sought along two ways. Firstly, enhancement of interoperability with allied forces will be sought throughout the examination of TDL standards to be used in France. At short or medium term, the goal should be to select NATO standards only (e.g. Link16, JRE) instead of national ones. This is likely to impact both host system architecture and media aspects of legacy platforms. Secondly, R&T is focusing on emerging technologies such as NTDES (NATO Tactical Data Enterprise Services) approach, SOA concepts, or Link 22 implementation. These avenues are explored under the aegis of the Joint TDL Interoperability Coherence Team involving several DGA expertise entities (Rennes, Istres, and Toulon). Technological moves are taken into account in studies such as CTFSIA, for which international cooperation and sharing of solutions is sought. Tactical data link messaging systems Tactical Data Links SOA NATO, USA Multinational Programs Joint TDL IO Coherence Team (Rennes, Istres, Toulon) 4.7. MISSILES, WEAPONS AND NUCLEAR DEFENCE TECHNIQUES The MAN technical area (Missiles, Armes et techniques Nucléaires de défense) covers tactical and strategic missile systems, missile propulsion and defence energetic materials, weapons (guns, rocket launcher, etc.), ammunition in the broad sense (shells, aeronautical bombs, rockets, etc.), and activities related to nuclear defence techniques. These are major components of combat systems or integrated weapon systems. They fulfil a military function or a capability of deterrence. These systems of missiles, weapons and related technologies must evolve continuously to satisfy the armed forces needs in the short, medium and long term. The main issues for integrated combat systems upon which tactical missile systems and weapons depend, are: - efficiency and speed of military action. This requires reduction in reaction times and adaptability to change (vis-à-vis moving or mobile targets); - control of strike chronology and rate of land operations; - o ptimisation of missiles systems use, within centralised means of command and real-time control of operations; - sustained action and aptitude to deliver a precise strike in all weather, from a safe distance (introducing diversification of the carriers for deep strikes); - increasingly complex environment (civilian/military mix, legal framework requiring control of the level and effect of striking); capability to selectively impair various targets across an entire hostile space; measured use of force; and precision firing (guided ammunition; ammunition with target designation) for land combat; - evolution of threats and targets: increased performance of targets (mobility, protection, jamming capability or deception of existing missile systems); new threats on deep strike capability (surface-to-air, air-to-air or space threat); new targets (e.g. for sea warfare, small boats linked to an asymmetrical threat or atypical air-to-air threats with low radar signature and low speed); ASMPA BA Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009 Armée de l air

79 - preparation of possible anti-ballistic missile defence capability; - Ordnance safety level of missiles in their life cycles (storage, transport, handling, during carriage). Concerning strategic missile systems, national sovereignty is imperative. Beyond present developments and in spite of the absence of any prospect of major developments in the medium term, this national sovereignty imperative requires maintaining skills and industrial know-how as well as full test facilities (e.g. DGA Missiles Testing, BEM Monge) and appropriate national expertise sea-to-ground strategic ballistic missiles (MsBs) R&T aims to adapt these systems to the evolution of operational needs and threats. It concerns national sovereignty and the precise nature of the work is classified cruise missiles Architecture of hyperspeed aerobic propulsion missiles Subsonic combustion ramjet Supersonic combustion ramjet Cooperation on technology blocks National control Bidirectional connexion for battle damage assessment and re-targeting Architecture of cruise missiles Antijamming GPS (26) receiver Algorithms for navigation Systems and algorithms for mission planning Data link with satellite or UAV Cooperation by technological contributions within an integrated prime contractor Control of design and integration of technologies, Expertise on technology blocks Architecture of the chain of lethality Missile turbojets tactical missiles Air-to-ground missiles Work is directed primarily towards: 4 - addition of guidance functionalities or data links: bidirectional connexion for battle damage assessment and re-targeting, satellite connections, jamming hardened GPS navigation; - Penetration capacity of: furtive architectural form, manoeuvrability to diversify trajectories of intrusion (hybridisation of guidance, navigation and altimetry sensor systems) - Diversification of warheads, reduction of collateral effects and processing of strongly hardened targets. Scalp under Rafale MBDA / T. Wurtz Technological analysis (26) GPS: Global Positioning System Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

80 Air-to-ground armaments for theatres of operation Integration of GPS and semiactive final laser guidance devices for modular air-toground armament (AASM) Cooperation on technology blocks Definitions and mission information, effects control, integration on platforms Air-to-ground armaments for theatres of operation Processing of mobile or time sensitive target Concepts and technologies of loitering missile Cooperation on technology blocks Pre-evaluation of the need and possible technological solutions Definitions and mission information, effects control, integration on platforms Air-to-air missiles Short-range air-to-air missile systems presently in service in Europe will have to be replaced around DGA considers that dialogue with the European countries concerned for renewal of these weapon systems should be launched as of now. Short-range airto-air missiles Short-range air-to-air missile architectures and technologies Cooperation by technological contributions within an integrated prime contractor Control of design and integration of technologies, expertise on technology blocks Ground-to-air missiles The short-range ground-to-air systems currently in service in Europe will have to be replaced around Consequently, a future ground-to-air low layer system should be launched through European cooperation. MBDA / D. Lutanie Mistral vehicle (RTD) Structure and technologies for integrated ground-to-air systems Ground-to-air low layer systems Ground-to-air missiles (internal architecture, aerodynamic configuration, homing, chain of lethality) Launching device Firing management system (command, control and communications) European cooperation on the definition of the possible needs between partners, production and entry into service Definitions and mission information, controls effects, integration on platforms 78 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

81 anti-ballistic missile defence (BMd) The development of a possible capability for anti-ballistic missile defence in Europe first requires the acquisition of industrial skills in key technologies of its main components (missiles interceptors in particular). The first requirements are technological demonstrations on key design difficulties for the final stage of the missile, which provides the function of interception by direct impact on the target ( hit to kill ). Technologies or key functions of the terminal vehicle of an interceptor relate to homing, guidance/piloting and lethality. For defence against the threat of theatre ballistic missiles, in the short term France will have a capability with the SAMP/T Block 1, compatible of integration in the architecture of the NATO ALTBMD programme which can then evolve with the arrival of new systems: radars, command centres and missiles. Aster 30 DGA Missiles Testing BMD system studies BMD - interception Take into account critical hard points: alert, discrimination, real-time, communications, etc. Guidance-control device and associated motorisation Homing Sensors On-board real-time information and decision system Autonomous interception management Definition, manufacture, implementation and sharing of the technology blocks within the EU European control, national expertise on the critical performances land combat missiles New generations of land combat missiles will have to be adapted to future networked operations and will benefit from the distribution of functions for detection, decision and action between the various platforms and, in particular, to enable firing beyond the direct line of sight ( non line of sight - NLOS). It is in this context that European cooperation is built around future programs (MRCM (27) ). Eryx ECPA D / Caporal J. Salles 4 Technological analysis Land combat missiles Modular architecture of the weapon system (missile and firing unit) Guidance-navigation chain integrating infrared imagery and semi-active laser bimode homing head. Ad hoc cooperation Definitions and mission information, homing, control of effects, integration on platforms (27) MRCM: Multi-Role Combat Missile Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

82 anti-ship missiles Exocet MM40 has recently been re-motorised with a turbojet, doubling its operational range. R&T studies will aim at preparing future trends: integration of a new homing head, preparation of post-2020 Air to Sea, Ground to Sea, Sea to Sea evolutions. To meet the need expressed by the Navy for a light anti-ship missile to equip embarked helicopters such as the Panther and the NH90, DGA is currently carrying out certain preliminary work. Cooperation with European countries having comparable needs is encouraged. Exocet MM40 Block3 MBDA M. Hans Heavy antiship missiles Motorisation of the Exocet anti-ship missile by turbojet (Exocet MM40 Block 3) Integration of a coherent homing head on Exocet family Sovereignty for electromagnetic homing heads. Definitions and mission information, homing, control of effects, integration on platforms, CCEM (28) Light antiship missiles Light anti-ship missiles from embarked helicopters: - System integration to the launch platform - Internal architecture (military charge weight, fuel weight, and electronic components weight adequacy) - Guidance with operator in the loop, infra-red imagery Ad hoc cooperation Definitions and mission information, homing, effects control, platforms integration aeronautical bombs In order to better control the effects of strikes, we plan to study new generations of bombs with reduced unintended damage effects compatible with the AASM (29) guidance and propulsion family general munitions The main area of work is to design battle tank kinetic ammunition able to penetrate future armours, which will appear beyond 2015, taking environmental constraints into account. For specific urban environment ammunition (non-lethal or with reduced lethality), defence will rely on work carried out by the homeland security sector. Tank ammunition New generation of armour piercing ammunition (sabots, lined penetrator, head structure, auto-rotation device) Explosive ammunition with programmable delay (chronometric fuse, insensitiveness) European cooperation European control of design and manufacture National expertise of effects of weapons (28) CCEM: Counter-Counter-Electromagnetic-Measures (29) AASM: Armement Air-Sol Modulaire (Modular Air-to-Ground Armament) 80 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

83 Tank ammunition Ammunition for crowd control Ammunition for high lateral effect without explosive European cooperation European control of design and manufacture National expertise of effects of weapons Precision of kinetic munitions Prediction of flight trajectories of armour piercing projectiles: - internal ballistics - intermediate ballistics - external ballistics European cooperation National expertise Intelligent ammunition and warheads Intelligent ammunition is equipped with systems enabling in-flight trajectory correction improving their precision. The technological challenge is to attain metric precision at reduced cost. These munitions will have to be implemented in existing weapon systems and integrate technologies such as semi-active laser guidance or electromechanical micro-systems in the guidance and piloting devices. The weapon systems concerned are: - Field artillery - Tank artillery for firing beyond line of sight - Mortars - Assault helicopters rockets. France is open to European cooperation in these fields. Steps have been initiated in this direction since Metric precision ammunition Semi-active laser final guidance for: - Artillery ammunition; - Heavy tank ammunition - Mortar ammunition - Combat helicopter rockets Artillery ammunition of increased range and decametric precision Tank ammunition of increased range and decametric precision Precision ammunition of increased range): - Navigation and guidance system suitable in a shell; - System of spreadable control surfaces to increase the lift New generation of general purpose ammunition - System of spreadable control surfaces to increase the lift - Suitable inertial navigation device - Fire shock resistant ammunition electronics European cooperation European control for design and manufacture National expertise for the effects of the weapons 4 Technological analysis Warheads General-purpose warheads with multipoint lightings (=TMPAM) for artillery shell or mortar; ammunition architecture integrating a TMPAM Diversification of ammunition warheads of medium calibre: - Ammunition with chronometric fuse and dense fragment warhead - Double safety fuse - Projectile with high lateral effect European cooperation European control for the design and manufacture National expertise for the effects of the weapons Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

84 diversification of loads and their effects The stress is on support for technologies allowing to restrict the number of ammunition types necessary vis-à-vis a given number of targets. The integration of a general-purpose warhead is planned in the future metric precision artillery guided ammunition of 155 mm or 120 mm. Cooperation is being sought with interested European partners. Trials to validate simulations DGA Land Systems Warheads for cruise missiles Evolution of the warheads: - Fusing system functioning by measurement of distance into the target - Anti power plant warheads - Models of evaluation of the lethal effects and unintended damages effects of cruise missiles Aeronautical bomb warheads and/or short range airground weapons (<60 km) Warheads with reduced collateral effects and increased density explosive European cooperation European control for the design and manufacture National expertise for the effects of the weapons Anti-aircraft warheads Warheads with directional explosion: - Multipoint fuse - New concepts of prefragmented warhead (material, form, etc.) - Increase the speed of fragments Evaluation of the processing and the effects of the warheads Simulations of fast dynamics phenomena National expertise new concepts for launchers In the longer term, DGA is monitoring new concepts of launchers: chemical thermoelectric guns and electromagnetic launchers. Future gun Guns and electric generators Open European control Propulsion and explosives and new concepts Work is being carried out in the following areas: - New and more efficient energetic molecules, in particular for pyrotechnical safety and ageing, propellants and explosives; - Improvement in the concepts and methods of loading propellants, robustness of the latter with respect to the mechanical and electromagnetic environments; 82 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

85 - Development or improvement of vulnerability models for tactical propellants and energetic materials as well as models for predicting the ageing of propellants; - Exploration and evaluation of processes for the destruction of the energetic materials at the end of their lifetime in order to prepare for possible change in legislation on environmental protection; - Technologies for modulation of thrust and guidance in force (pif/paf); - Methodology and test facilities. Concepts of engines with modulation of thrust (multi pulse, variation of the nozzle throat) Lifetime: - energetic material formulation for thermic cycles and ageing resistance - predictive models for ageing of propellants (ideal model and digital) - new composite solid propellants Vulnerability: - characterisation of threats and architectures guaranteeing the safety of solid propellant engines (database, modelling); - new composite solid propellants with attenuated risk Environment: - techniques for processing waste emitted during ground fires - technique for dismantling propellants - new composite solid propellants which can be recycled Considered cooperation European cooperation National control Solid propellant anaerobic propulsion of tactical missiles Innovative propulsion for tactical missiles: - digital tools for diphasic flows to improve engine operation - new ignition systems for engine with an integrated firing device - manufacturing process optimised in cost European cooperation Cooperation in project-under the framework of the EDA National control 4 New concepts of aerobic propulsion for cruise missiles Energetic materials Detonation wave, liquid combustion engine Solid propellants: - combination of new energy polymers and new oxidants - 4th generation propellants - new oxidising propellant - manufacturing processes of new energetic materials Nano-materials: - nano-particles energy - non-energetic nano-particles (aluminium, catalysts of combustion) - simulation codes adapted to these materials - processes for obtaining formulations starting from nano-components European cooperation considered European cooperation under the framework of the EDA, safety, ageing of energetic materials European control National control European control Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

86 Explosives Work is being carried out in the following areas: - The application of composite explosives to the various weapon systems. This family of explosive optimises safety, lifetime and cost; - Obtaining compositions for Low Vulnerability Ammunition (LOVA) or Insensitive Munitions. - New processes using binders with shorter polymerisation times. They make it possible to reduce the costs of production for composite explosives; - Penetration capacities for hardened targets; - Phenomenological studies of certain families of explosives likely to be met in theatres of operations in order to protect our forces. Energetic materials Composite explosives: - Supersonic penetrators - Small critical diameter explosives - Reduced collateral effect explosives - Reinforced blast effect explosives - Energetic molecules - New High Energy Density Materials (HEDM) European cooperation European control for the design and manufacture National expertise for the effects of the weapons control Gun propellants Work on barrel weapons is being carried out in the following areas: - Increased embarked energy; - Improved ordnance safety and lifetime; - Development of green gun propellant; - Reduction of the erosion of the barrels. Energetic materials Gun propellant: - New concepts of propellant; - Green gun propellants European cooperation European control 4.8. SENSORS, GUIDANCE AND NAVIGATION (CGN) The Sensors, Guidance and Navigation area (Capteurs, Guidage et Navigation - CGN) covers the major part of the equipment of many weapon systems for the various possible battlefields: electromagnetic detection (détection électromagnétique - DE), electronic warfare (guerre électronique - GE), techniques for guidance and navigation (GN) and optronics (OP). The equipments involved are mainly radars and homing heads, systems of electronic and optronics warfare, thermal imagers, aiming sights, designators, systems of navigation using inertial technologies and radio-navigation. The area also addresses electromagnetic attack: resistance to strong fields, electromagnetic compatibility, level of damage induced by radiation on weapons and ammunition (DRAM), resistance to lightning strikes, etc. Environment knowledge (electromagnetic propagation, background signature, etc.) studied at the ASC area level is taken as an input for the equipments and systems performance evaluation. Likewise, microwave components and IR detectors are found in the MC area. The specific nature of the divisions comes mainly from its transversal nature CGN equipment is to be found on the vast majority of carriers and weapon systems of the Military - and from 84 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

87 the increasing importance of the value of these equipments because they mainly condition the operational efficiency and the survival of the systems relying on them. For these various capacities, the need to limit unintended damage effects and fratricidal effects has led to a race for high precision: DE, GE and OP long range identifications, precise and reliable hybrid navigation, high-precision designation, high and very high-definition radar and optronics imagery, etc. Moreover, the complexification of the battlefield requires equipments with enhanced capabilities: multi-target (wide-field imagery, digital beam forming, IRM (30) ) and generalised real-time. Lastly, the increasing importance given to human life has resulted in higher needs of survivability requiring top-level capacities for electronics and optronics warfare. As a consequence of all these elements, it has become necessary at the same time to push available technologies to their limits and develop breakthrough technologies to implement as soon as they reach sufficient maturity in order to reduce costs with equal or even higher performance ElEctroMagnEtic detection Electromagnetic detection is and will remain an essential function for a large proportion of our Weapon systems taking into account the possible ranges and all-weather capabilities. Thanks to the possibilities provided by the new electronic power components, the capacities for digitization and processing, new processing architectures and improved design and modelling tools, the field should still evolve significantly. A high level of investment is nevertheless required, and the limited home markets Graves radar cannot ensure the long-term viability of a scattered DTIB at the European level. Thus, R&T in this field, centred on technological innovation, will have to maintain real European momentum for cooperation and consolidation of the DTIB. The objectives of this technical area are as follows: - support technological innovation (digitalisation, algorithms, multifunction integrated systems, etc.); - seek cost reductions for the electromagnetic detection function (modularity and standardisation, modelling and simulations, etc.); - support actions enabling real European dynamism at the DTIB level; - support actions enabling to federate at the European level actions concerning defence of the spectrum usable by radars; - support joint actions by DGA and ONERA concerning SAR data-processing, airborne radar antennas, to follow the development of skills in surface radars architectures. Onera 4 Technological analysis observation information High-resolution imagery for surface monitoring radar It becomes necessary to satisfy increasing needs for all-weather imagery, of sufficient quality to ensure the monitoring of ground areas even in complex environment (urban areas, forest zones, (30) IRM: Intelligent Radar Management Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

88 presence of very slow or fast targets, fixed or mobile, etc.). The modes and processing of very highresolution SAR, STAP GMTI can meet these needs, thanks to improved performances of equipments and better processing, taking into account integration constraints (structures deformations). For the unmanned platforms (UAV or missile) low costs technologies are sought, with low weight, volume and power requirements. dga has been involved for a long time in this field of European cooperation and wishes to continue an active policy of cooperation. Radar imagery for surface monitoring Very high-resolution SAR and GMTI/STAP Processing Antennas and integration of antennas Low cost compact technologies with reduced weight, volume and power consumption High realistic simulation and modelling Large demonstrators (Europe and NATO) Technology sharing Specific waveforms and processing. Structure and global performance MoD expertise in simulations space monitoring the monitoring of space will acquire increased importance. Beyond the capacities of monitoring and trajectory calculation provided by the GRAVES system, we should be able to acquire identification and attitude estimation capabilities for satellites of interest. Research work will continue on radar concepts, technologies and processing. This field is open to international cooperation. R&T areas Key technologies Coopeation National capabilities Satellite imagery radar Radar architecture and concepts (including multistatic aspects) Imagery processing (2D-ISAR, interferometric image processing) All aspects Exploitation of duality remote engagement, various warfare, global security Active antennas Able to reach longer ranges and capable of agile modes for scanning, pointing and tracking, multifunction active antennas are key components of modern detection systems. in this domain, which is strategic at the European level, and taking into account the costs, dga supports structuring cooperation for the European dtib, in particular capable of maintaining skills in research laboratories and industries for active antennas as well as European capabilities in power components for t/r (31) modules, specific to military applications. DR GM400 (31) Transmission/Reception 86 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

89 Electronic power components (GaN) Active antennas for airborne or land multifunction radar 2D E/R (32) digital components Adaptive processing and dynamic management of the radar modes Standardised Open and modular architecture Broadband conformal antenna Demonstrators, most technology blocks Specific waveforms and digital processing Structure and global performance MoD expertise in simulation EM multifunctional systems HF Radars for coastal monitoring Surface wave HF radars aim to extend the range of monitoring in a permanent way. Work underway concerns more control of radar parameters than basic technologies (precise performance evaluation, integration of environment constraints: management of frequency allocations, electromagnetic compatibility, sites of integration, etc.). HF coastal monitoring radars Structure and integration of surface-wave radars All aspects Skills for acquisition Radars in urban environments The need relates to the detection of unusual or suspect activities inside urban areas. Radars in urban environments Modelling of propagation in urban areas and compatibility of required radar power Concepts, architectures and processing Miniaturisation and integration on mobile platforms (e.g. mini UAVs, robots, light vehicles, etc.) All aspects Skills for acquisition Architecture and possibly overall performance Remote early warning and fire-control system for ABM defence The need implies capability in advanced and early warning, with a fire-control system, necessary for the implementation of weapon systems. Ongoing studies deal with the feasibility of an early warning system as well as of a target designation system. Remote early warning and target designation for ABM Defence Fire-control system for ABM Defence capability 2 UHF Technologies antenna Large demonstrators Specific waveforms and processing Architecture and possibly overall S-Band Active antenna GaN performance Large demonstrators technology (GS ) 4 Technological analysis (32) E/R: Transmission/Reception (Émission/Réception) Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

90 Electromagnetic detection - basic technologies: In addition to the various applications described above, the following areas should also be mentioned: - processing and waveforms for discretion and ECCM (electronic counter counter measures), adaptive modes, etc. - passive & multi-static radar modes (including synchronisation aspects) - radar modelling and simulation, necessary for a better understanding of the performance of radars and antennas in their environment as well as development cost reduction. Radar techniques Processing and waveforms for discretion and adaptive Counter Electronic Counter Measures, modes, etc Passive & multi-static radar modes (including synchronisation aspects) Modelling and simulation Possibilities on most of the aspects Particular interest for the defence of the EM spectrum Specific waveforms and processing Some technology blocks ElEctronic WarfarE The field of Electronic Warfare is essentially a very restricted field, belonging to national sovereignty because of the important links between the efficiency of deployed countermeasures and the knowledge of the threats taken into account. Thus, the main axes of research aim to: - maintain a thorough understanding of the threats and their concepts of employment; - maintain the aptitude to react quickly and effectively to take into account new threats or new concepts of employment; - control architectures and the associated key components; - control the supply of expandable countermeasures (decoys, etc.). While cooperation between States is not excluded, the above aspects are very constraining and result in very limited technical interdependence between countries observation, intelligence Interception and identification Work in this area concerns technologies necessary for the architecture of Electromagnetic Intelligence systems (the systems aspects are dealt with by the Architecture and techniques for C3I systems (ASC) area). The emphasis is on the reactivity necessary to take into account the rapid evolution of threats encountered. Antenna of La Fayette class frigate DGAcom -F. Vrignaud High precision goniometry and localisation (33) Demodulation, characterisation, identification of emissions Exploitation of information Interception and identification Antennas and payload integration Architectures Activities under national control Control global performance Architecture of exploitation aspects (33) Including multi platforms 88 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

91 remote engagement, various warfare, global security Self-protection Work in this area concerns the whole interception-identification-countermeasures loop, both on technologies, algorithms and architecture aspects as architectures around automatic and programmable systems. Credibility of the decoys (passive or active) is also studied. IED jamming is an important priority, as well as control of the effects of compatibility induced by these countermeasures Antennas and radomes Broad band reception Self-protection of the platforms Algorithms for tracking and identification Systems architectures and platform integration Techniques and technologies of jamming and deception Activities under national control Global performance & key technologies control for defence aspects. Electromagnetic signatures (measurements, modelling and processing) HPM weapons and intended electromagnetic aggressions The High Power Microwave (HPM) weapons, whose technology readiness level is very variable, are likely to be employed for any little or poorly protected electronic system. Knowledge of mechanisms of attack and levels of vulnerability is necessary. For certain aspects, this field can be open to international cooperation. HYPERION test facility DGA HPM weapons and intended electromagnetic aggressions HPM technologies (including metrology aspects) Measure and modelling of the effects Possible on special subjects Control of the vulnerability of systems Electromagnetic compatibility and resistance to strong field attacks This involves developing methodological aspects (simulations, tests) tied to these aspects. Work in this area mainly relates to the necessary tools to evaluate damage to the weapons and ammunitions due to Electromagnetic Radiation, electromagnetic compatibility and the evaluation of the effects of lightning 4 Technological analysis Compatibility and strong field Measure and modelling of the effects Methodology Possible Global control of EM compatibility Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

92 navigation and guidance control of localisation and final precision according to the required level is an essential operational requirement, taking into account issues often associated with the deployment of forces and weapon systems of variable levels of autonomy. The development of deterrence has resulted in France developing international level skills in the field of inertial guidance and navigation systems, which are advisable to maintain in order to attain cost-effectiveness and simplify their implementation. Radio-navigation by satellites offers increasingly powerful and sophisticated possibilities and services. The evolution of military standards of GPS, the developments of the Galileo system and of the PRS secure service are dimensioning elements. It is thus necessary to support the evolution of these systems from the point of view of precision, increased security/integrity and resistance to increasingly constraining electromagnetic environments (NAVWAR). Research for global coherency in the chain of precision and the development of modular and standardised architectures for tactical applications are also important areas of research remote engagement Integration of high efficiency inertial technologies Inertial technologies and their associated techniques are used in the guidance and navigation systems to know the course, attitude and/or speed and position of a mobile weapon, in an autonomous, covert, and permanent way, robust to jamming and decoys. Vibrating technologies, like HRG (35) or MEMS (36), have made rapid progress in recent years. Work will now focus more on the problems of integrating these technologies within new generation navigation systems, taking into account constraints of cost containment, volume, reliability, consumption and robustness, while maintaining optimal performance. HRG - hemispherical resonator gyro/wine glass resonator DR Integration of high efficiency inertial technologies Vibrating inertial technologies (VBA (37), CVG (38), HRG) including i-mems (39) Atomic interferometry Technologies for tactical applications High efficiency control (deterrence) Means of recalibration As essential addition to inertial techniques are those relating to recalibration on given ground data (i.e. altimetry), stellar data or output from vision sensors, in this last case for future low-cost applications for UAVs. (34) PRS: Public Regulated Service (35) HRG: hemispherical resonator gyro/wine glass resonator (36) MEMS: Microelectromechanical systems (37) VBA: Vibration Beam Accelerator (38) CVG: Coriolis Vibrating Gyro (39) I-MEMS: Inertial Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems 90 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

93 Means of recalibration Techniques of recalibration: ground data correlation - radio-altimetry Technologies and techniques for stellar aiming Integration of visual information in the guidance and navigation loops (contribution in autonomous navigation) Technologies for tactical applications To be developed High performance control including space applications High performance control Radio-navigation by satellites The aim here is to accompany the evolution of the American military GPS (need for compatibility) but also in parallel to support the development of the PRS (Public Regulated Service) Galileo service, both with regard to the commitment concepts and more technological aspects linked to reception or local improvement of precision. The NAVWAR aspects are also taken into account, in particular in terms of resistance to jamming. In this context, miniaturisation of radio-navigation equipment is also being addressed. Radio-navigation (GPS & Galileo) Concepts and commitment (including NAVWAR) Secure reception Technologies and techniques for antijamming and miniaturisation According to programmes, GPS or even Galileo Commitment concepts Related services Integrity control Resistance to electromagnetic environments code M GPS Transverse functions for guidance, navigation and localisation - Overall performance and architecture: The objective of these activities is to control the chain of overall precision inside and between overlapping systems. The studies relate to architectures, the modelling of performances, coupling between sensors (hybridisation techniques) aiming to optimise, with reduced costs, the benefits of inertial approaches (sustainability and integrity of information) and of radio-navigation (precision and cost). This includes guidance techniques, in particular for strategic missiles. - Autonomous navigation: The association of ground recognition means with all types of sensor, coupled with more traditional techniques of inertia and radio-navigation, can make it possible to localise in an effective way both familiar and unknown terrains, both inside or outside. The first applications planned relate to land UAVs and robots. Architecture and overall performances Autonomous navigation Hybridisation and techniques of coupling between inertia and radio-navigation Algorithms for navigation Modelling and simulations at the system level Algorithmy and techniques for recalibration Algorithms for autonomous navigation Algorithms for guidance Modularity and standardisation of architectures To be developed Control and coherency of overall performance Control of high performance 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

94 Time stamping - Synchronisation The multiplication of networking requires the development of miniaturised, ultrastable timestamping, as well as very high accuracy clocks necessary for the establishment of time references or for systems synchronisation. Time stamping - Synchronisation Miniaturised ultrastable clocks High accuracy compact clocks for high performance applications Open No cooperation possible Improvement of the reception of GPS and Galileo signals Control of high performance OPTRONICS Day-night detection and identification are major needs for military action, and have been at the origin of the spectacular development of optronics. The spectrum of applications has steadily broadened to functions of observation, information, guidance and optronic warfare. The joint use of vision and lasers has further increased the range of applications both for detection, telemetry and designation and for countermeasure lasers of medium or high energy. The optronics field is and will remain an important contributor to global security applications. With regard to the expansion of applications in the civilian field, it has been decided to focus R&T effort on innovative technologies enabling to obtain significant advantages in military terms and to use technologies from the civilian sector as much as possible when similar needs exist. This is the case in particular for visible window detection systems. Defence efforts aim to: - increase performances in detection/identification, beyond the enemy capacities of engagement (capacities of long range identification on non co-operative targets, remote sensors), - ensure force protection (self-protection of airborne, naval, armoured platforms, infrastructures and sites), - facilitate the operational use of optronics (cost, size, reliability and integration in chains of command and information). This field is generally very open to cooperation making it possible to consolidate the European DTIB (bilateral or multilateral within the EDA). European autonomy regarding technology access is also taken into account Observation Intelligence (40) The need relates in particular to multifunctional optronic means, which are compact and integrable with high performance on airborne platforms, able to supply data enhanced images for later graphical exploitation. Similar to electromagnetic detection, observation by satellites is an emerging need. The support of civilian technologies (space, astronomy) is required here. Lastly, while IR detection has already shown its potential contribution for military space observation, hyperspectral imagery is a field in which a great deal of progress is still required. Observation & Intelligence, Long range identification Very high resolution techniques (optical aperture synthesis, adaptive optics, etc.) Techniques enabling the detailed characterisation of scenes observed (hyperspectral imagery, vibrometry, etc.) Image processing Search for European independence on technology blocks and large demonstrators Very high performance (strategic intelligence) (40) This paragraph does not consider space imagery, which is under the responsibility of EORD 92 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

95 Remote engagement, various warfare, safeguard and global security Navigation and attack systems The need here relates to capacities of engagement on small moving targets in stand off conditions from air defence systems (4 th generation laser designation pods). In the field of image processing, work concerns improvement to the capacities of acquisition and identification of targets in complex environments. As for the medium and high energy laser weapons, they should, in the long term, fill important gaps for the protection of sites, explosive ordnance disposal or ABM Defence. These weapons will be quite complex and expensive to develop. One of the major critical points remains the laser source which must be compact, efficient and produce a high quality beam. Line of sight stabilisation Active imagery Lasers designation Processing for identification and designation Navigation and attack systems On technology blocks and large demonstrators Control of final precision and of capacity of integration Alert systems Concerning armoured, naval and airborne platforms, it is necessary to process threats in an omni directional manner, with ranges and false alarm rates compatible with these platforms countermeasures or self-defence systems. Alert systems Multi-spectral systems Omni-directional systems Specialised image processing On technology blocks and large demonstrators Control of the false alarms rate Night vision Not only for mobility but also for observation, the goal is to reduce the weight and power consumption of the devices without reducing performance and at reduced costs. Night vision Very low light level detection technologies Image Intensifier/Infra-Red fusion On technology blocks and algorithms Integration 4 Self-protection The fight against manpads and more generally against the missiles with infra-red (IR) guidance constitutes a major challenge to improving the safety of military and civilian aircraft. Nevertheless, civilian and military crisis-handling doctrines are based on different logics, and, as a result, a partial agreement has been reached on the recommended technological solutions. DGA wishes to increase European cooperation on this subject. Technological analysis Self-protection and countermeasure systems Multi-spectral, with adapted kinematics, morphological IR decoys Laser jamming systems (DIRCM( 41 )) On technology blocks and large demonstrators Control of performance according to threat (41) DIRCM: Directed Infra-red Counter Measures Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

96 In the domain of force protection, halfway between optronics and electromagnetic detection, tera-hertz detection seems to offer interesting potential for short-distance surveillance and the protection of restricted areas. The work supported by DGA is currently at the research level and will be able to lead to work of demonstration of feasibility. Directed energy weapons and offensive laser Medium and high power laser directed energy weapons may offer high military potential, subject to considerable investment being made. The technologies used in civilian, industrial or scientific domains may lead to technological breakthroughs that will have to be analysed. In the long term, the development of laser weapons will require cooperation at the European level. Lastly, it is equally as important to develop protective systems against the military use of lasers and the methods and means to guarantee the ocular safety of the combatant. Sphinx test facility DGA Medium and high energy laser weapon systems High power and energy Laser Aiming systems and corrective of the atmospheric disturbance Open Depending on access to the technology Vulnerability and protection against laser weapons Nonlinear optical limiters Technology aspects Control of performance according to threat Airborne ABM alert Airborne optronic systems can provide limited zone coverage in addition or substitution to space alert systems. Work currently underway concerns the demonstration of feasibility of such a system. Airborne ABM alert Knowledge of the backgrounds and signatures On technology blocks and large demonstrators Performance optimisation optronics - basic technologies and human protection Miniaturisation of sensors (nano-technologies, on-focal plane integration of functions, etc.) The integration of miniaturised components to focal planes paves the way for sensors having multiple, specific and miniaturised functional capacities. Miniaturisation of sensors (nanotechnologies, on-focal plane, integration of functions, etc.) MEMS and infra-red sensors Open According to the possibilities of access to technology Multi-applications 2D or 3D laser active imagery The use of laser to scout out scenes with controlled types of illumination offers multiple possibilities to increase the range of detection, eliminate masks, discriminate in distance and allow specialised image processing. We need to develop basic blocks of detectors and sources: compact and universal laser sources for all military applications of telemetry, designation and active imagery. 94 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

97 Multi-application 2D laser imagery Laser sources for airborne TM/ designator, laser imagery and active homing heads Focal planes for 2D or 3D active imagery Lasers for active imagery Components for lasers (diodes, fibres, nonlinear crystals) Military laser architectures Open According to the possibilities of access to technology Optic materials, image processing and analysis, visualisation: Innovative optical components Visualisation New infra-red materials (very broad band, resistant to aerothermic effets), multispectral optic materials Fibres for infra-red optic Frequency conversion crystals Visualisation technologies (OLED, LCD, etc.) Open According to the possibilities of access to technology Images processing and analysis Low level real-time processing 4.9. TELECOMMUNICATIONS The telecommunications field covers transportation of the information necessary to operate and maintain the performance of the weapon systems, the operation of nuclear weapon, systems of command and intelligence for analogical and digital data services, phone and video on strategic, operational and tactical levels. Telecommunications are at the heart of the Network Centric Warfare concept which aims to enable the information sharing between the various players, the decision making according to available informations and, finally, a rapid reaction. The purpose is clearly to speed up the cycle perception - decision action. Telecommunications are at the heart of joint and combined interoperability. They are essential to unify ad-hoc coalitions (NATO/EU/not-NATO). Requirements for telecommunications are linked to the digitization of the Military and operational issues to identify and localise in real time to avoid friendly fire. In addition, new needs appear in particular because of the multiplicity of small areas of operations in a large theatre of operation, which need to communicate with isolated soldiers, even if they are beyond the radio range. The main issues concerning the area are: - software defined and its potential; - UVs data links; - SATCOM ground stations & the future post-syracuse 3 space segment; - Air to Ground and Ground to Ground identification; - IP network protocols; - Antennas - Frequency management, and radio spectrum engineering; - Meta-system [tactical radio / infrastructure network / long range] to connect; - Telecommunication standards. Syracuse system DGA/Comm - F. Vrignaud 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

98 Architecture of telecommunications Secure architectures must meet the needs of sensor networking, the decision-making centres, and the weapon systems, in an area covering tactical, operational and strategic fields. Architecture Secure, global, coherent and evolutionary telecommunication architectures Benchmarking Control of architecture Software Defined Radio (SDR) The advent of the software defined radio (SDR) follows the operational logic of interoperability and cost-reductions to rationalise stocks of radio equipments by implementing various waveforms on the same telecommunication equipment, with at the same time standardisation of the software and hardware parts of the radio equipment. US efforts on net-centric operations and on telecommunications (SCA (42) standard, JTRS (43) program) have led the European countries to take the same route. The SDR offers the flexibility necessary for future net-centric operations by easy implementation of many wave forms (new or legacy) and interconnection of several networks. In addition, the SDR represents a major technical challenge. The success of the actions launched will have military and civilian impacts and important economic interests. Thus, the generic SDR platform will be part of future telecommunications, spectrum management, and electronic warfare equipments. New HF/VHF/ UHF radio with waveforms Software defined radio Waveforms EDA Demonstration in European cooperation EDA-NATO European cooperation Other international cooperation Intelligent purchaser National control on Information Security Access to waveforms (expertise on performances) Integration France supports the European cooperation which resulted in November 2006 in the launch of the ESSOR project by the Ministers of Defence of 6 partner countries within EDA (Spain, Finland, France, Italy, Poland and Sweden). The purpose of this project is to: - define a European reference frame of secure software radio which relies on the SCA standard, of U S origin; - develop a common European coalition wave-form; - carry out technological demonstrators of nodes of tactical communications; - carry out full-scale experiments Transmissions for airborne tactical data links Tactical data links are essential to the inter-operability of NATO air-forces. France has integrated link 16 on its Mirage 2000 and Rafale fighters. It has access to the MIDS/JTRS component in the context of the MIDS/JTRS agreement, making it possible to have interoperable equipment available and to incorporate standard evolutions in the medium-term. The change of the L16 wave form to the SDR standard is under consideration Transceiver part of the tactical data links Embedded equipment MIDS/JTRS agreement Control of use (42) SCA: Software Communication Architecture (43) JTRS: Joint Tactical Radio System 96 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

99 SDR certification Certification to the ESSOR standard is a major issue for the SDR because of the ambitions of this technology and the extent of the capacities to be evaluated. In using an open standard, the capacities can be shared in Europe. The centre of reference in France is DGA/Information superiority located in Rennes (formerly CELAR). DGA wishes to develop relations with its counterpart certification centres in Europe with, at the same time, civilian and military prospects. The security aspects of the information systems will be dimensioning for defence applications. Certification of the software defined radio Control of large objectoriented software EDA European commissione Contribution to European certification Antennas A large variety of antenna technologies suitable for defence needs exist. The areas of interest are linked to problems of the integration of many antennas onto military platforms and relate to: the reduction of the dimensions of antennas, simulation, new materials, broadband antennas, control of electromagnetic couplings, propagation. Axes R&T Key technologies Cooperation National capabilities Antennas, amplifiers, filters Great diversity of technologies according to the platforms Open Expertise (integration, performances, electromagnetic compatibility) Radio spectrum engineering DGA recommends increasing cooperation between the European military institutions in particular within the EDA forum (Project Team Radio Spectrum ) in synergy with civilian institutions. In the short term, military institutions would like to: - better manage the military uses of the spectrum while taking care to maintain permanent access to the frequencies (prospection and anticipation of the use of the frequencies); - develop common positions between European countries to improve interoperability; - extend the operational ranges of our respective systems; - have a common visibility with regard to the operating safety. In the longer term, the cognitive radio, allowing a dynamic adaptation in frequency, is a very promising technology which must be studied in cooperation. 4 Management of frequencies Static planning tools Open Control of tools Cognitive radio (dynamic) EDA - NATO European cooperation Expertise (impact on future telecommunications) Technological analysis Space communications The areas of interest are the use of frequency bands [7-8GHz], [20-30GHz], and 44 GHz (X, K Ka, Q), of the broadband communication protocols, and protected protocols, the Satcom on the move and the satcom laser communications. This last technology offering high throughput, long distance, point-to-point telecommunication is complementary to the first two. The technology in its satellite-to-satellite and satellite-to-uav versions has been developed to a high TRL. It has important potential for improving performance, Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

100 with high throughput and low vulnerability of the beam. It also addressed important issues with respect to civilian problems (monitoring of fishing zones, coastal access security, customs, etc.). Telecommunications by satellite EHF Maintain space telecommunications on a moving carrier (On The Move) European cooperation Control of EHF technologies Integration to carrier (antennas, solid state amplifiers, etc.) Optical link Waveform Hardware Open Identification of performance Expertise in integration Airborne communication nodes The need for a local function of telecommunication processing data in real time has been underlined by: - the cohabitation of several different types of UAV in the land force zone of action; - the mutualisation of satellite resources to the benefit of different systems. Airborne communication nodes technology was thus developed to meet the need for increased traffic in a limited geographical area and has been developed to a high TRL. Civilian applications exist such as, for example, the provisional re-establishment of communications after a natural disaster. Embedded terminal Connections for UAVs (standard) European cooperation Control of integration National control of Information Systems Security Airborne communication nodes Open Intelligent purchaser IFF (Identification Friend or Foe) Interoperability and compatibility with civilian radiocommunications play a crucial role in this field. The arrival of the IFF mode 5, which is compatible with mode S installed on civil aircrafts, should satisfy the needs in the long term. In addition, DGA is involved in international discussions on reversed IFF projects (STANAG 5527). DGA needs to take part in the work for the standardisation of mode 5 (NATO) as well as in conducting interoperability tests. DGA supports the development, in cooperation, of European means of evaluation. DGA also supports technologies of low cost air-to-ground identification. IFF Signal Processing NATO Expertise IP (44) and IPv6 migration technologies Future tactical networks will have to include radio equipments providing a point-to-point service like a true mobile IP network. Defence must monitor civilian technological change in order to anticipate needs. A tactical IP network approach aims to provide responses to the following technical issues: (44) Internet Protocol 98 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

101 - Seamless interconnection of elements through standard mechanisms; - Support of various applications; - Increased throughputs and satisfaction of real-time needs. DGA intends to continue evaluation studies of IP technologies and to measure the impact of changes in standards on its own systems. The EDA forum makes it possible to address problems common to European telecommunications systems. Quality of service (SLA, LAN, WAN, QoS IP aspects) DGA will benefit from technologies developed in the civilian sector and will devote special attention to the variety of throughputs necessary for operations, response times and processing security. DGA supports research into the application of future SLA tools (Service Level Agreement) for the defence purposes, SLA management methods (syntax, management, etc.) and application exercises. Ad hoc networks (MANET, mobile IP) By 2015, the development of access networks equipment incorporating civilian technology blocks such as the MANET protocol will allow a dynamic reconfiguration of the networks. DGA will rely on academic work, in particular that carried out by the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (INRIA). IPV6 Open Interoperability standards NATO European bilateral cooperation Implementation and use in weapon systems IP Protocol networks Tools for radio supervision Post-IPv6 Mobile Ad hoc networks (MANET) Open EDA European cooperation Expertise (impact on future telecommunications) Control of quality of service Intelligent procurement of the tools Quality of service (SLA, LAN, WAN, QoS IP aspects) Open INFORMATION SYSTEM SECURITY Cryptography (algorithms and protocols, cryptographic components, integration of cryptography in the equipment and systems) With regards cryptography, it is necessary to have: - National capability for the design of algorithms and cryptographic protocols (capability ensured by DGA/Maîtrise de l information in Rennes); - National industrial capability for the manufacturing of cryptographic equipments; - Good involvement of public and private research laboratories. It is essential to maintain a high level of skills in the design and evaluation of encryption algorithms in particular to enable the development of cryptographic components for future defence equipments. In order to maintain security performance at the highest level, DGA will undertake studies into the theoretical and applied mathematical disciplines of the design of the algorithms and the cryptographic protocols, as well as techniques to evidence the security of the protocols. If interoperability is sought, these protocols will have to take into account combined standards (NATO and the EU). Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

102 Technological monitoring must be carried out on the specification of the integration of cryptographic processes into equipments or systems with for example the follow-up of standards of security for telecommunications protocols (HAIPIS, SCIP, etc.), and architectures for the exchange and management of cryptographic keys. Technological evolution linked to cryptographic components must be watched with attention, such as for example the use of the FPGA or SoC (System on Chip) for all the functions of security concerned with cryptography. Cryptography Algorithmy Hardware components Standards (data transmission and phone) AQUA Countries of EU and NATO work in groups Possible for NATO- EU equipments AQUA Countries of the EU and NATO National control Control of a French implementation Evaluation (technology blocks, cryptographic equipment) AQUA countries in the framework of double evaluation National control Information Technology security Research in this field comprises: - Security of the operating systems and control of their interaction with applications and equipment such as virtualisation software: - Techniques and products for the set up of multi-level security (trusted visualisation of documents, certification, authentication, Key management infrastructure); - Identification and authentication systems (biometrics, etc.); - Contents Access control. R&T areas Technologies déterminantes Cooperation National capabilities Access rights management Biometrics, cryptography, smart card, etc NATO, EDA Expertise Management of multi level security Hardware partitioning components Partitioning software Not necessary today NATO, EDA National control Control of French implementation Means of defensive cyber warfare Defensive cyber warfare aims to keep operational networks and systems at a high security level, in a potentially hostile cyber-environment. The defence organisation will use intrusion detection techniques and inforensics tools in the watch/alert/react cycle, in order to be able to detect cyber attacks, and identify the perpetrators. Cyberdefense is a field where cooperation with NATO countries (technical exchanges, combined exercises, etc) is necessary to fight efficiently cybercrime or cyberwar actions R&T areas Technologies déterminantes Cooperation National capabilities Computer defensive warfare Computer threat analysis Monitoring/detection/ response tools NATO Expertise Expertise and control of French implementation 100 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

103 Systems of Systems security An important field in which DGA is involved is systems of systems security: the (layered) indepth defence and supervision of complex networks of sensors, weapons, and communication & information systems. Security modelling and risk analysis are research topics of high interest for DGA, which can be addressed in collaboration with civilian research organisations. Other topics too, such as evaluation of the security breaches in dual-use technologies (RFID, WIMAX, WIFI, etc ). Architectures of security Security of ad-hoc networks Security of infrastructure networks (Netsec) Management of identities/privileges Biometrics (for memory: see Architecture and techniques for C3I Systems, Social Sciences and Protection) Security of systems of systems Cooperation Expertise and control of French implementation Security of Weapon systems Weapon systems (unmanned platforms, missiles, UAVs, sensors, etc.) use embedded hardware, software, and data, sensitive or classified, which must not be compromised, before, during, or after operation. The design of architectures and mechanisms able to protect executable code and mission data against such access, cloning, reverse engineering, or alteration, in operational environments is an unavoidable challenge, calling for specific techniques (obfuscation (46), cryptography, etc). Protection against compromising signals of systems is also an important subject for defence. It implies vulnerability analyses which can be taken into account by main defence equipment suppliers. The studies undertaken in this field must result in a transition from a product focus to a system focus.. Security of weapon systems Technologies for security of weapon systems HUMAN SCIENCES AND PROTECTION No National control The Human Sciences and Protection (SHP) area is structured around questions relative to humans in operational environment. The aim is to improve their safety and operational capability and, if necessary, provide the necessary care. This area addresses issues concerning Man faced with risk, in order to offer means of protection against the risks of complex socio-technical systems, with the aim of improving the effectiveness of soldiers. It is composed of two parts, SH (Human Sciences and Human Factors) and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defence). The purpose of research is to increase knowledge on CBRN agents and conventional hazards that soldiers may encounter. The first objective is then to be able to optimise the requirements for protection devices and more widely for the defence systems including medical counter-measures. Another objective is to improve medical support interfaces on the field in a global approach called télésanté (Health Information System). The major technological areas of work for this field are: 4 Technological analysis (46) Obfuscation is used to prevent reverse engineering of executable code Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

104 cbrn risk ManagEMEnt this field is fundamental. firstly, dga is the recognised national authority (inter-ministerial) on chemical and biological risks assessment. The first aim is to manage these hazards and risks. A system approach is currently carried out. A global architecture for an integrated system is currently being studied with various component functions: detection, identification, neutralisation, individual and collective protection, decontamination and medical countermeasures. The system is completed with a forensic capability. At the industrial level, industrial integrator companies are developing the system with a network of small and medium businesses, start-up and research laboratories and institutes. They thus cover most of the technical functions cited above. Concerning cooperation, the system that is currently in place at the national level may be shared in mid-term at the European level except for biological reagents and some databases. The second objective of risk assessment capability is to actively participate in non-proliferation initiatives, which are of prime interest for dga. DGA contributes to work concerning international treaties and their verification measures, export controls and discussions concerning reagents and sensors. DGA also participates in the G8 global partnership and other external CBRN risk assessment groups. Lastly, the DGA position as the French authority in B and C risk assessment renders it an essential actor in the fight against cbrn terrorism in an inter-ministerial framework. As in other areas concerning security, DGA can provide its expertise and know-how to the various ministries concerned (Homeland, Justice, Health, Transportation). With the lack of normalisation and standards for CBRN protection equipment, DGA may supply needs in the field of tests and evaluation in representative operational conditions. The aim for DGA is to make its reference tests and evaluations the standard for civilian as well as military CBRN security systems. Fulfilling this purpose may make future interoperability between civilian and military security CBRN security exercise systems necessary, as mentioned in the White Paper. Moreover, DGA contributes to setting up a laboratory network, in particular the BIOTOX-PIRATOX network, for unknown sample analysis, especially through its chemical analysis laboratory for chemical warfare agents. Cooperation DGA provides a subsidy to the CEA to carry out an inter-ministerial programme of research in the field of terrorism counter-measures CBRN-E. DGA is involved in directing the research in relation with the Secretary General of National Security and Defense (at the executive level, a DGA-CEA unit meets every Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009 P3 aerosol chamber in DGA CBRN defense DGAcom -F. Vrignaud DGA CBRN Defence DGA CBRN Defence

105 months to direct the research). When this research will be completed, it is hoped to find emerging technologies that may be of interest for the future for CBRN security On sub-systems dedicated to specific technologies, DGA aims at prioritising cooperation, bilateral in the beginning. This might lead to the realisation of common demonstrators. A prototype has already been realised with Germany for the decontamination of sensitive equipment. Several projects are in preparation with the United Kingdom. DGA also advocates the participation in specific technical subjects under the umbrella of the European Security Research Programme (ESRP) of the European Union. The research will look at new technologies proposed by the industry, on the one hand, and at the development of standards or normalisation for CBRN security systems based on a reference frame constructed by DGA, on the other. In the specific field of medical countermeasures, DGA is planning on information exchanges with its European partners. Trilateral cooperation with the UK and US is under consideration. In the field of therapeutics and prophylaxis, the financial stakes imply that only a concerted civilian-military approach at the European level at least would be viable. Neutralisation of improvised BC devices Stand-off detection: LIDAR and passive image sensors Local detection: spectrometry of flame, LIBS, LIF, Thz B&C monitoring Biological identification: genetic analysis, immunological analysis, mass spectrometry Bilateral cooperation European cooperation on the technology; demonstrator in ad hoc cooperation except biological reagents Intelligent purchaser for the global system. Expertise on the performances to reach and their evaluation. Synthesis capacity of chemical warfare agents at national level. Control of decontamination Bilateral NATO cooperation Control of RBC risk Personal and collective protection RBC protection of critical infrastructure Architecture of alarm and command RBC systems Architecture of protection of civilian sites Forensic capability European cooperation on the technology demonstrator in ad hoc NATO cooperation Demonstrator in ad hoc cooperation Open to European cooperation NATO cooperation Intelligent purchaser for the global system. National expertise on performance. National laboratory capacity for biological and chemical analysis for forensics 4 Integrated demonstrator of future defence RBC: system approach and coherency Biology for detection: strains, reagents, protocols, databases Demonstrator in ad hoc cooperation Significant field being able on a case-by-case basis to give place to cooperation Intelligent purchaser for the global system. National expertise on performance. Collection of agents Technological analysis Skin decontamination Diagnosis Medical countermeasures: Vaccines development Therapeutic antibody Antibiotic and antiviral molecules Open to cooperation Open to cooperation DGA and SSA (47) official expertise (47) Service de Santé des Armées Joint Armed Forces Health Services Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

106 Depollution The depollution of chemical sites is of increasing concern. Research mainly concerns the rehabilitation of areas that have been polluted by explosives, sometimes in association with chemical agents. This type of pollution is specific to the Ministry. Otherwise, DGA aims at exploiting available technologies developed by civilian research first. DGA will direct research only for specific cases. European cooperation on technologies of depollution is possible. Control of RBC risk Technologies of depollution Bilateral cooperation Control of architecture TElEsantE systems The system called Télésanté refers to the application of medical instrumentation, communication and information technologies linked to medical support of the armed forces in operation. It aims at preparing future equipment, making it possible to facilitate the circulation of medical information and to optimise the use of skills and health support resources based on the theatre and at home. Work must be carried out on the health follow-up of personnel, on remote medical support technologies, and on means of tracing of invalids and injured and on health information circulation to the forces. The developed global system shall be able to integrate civilian technological innovations and to remain compatible with civilian organisations as they evolve. DGA wishes to open this field up to European cooperation, for both technological and systems aspects. A broader opening is possible for the technological and subsystems aspects. Medico-surgical support and repair actions Functions of Télésanté : Remote follow-up of the combatant Help to the isolated health workforce Health follow-up of personnel Means of traceability Information circulation Equipment: Management and communication equipment Sensors for the measurement of human physiological parameters Medical robotics Mini invasive surgery Possible SSA major player Care of wounded in the theatre of operations and repair actions This field aims to develop the required capabilities to care of the wounded on the field and in hospitals. As a first step, it undertakes basic research and develops new technologies, if necessary, enabling the improvement of the rehabilitation of personnel wounded in operation (including trauma linked to combat and urgent medical aid). It is imperative to keep a global vision on the capacities to reach. The actions carried out aim at drawing from technologies developed in the civilian sector, except for certain specific pathologies. The fields receiving particular attention relate to the early processing of wounded (polytraumatised, traumatised cranial, burned), analgesia, cellular therapies and transgenesis, the regeneration of tissues, transplants and autografts, blood derivatives and substitutes, restoration of the auditory functions. This field benefits from the significant expertise of the Department of Health of the Armies (Service de Santé des Armées SSA). DGA considers it possible to develop cooperation with countries having a similar health structure. 104 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

107 Medico-surgical support and repair actions Analgesics Transplants Possible SSA major player Medico-surgical support and repair actions Processing of traumatic brain injuries, processing of wounded and burned Clinical follow-up (historical) of the combatant in a potentially toxic environment Possible SSA major player Control of environmental and operational risks except CBRN This domain aims at a better understanding and analysis of the conventional risks facing the combatant: ballistic, toxicological, aural, visual, etc. It must take into account the socio-psychophysiological characteristics of the combatant in his environment. The main objective is to adapt the soldier s protection while limiting the operational constraints due to wearing such protection. Present research is oriented towards ballistic risks. It relates to weapons and technologies with reduced lethality. The effects of conventional weapons are also taken into account in research for new concepts of mixed protection vis-à-vis several effects. In addition, the effects of induced physical agents are evaluated to take into account new environmental factors generated by future weapons (new active auditory stopper to avoid aural traumatisms, uniforms and glasses to limit the effects of electromagnetic radiation and laser, etc.). At the technological level, particular effort is being made with regard to the sustainment of the combatant s operational capabilities and the prevention and management of default risks due to exhaustion. In this field, DGA is open to cooperation in so far as it does not relate to research trespassing the legal standards enforced in France and in the European Union. Axes R&T Key technologies Cooperation National capabilities Analyses and evaluation of the risks, except CBRN, and protection Environmental risks, Risks in operations Possible Expertise within Ministry of Defence (DGA and SSA) Human factors in weapon systems For many years, systems have been conceived and optimised around their technology. With their increasing complexity, it is not anymore possible for users and organisations to regulate and adjust to their use. For that purpose, the combination of systems engineering and engineering of the human factor enables the engineering of complex systems covering all systems, i.e. including human and procedural components all too often neglected in the past. The systems being designed are not only weapon systems, IT systems transporting information, but also socio-technical systems linking human beings acting according to procedures in precise operational contexts able to produce determined effects. By increasing the number of systems in interaction, exploiting technological agents with adjustable or adjusted autonomy, seeking to encourage polyvalent platforms, synergising actions and placing greater value on IT, it is clear that it is no longer possible to easily take the human element and organisational and procedural considerations into account. The three components of the socio-technical system (man, technology and procedures), must be analysed equally. We should not limit ourselves to what is best understood by engineers, considering that common sense is sufficient to take the other two into consideration. This repositioning of engineering is essential in that what is at stake at the end of the day is the applicability of future systems. DGA is favourable to the establishment of cooperation as long as the studies remain coherent with the legal standards and rules in force in France and the European Union. They could be directed at the European level on a basis targeting a common future application. 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

108 Control of human risk factors: Methodologies Guide to taking human factors into consideration Demonstrators of studies into the human component (ergonomics) in Weapon systems (IBEO) Advanced functionalities on headwear in aeronautics Future trend in military populations (anthropometry, biomechanics, cognitive capacities, impact of feminisation) Possible Expertise within the Ministry of Defence Integration of the human element into the weapon systems Cooperation by project-base Expertise within the Ministry of Defence (SSA and ISL) Ergonomics of robotised systems Ergonomics of information systems Decision support systems Possible Expertise within the Ministry of Defence (anthropometry: DGA and SSA) Expertise within the Ministry of Defence Methods of representation of information and sharing authority between men and automats The production of simulators of future complex socio-technical systems is targeted for the study of operational scenarios, the specification of man-systems interfaces, the organisation of work and certain elements of systems architecture. They aim to study and optimise the management of high flows of information (data fusion, intelligent interfaces), to establish models of distribution of authority between operators and automats (in particular for UAV). In this field, DGA considers that information exchanges and cooperation on technical sub-domains (such as UAV) and on human factors is possible. For high level systems and illustrators of operational exploitation needs the studies will remain national. In the case of work on new concepts, the framework of the European defence Agency appears very suitable. Innovative concepts in MMI Share authority operators/ system in the systems of UAVs Integration of the human element into the weapon systems Ship with reduced manpower Possible Expertise within the Ministry of Defence MATERIALS AND COMPONENTS Materials and electronic components form the basic building blocks of all weapon systems and contribute in an important way to the cost of these systems (between 20% and 35% for materials, from 15% to 40% for components). The choices made strongly impact the capability to be functional under normal conditions but also under the extreme conditions, in training or in operation. All events occurring in the life of the weapon systems, either under expected normal operating conditions or close to and beyond their limits (behaviour under severe climatic or mechanical environments, combat damages, various upgrades with the integration of new armaments or equipment, ageing, lifetime extensions) significantly affect the behaviour of their materials and components. 106 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

109 MATERIALS (MA) Materials are the building blocks for the elementary mechanical functions of weapon systems: structure of ship hulls, aircrafts and armoured vehicles, aircraft engine components, propulsion systems for missiles and ships. They also take an active part in ballistic protection, control of signatures, sonar domes, radomes of aircraft and missiles, coatings for low observable (LO) technologies, and products for surface protection. The MA technical area covers materials for structures and functional materials, as well as the various associated specific processes. These are mandatory during the general contracting phase to provide operational capability at the best cost, to ensure operational availability and safety of weapon system objectives at every stages of the life of the current and future programs, taking into account maintenance under operational conditions and withdrawal from active service. It integrates the shock behaviour of materials being used into infrastructures. It addresses the whole industrial process leading to the final product in conformity with the requirements: employment, ISS as well as withdrawal from active service. It does not cover materials for electronics, optronics and energetic materials. Materials for nuclear installations and deterrence are not covered either by the materials technical division or by the components technical division. The area covers in particular topics linked to the control of integrity, fire behaviour, vulnerability and weight reduction of materials used for structures. For the benefit of armament operations, it manages the material obsolescence resulting from foreign dependence or the evolution of regulations, such as environmental, including the European regulation REACH which concerns the manufacture, trade and use of chemical substances presenting toxic effects and/or eco-toxicity. On all these topics, the materials division benchmarks technologies ahead of programs in order to identify technological risks Signature reduction The R&T priority areas relate to the search for new stealth material solutions with respect to the various electromagnetic and optical detection systems, either structural or in the form of coatings (films, paintings), in order to reduce the radar signatures or the infrared signatures of platforms. Research also relates to stealth transparent materials for radomes and high temperatures IRdomes compatible with an optimal operation of the systems, as well as materials solutions for aircraft canopy ensuring low observability, but also good visibility for the pilot. Control of EM, IR and acoustics signatures Windows Radar and Infra-red absorbing coatings Acoustic absorbing coatings Paintings and films Materials with controlled emissivity for high temperatures Materials for electrooptical camouflage Electro-active materials Materials for IR-domes (ceramic, etc.) Materials for radomes (composite materials with organic matrix, dichroic materials, etc.) Materials for sonardomes Possible on a caseby-case basis Under national control Possible on a caseby-case basis Under national control National control according to the weapon System considered National control of design and integration National control according to the weapon system considered National capability of integration Control of global performance National control for design and integration National capability of integration Control of global performance 4 Technological analysis Materials for canopy Possible on a caseby-case basis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

110 perforation and armour This topic includes: - materials for the protection of platforms and dismounted soldier - materials for penetrating rounds, shaped-charges and Energy Formed Projectiles (EFP). Nano-materials Open National capability of integration Control of global performance Perforation and armouring High density metal alloys Composites with metal matrix Rolled homogeneous armour (RHA) Ceramics Open National capability of integration Control of global performance Technical textiles structural MatErials - integrity and VulnEraBility Work is being carried out in the following priority areas: - Materials with high thermal and mechanical resistance for aircraft and missile engines; - Surface protection and corrosion control: work relates primarily to the acquisition of technologies for the corrosion control of maritime platforms and sea water piping. This action is particularly critical taking into account the imminence of the environmental, health and safety regulation evolutions, which will prohibit traditional technological solutions of protection in the next few years; - Weight reduction of aircrafts, armoured vehicles, ships and satellites structures; - Integrity, robustness, vulnerability and safety of structures; Lightning impact on material - Behaviour and damage models which take into account complex degradations under severe environments (thermo-mechanical, crash landing, impacts, etc.). DR Ceramic matrix composite Super alloys European sharing High temperature materials for engines and structures Thermal barrier coatings Carbon-carbon composites Open European sharing National capability of integration Metal matrix composites European sharing Organical matrix composites European sharing 108 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

111 Ecological antifouling paints Corrosion control Scouring techniques Materials/Deposits/Coatings for surface protection Cathodic protection Noble materials/composite materials for sea water circuits Open Impact on through life support (limitation of ISS) military specificities (long lifetime, speed, maritime environments) Integrated health monitoring Weight reduction Metal matrix composites Aluminium alloys Organical matrix composites Magnesium alloys Open Capacity of use for military systems Capacity of use for military systems Control of fatigue and damage Control of global performance control Integrity & vulnerability of structures Techniques for control and repair Fire resistance Modelling and simulation tools Open Control of through life support Control of safety Control of powerful tools for design, reliability and safety Integrated health monitoring Control of through life support Advanced materials Various technological breakthroughs can come from evolution in materials. DGA is particularly interested in materials for sensors and actuators, health monitoring technologies integrated into the structures, active materials for the control of vibrations, nano-technologies, materials inspired by nature (artificial muscles for example), technologies for micro-drones inspired by dragonflies, etc. Technological watch, possibly followed by exploratory studies into their interest for defence should be carried out on the following subjects: meta-materials with singularity of index, materials for acoustic stealth, tools for the in-situ characterisation of EM properties (on equipment in service), protection against the directed energy weapons, consideration of vulnerability reduction in the dimensioning of structures, the state of the art in ceramic turbines, post-superalloy materials, thermal barriers, materials for the propulsion of missiles, super-hydrophobic materials. 4 New concepts of materials Bio-inspired materials Nanomaterials (48) Metamaterials (48) Active materials Environmentalfriendly materials Open Capacity of use for military systems Technological analysis Materials for energy storage COMPONENTS This field is characterised by a large civilian market, with production volumes far larger than military needs, and rather short life cycles compared to the lifespan of a military system. However, (48) open to wider cooperation for low TRL levels but restricted international cooperation if concerning warheads ( nanomaterials ) and integrated antennas (metamaterials) Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

112 the vast majority of components needed for weapon systems can be supplied by the civilian market for an obviously lower cost when the needs correspond to standard products, with the help of intelligent management of the resulting problems (obsolescence, reliability). The Ministry of Defence must thus monitor civilian innovation and adapt to the fast pace of its evolution, which requires architectures allowing technological insertion. It must examine the specific aspects of the military environment: extended temperature range, vibrations, small overall dimensions and an electro-magnetic environment. Some requirements such as component life and reliability (taking into account very long storage times) deviate from civilian applications. Their impact must also be carefully evaluated. During the lifespan of armament programmes, DGA seeks to control risks linked to the components, to predict their reliability, which conditions the availability and size of the replacement stocks as well as the management of obsolescence. However, not all components can be supplied by the civilian market: some requirements concerning performance, reliability, etc. make it essential to use specific high performance components. These components are known as critical, because they have a direct influence on the operational performance of the systems which integrate them. We can distinguish two types: components using civilian technologies, with a specific design (for example, Analog-to-digital converters - ADC) and components using technologies primarily developed by the military (which does not exclude their use in the civilian world, but the latter is then not the driving force). This last case covers in particular high power microwave and broadband components and IR detectors. The Ministry of Defence must then anticipate new needs and launch technological studies very early, starting with low TRL studies, before the launching of programs. Actually, the total term of the cycle of R&T, R&D, industrialisation and entry in service can reach 15 to 20 years. In addition, these critical components are subjected to thorough export controls: the availability and sustainability of European industrial sources for the whole chain (from wafer to packaging) are fundamental. The existence of a European capability for research on these subjects is obviously a requirement. These components include in particular: - The power MMIC (GaAs or GaN), from wafer to packaging; - Microwave power tubes; - High stability local oscillators; - High performance light intensifiers; - High performance infra-red detectors, cooled and not cooled; - ADC and DAC (Converters); - Radiation-hardened components; - Some connectors; - Some types of batteries (thermal batteries for example); - High-speed alternators; Chip FH35 - Wideband mixer for electronic warfare Société UMS 110 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

113 The following technologies are also employed, for certain specific applications - Packaging; - Interconnection; - Thermal management; - Strong integration technologies (SiP for example); - Microsystems. For all specific components, the purpose of R&T is to increase performance and/or reduce costs, in order to be able to satisfy the needs of future armament programs. For all components (specific or not), DGA must make sure to control the risks associated with their use. This implies work on management methodologies, prevention and cure of obsolescence, as well as on reliability prediction. Thus, DGA is extending the use of the Fides methodology for the evaluation of the reliability of components and the dimensioning of stocks for through-life support. In this framework, R&T is directed towards knowledge of the failure mechanisms and comparison with feedback from experience, in order to make reliability predictions more effective. All fields, with the exception of hardened components, are open to cooperation with European and even extra-european partners. Local oscillators Microwave components Monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMIC) Optical microwave components Cold cathodes electron tubes Microwave chains simulation Visible light detectors (CCD, CMOS, etc.) Open UV detectors Electro-optical detectors Digital and/ or hardened components Cooled IR detectors Uncooled IR detectors (bolometers) Image intensifiers ASIC FPGA Hardened components Packaging No Capacity of orientation, analysis and specifications of R&T: Control of global performance 4 Technological analysis Component technologies Interconnections Thermal management Risk control methodologies MEMS Reliability prediction Obsolescence management RoHS impact Open Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

114 Electrical engineering (management of power and energy, actuators of all types) Work is being carried out on the use and adaptation of civilian technologies to military constraints, in particular in the fields of conversion, storage and energy management, actuators and engines of all types: Electrochemistry (batteries, primary and secondary, fuel cells) and energy sources Supercapacitors Superconductive storage Thermal batteries Superconductive machines Inertial alternators Materials for permanent magnets Ferromagnetic materials Driving actuators Starter alternators High speed alternators Power electronics (SiC components, diamond, implementation, etc.) Electrical engineering Open Capacity of analysis and specifications: control of global performance TESTING METHODS R&T for test and evalution exists more specifically at the level of R&T studies aiming to obtain more efficient testing methods. This efficiency must be considered in terms of the provision of results adapted to the depth of expertise required and the reduction of costs. The latter could be obtained, for example, by reducing the number of the useful operators, or even by a simplification of equipments (such as measurement equipments). The tests area launched in 2008 a research programme (Programme d études amont, or PEA), the purpose of which is to develop new methods of engineering and testing in order to reduce the technical and human cost of test services and be able to carry out development and qualification tests on new technologies at the appropriate time. To reduce costs and better adapt the results provided to what the experts really need, several approaches are possible: - to reconsider methods in order to limit the number of operators (automation of processes); - to adapt equipments in order to make them more general-purpose, or more flexible of use; - to resort to simulation, either to choose the essential configurations to test in reality, or reduce the duration of testing to a strict minimum; - to use sensors and innovative test facilities allowing faster and more efficient preparation of tests and/or exploitation of results. Other R&T subjects of potential interest concerning land weapon and ammunition trials (firing range observation, acquisition and processing measure) or applied environment and eco-design trials are developed. n 112 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

115 Test capacities Simulated flight tests on engines or in icing conditions Missile flight tests Ground tests of aircrafts Main areas of R&T work - Improvement of test conditions for small turbojets, according to several themes: maintenance of in-flight conditions, adapted measurement of the net thrust, improvement of the start-up conditions in simulated Mach (missile turbojet) - Reduction of the costs of tests on profile in icing conditions by the adaptation of the assembly to the S1 bench of DGA Aero-engine Testing (in Saclay) - Development study of the equipment necessary (including an innovative measurement tool by Laser-Induced Fluorescence) to carry out certification tests in icing conditions according to the future Appendix X (standardisation document in the process of international validation), relating to drizzle and rain (problem of generation of a new definition frosting cloud) - Innovation and rationalisation in future systems of trajectory - Improvement of the definition and safety gauges adapted to the testing of high speed missiles - Improvement of telemetry equipment, both in terms of speed (according to the frequencies available) and data recording - Improvement of airframes tests (use of simulation), aerothermic tests (simulation of air conditioning testing facilities), night vision device tests: evaluation and measurement equipment (wireless technologies for displacement measurements, non-destructive control system, system of stereo-correlation) 4 Technological analysis Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

116 114 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

117 5 Appendices APPENDIX I: TRL SCALE (TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL) The TRL scale is a scale for rating the degree of maturity reached by a technology. It was initiated by NASA in order to manage the technological risk of its programmes. Initially composed of seven levels, since 1995, it comprises nine levels [1]: The TRL scale has been adopted by the defence sector with the same principal aim of technological risk management for programmes, with the help of some small adaptations (replacement of the concept of space by the concept of operational environment). It is officially applied in particular by: - the United States Department of Defense (DoD) since 2001, - the British Ministry of Defence since 2001, - the Australian DSTO (Defence Science and Technology Organisation) since The following defence organisations use it regularly: - DRDC (Defence Research and Development Canada), - TNO (Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research), - FMV (Försvarets Materiel Verks), - NURC (NATO Undersea Research Centre). Lastly, in the space sector, the biggest space agencies, ESA (European Space Agency), JAXA (Japanese Space Exploration Agency), have joined NASA in using the TRL. Note : On the basis of the following reference grid which is well suited to hardware and equipment technologies, the DoD has developed specific grids [2] for software, manufacturing and biomedical technologies. A final scale has also been added [3] for technologies based on practices such as processes, methods, etc. DoD EVALUATION GRID IN USE SINCE 1995 TRL Definition Description Supporting Information 1 Basic principles observed and reported Lowest level of technology readiness. Scientific research begins to be translated into applied research and development. Examples might include paper studies of a technology s basic properties. Published research that identifies the principles that underlie this technology. References to who, where, when. 5 2 Technology concept and/or application formulated Invention begins. Once basic principles are observed, practical applications can be invented. The application is speculative and there is no proof or detailed analysis to support the assumption. Examples are still limited to paper studies. Publications or other references that outline the application being considered and that provide analysis to support the concept Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA Appendices

118 TRL Definition Description Supporting Information 3 Analytical and experimental critical functions and/ or characteristic proof of concept Active research and development is initiated. This includes analytical studies and laboratory studies to physically validate analytical predictions of separate elements of the technology. Examples include components that are not yet integrated or representative Results of laboratory tests performed to measure parameters of interest and comparison to analytical predictions for critical subsystems. References to who, where, and when these tests and comparisons were performed. 4 Component and/ or breadboard validation in laboratory environment Basic technological components are integrated to establish that the pieces will work together. This is low fidelity compared to the eventual system. Examples include integration of ad hoc hardware in a laboratory. System concepts that have been considered and results from testing laboratory scale breadboards. References to who did this work and when. Provide an estimate of how breadboard hardware and test results differ from the expected system goals 5 Component and/ or breadboard validation in relevant environment. Fidelity of breadboard technology increases significantly. The basic technological components are integrated with reasonably realistic supporting elements so that the technology can be tested in a simulated environment. Examples include high fidelity laboratory integration of components. Results from testing a laboratory breadboard system are integrated with other supporting elements in a simulated operational environment. How does the relevant environment differ from the expected operational environment? How do the test results compare with expectations? What problems, if any, were encountered? Was the breadboard system refined to more nearly match the expected system goals? 6 System/subsystem model or prototype demonstration in a relevant environment Representative model or prototype system, which is well beyond the breadboard tested for TRL 5, is tested in a relevant environment. Represents a major step up in a technology s demonstrated readiness. Examples include testing a prototype in a high fidelity laboratory environment or in simulated operational environment Results from laboratory testing of a prototype system that is near the desired configuration in terms of performance, weight, and volume. How did the test environment differ from the operational environment? How did the test compare with expectations? What problems, if any, were encountered? What are/were the plans, options, or actions to resolve problems before moving to the next level? 7 System prototype demonstration in an operational environment Prototype near or at planned operational system. Represents a major step up from TRL 6, requiring the demonstration of an actual system prototype in an operational environment, such as in an aircraft, vehicle or space. Examples include testing the prototype in a test bed aircraft. Results from testing a prototype system in an operational environment. Who performed the tests? How did the test compare with expectations? What problems, if any, were encountered? What are/were the plans, options, or actions to resolve problems before moving to the next level? 116 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

119 TRL Definition Description Supporting Information 8 Actual system completed and flight qualified through test and demonstration Technology has been proven to work in its final form and under expected conditions. In almost all cases, this TRL represents the end of true system development. Examples include developmental test and evaluation of the system in its intended weapon system to determine if it meets design specifications Results of testing the system in its final configuration under the expected range of environmental conditions in which it will be expected to operate. Assessment of whether it will meet its operational requirements. What problems, if any, were encountered? What are/were the plans, options, or actions to resolve problems before finalising the design? 9 Actual system flight proven through successful mission operations. Actual application of the technology in its final form and under mission conditions, such as those encountered in operational test and evaluation. Examples include using the system under operational mission conditions. OT&E reports. The following table supplements the nature of TRLs by defining some of the terms used in the description of the latter. Term Definition Breadboard Integrated components that provide a representation of a system/subsystem and that can be used to determine concept feasibility and to develop technical data. Typically configured for laboratory use to demonstrate the technical principles of immediate interest. May resemble final system/subsystem in function only Model A functional form of a system, generally reduced in scale, near or at operational specification. Models will be sufficiently hardened to allow demonstration of the technical and operational capabilities required of the final system. Prototype A physical or virtual model used to evaluate the technical or manufacturing feasibility or military utility of a particular technology or process, concept, end item, or system. Component Simple element of the technology. The smallest subsystem giving a sufficient granularity to identify technical risks and opportunities. 5 Subsystem System Sub-element of an overall system which can be limited/ defined in terms of functionality All technical elements constituting the project and acting like a single group in order to deliver a definite capacity. Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

120 Term Definition Integration Systematic activity, structured and progressive of test, validation and checking out of the interactions between subsystems until the complete system. High fidelity Addresses form, fit, and function. A high-fidelity laboratory environment would involve testing with equipment that can simulate and validate all system specifications within a laboratory setting Low fidelity A representative of the component or system that has limited ability to provide anything but first-order information about the end product. Low-fidelity assessments are used to provide trend analysis. Operational environment Environment that addresses all the operational requirements and specifications required of the final system to include platform/packaging Relevant environment Testing environment that simulates the key aspects of the operational environment Simulated operational environment Either (1) a real environment that can simulate all the operational requirements and specifications required of the final system or (2) a simulated environment that allows for testing of a virtual prototype. Used in either case to determine whether a developmental system meets the operational requirements and specifications of the final system Bibliography : [1] Technology Readiness Levels, A White Paper. John C. Mankins, NASA, [2] Technology Readiness Assessment (TRA) Deskbook. DoD, May [3] TRL Corollaries for Practice-Based Technologies. Carnegie Mellon Software Institute, Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

121 APPENDIX II: GLOBAL PROJECTS A methodology for describing global projects and those relating to the technological base is being generalised within DGA. The roadmaps drawn up are mainly of internal use. Some versions are distributed more widely such as that presented below as an illustration of the method. General presentation of unifying project A global project is documented by technical specifications and a roadmap. These documents make it possible to describe: - c apability requirements and environmental constraints in the broad sense. This level of description makes it possible to answer the question why this unifying project? - technological, industrial and cooperation objectives to reach in order to meet these needs. This level of description makes it possible to answer the question which products to produce in order to meet the capability requirements? - actions to carry out to reach these objectives. This level of description indicates how to proceed in order to obtain the products listed at the former stage High-level Roadmap (RM) Platforms and equipment interested by RM constraints Why Why: Platforms, equipment and their milestones Links product stages/objectives RM programmes Objectives Technologies DTIB, cooperation RM primary action What What: Products to realise in response to why : How: Technological breakthroughs: required action 5 Appendices How Links actions/products Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

122 Example of the TELESANTE unifying project The environment and the capability need (the why? ) is described as follows WHY? Products to be produced in order to answer the capability requirements (the what? ) are then identified: WHAT? HOW? Lastly, the actions to carry out to meet these aims (the How? ) are determined: 120 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

123 APPENDIX III TECHNOLOGICAL BASIS The technological basis is structured by technical areas. It is documented by the industrial and technological sector orientations roadmaps for each area. Its content is divided into two parts: the first relates to breakthrough technologies, the second relates to specific constraints (technical authority, for example). The construction of the technological basis requires initially to identify the potential technological breakthroughs likely to be of interest for future defence equipments. The roadmap then describes: - the platforms that could integrate new very low TRL technologies. This level of description makes it possible to answer the question why study this technology?. - attainable technological, industrial and cooperation objectives. This level of description makes it possible to answer the question which products to produce in order to assert the feasibility of a breakthrough technology? - actions to advance breakthrough technologies to a TRL of 4 or 5 High-level Roadmap (RM) Platforms and equipment interested by Why Why: PlatePlatforms, equipment and their milestones Links development stages/equipments RM stages of development, DTIB, cooperation What What: Products to realise in response to why : feasibility stages in development How : Technological breakthroughs: required action 5 Appendices RM action Links actions/stages of development How Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

124 APPENDIX IV TECHNICAL AERAS AND ITS R&T ACTIVITIES Technical areas Technical fields Systems of force concerned Products (programmes) SdS Systems of systems Tools simulation methods (MOS) Architecture Assessment of Systems of Systems (AESS) All systems of forces No product segment Key areas of research, excluding upstream studies: Systems engineering support for operations, SCCOA, Scorpion and programmes in preparation phase Battle Lab experimentations SASF s unifying projects AST Architecture and techniques for land systems Land platforms (PFT) Land combat systems (SCT) Engagement and combat Fighting vehicles Special vehicles General purpose vehicles and equipment Combat systems Autonomous systems ASA Architecture and techniques for air systems Aeronautical platforms (PFA) Aeronautical platforms propulsion (PRA) Aeronautical combat systems (SCA) Deterrence Protection mobility and support Engagement and combat Combat aircrafts Transport aircraft Specialised aircraft Helicopters Combat aircraft engines Engines for transport of aircraft and derived products Helicopter engines Auxiliary Power units Avionics and mansystem integration Aircraft equipments Aircraft aeronautical support systems ASN Architecture and techniques for naval system Naval platforms (PFN) Naval combat systems (SCN) Deterrence Protection mobility and support Engagement and combat Surface ships Submarines Energy-propulsioninstallations except nuclear steam supply systems Naval combat systems Underwater naval and mine warfare including underwater weapons Nuclear steam supply systems ASC Architecture and techniques for C3R systems Operational information systems (SIO) Space, observation, intelligence and UAV systems (EORD) Geophysical environment (EN) Command and information superiority Tactical systems of UAVs Systems of long endurance UAVs Exploitation stations for observation data Systems of information by satellites Production of geographical data Operational information systems 122 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

125 Technical areas Technical fields Systems of force concerned Products (programmes) SSI Information system security Information system security (SSI) All systems of forces Cryptography equipment Computer security equipment TEC Telecommunications Telecommunications (TEC) All systems of forces Architecture and services of telecommunication systems Infrastructure networks Satellite telecommunications systems Tactical radio networks IFF equipment Communications for strategic systems MAN Missiles, weapons and nuclear techniques of defence Tactical and strategic missiles (MTS) Propulsion, energetic and explosive materials (PE) Nuclear techniques of defence (NUC) Weapons and ammunition (ARM) Deterrence Engagement and combat Protection and safeguard Ballistic missiles Ramjet missiles Antisurface missiles Anti-aircraft missiles Homing heads and radomes of tactical missiles charges and final effect of tactical missiles Propulsion of tactical missiles Propulsion of ballistic missiles Aeronautical bombs and mines Munitions, rockets and weapons SHP Human sciences and protection Defence CBRN (NRBC) Human sciences (SH) Protection safeguards CBRN Defence Systems Télésanté system CGN Sensors, guidance and navigation Optronics (OP) Electromagnetic detection (DE) Electronic war(ge) Guidance- Navigation (GN) All systems of forces Airborne surveillance radars Ground battlefield radars Ground-air surveillance radars Naval radars Combat aircraft radars ESM systems or functions (electronic surveillance) and ECM (electronic attack) COM ESM systems or functions (electronic surveillance) radar ECM systems or functions radar and self protection systems Guidance, navigation and dating systems, except for deterrence Common and land optronic equipment Airborne optronic equipment Naval optronic equipment MC Materials and components Materials (MA) Components (CO) All systems of forces No product segments Support to programmes for: Structural and engines materials, functional materials, specific processes, Electronic processing, electro-optical sensors, hardening, electrical engineering. Energy coordination 5 Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

126 appendix V glossary 2D 3D ADC ABM AFIS AGATE ALTBMD ANR ANVAR AQUA ASA ASC ASIC ASN AST AST B and C BDI BEM BOA C3 BOA C-BML C2 C3 C3R C4I CAD CBML CBRN : CCD CCIS or CIS CCRE 2 Dimensions 3 Dimensions Analog-to-Digital Converters Anti Ballistic Missile Association Française d Ingénierie Système, French association for systems engineering Atelier de Gestion des Architectures Techniques (de SIO), Management workshop for technical architectures (of CCIS) Active Layered Theatre Ballistic Missile Defence Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, National Research Agency Agence Nationale de Valorisation de la Recherche, National research promotion agency Country with qualified authority in Information system security Architecture et techniques de Systèmes Aéronautiques, Architecture and techniques for aeronautical systems Architecture et techniques de Systèmes C3R, Architecture and techniques for C3R systems Application Specific Integrated Circuit Architecture et techniques de Systèmes Navals, Architecture and techniques for naval systems Architecture et techniques de Systèmes Terrestres, Architecture and techniques for land systems Architecture et techniques de Systèmes Terrestres, Architecture and techniques for land systems Biological and Chemical Battle Damage Information Bâtiment d Essais et de Mesures, Testing and measurements ship Bulle Opérationnelle Aéroterrestre, Land system transformation research programm Command, Control and Communication Bulle Opérationnelle Aéroterrestre Coalition Battle Management Language Commandement et Conduite Command, Control and Communication Commandement, Communication, Conduite et Renseignement, Command, Control, Conduct and Intelligence Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence Centre d'analyse de Défense, Defence Analysis Centre, part of DGA Coalition Battle Management Language Chemical, Bacteriological, Radiological, and Nuclear Charge-Coupled Device Command and Control Information Systems Conseil Consultatif des Recherches et Etudes, ISL Research and study consultation council 124 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

127 CD&E CEA CEA/DAM CGN CGP CIADIOS CIDEF CMC CMOS CNES CNI CNRS COM COMINT COP CNRS COP COS COTS CTA CTFSIA CVG DAC DAMB DE DGA DGCIS DGIWG DGSIC DIRCM DLR DNG3D DoD DRAM DRI DSL DTIB Conception, Développement et Expérimentation, Concept, Development and Experimentation Commissariat à l Energie Atomique, French atomic energy centre CEA/Direction des Applications Militaires, CEA/Military Applications Division Capteurs, Guidage et Navigation, Sensors, Guidance and Navigation Coût Global de Possession, Overall ownership cost Centre Interarmées d Administration De l Interopérabilité Opérationnelle des Systèmes d information et de communication, Joint centre for the administration of the operational interoperability of IT and communications systems Conseil des Industries de Défense Françaises, French Defence Industries Council Composites with Ceramic matrix Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Centre National d Etudes Spatiales, French national space research centre Communication Navigation Identification Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, National Centre for Scientific Research Contrat d Objectifs et de Moyens (ONERA), Objectives and Means Contract Communication Intelligence Common Operational Picture Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique Common Operationnal Picture Commandement des Opérations Spéciales Special Operations Command Commercial Off The Shelf Case Telescope Ammunition Défense Anti- Missile Balistique Coriolis Vibrating Gyro Digital-to-Analog Converters Défense Anti-Missile Balistique, Anti-Ballistic Missiles Defence Détection Electromagnétique, Electromagnetic detection Direction Générale de l Armement, Directorate General of Armaments Direction Générale de la compétitivité, de l Industrie et des Services, Directorate for Competitiveness, Industry and Services, part of Working Group Direction Générale des Systèmes d Information et de Communication, Directorate for Information and Communications Systems, part of Directed Infrared Counter Measures Deutsche Forschunganstalt für Luft und Raumfahrt, Germany Données Numériques Géographiques et 3 Dimensions, Geographical and 3D Digital Data US Department of Defense Dommages dus aux Rayonnements électromagnétiques sur les systèmes d Armes et les Munitions, Damage induced by radiation on weapons and ammunition Détection Reconnaissance Identification, Detection Reconnaissance Identification Domain Specific Language Defence Technological and Industrial Base 5 Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

128 E/R eb XML ECCM ECM EDA EHF ElInt EM EMA EN ENSIETA ENSTA EORD ESA ESM ESRP ESSOR EU EVF FHSS FIDES FPGA FR FUI GaAs Galilleo GaN GE GHOM GHz GIFAS GMES GMTI GN GPS GRAVES GRID HAIPIS HEDM Emission/Réception, Emission/Reception Electronic Business using extensible markup language Electronic Counter Counter-Measures Electronic Counter-Measures European Defence Agency Extremely High Frequency Electromagnetic Intelligence Electromagnetic Etat-Major des Armées, Joint Chiefs of Staff Geophysical environment Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Ingénieurs des Etudes et Techniques d Armement, Armament engineering College Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Techniques Avancées, Armament engineering College Espace, Observation, Renseignement et systems de Drones, Space, Observation, Intelligence and UAV systems European Space Agency Electronic Support Measures European Security Research Programme European Secured Software Defined Radio Referential European Union Evasion de Fréquence, Frequency evasion Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum Guide allowing estimated reliability calculation for electronic components and systems Field Programmable Gate Array France Fond Unique Interministériel, Single interministerial fund Gallium arsenide European service of navigation by satellite for civilian and commercial use Gallium nitride Guerre Electromagnétique, Electromagnetic warfare Géographie Hydro Océano Météorologique, Hydro-, Oceano- and Meteorological Geography GigaHertz Groupe des Industries Françaises Aéronautiques et Spatiales, French Aeronautical and Spatial Industries Group Global Monitoring on Environment and Security programme Ground Moving Target Indicator Guidance - Navigation Global Positioning System Grand Réseau Adapté à la Veille Spatiale, Major network suitable for spatial monitoring Grid computing High Assurance Internet Protocol Interoperability Specification High Energy Density Materials 126 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

129 HF HLA HPM HRG High frequency High Level Architectures High Power Microwaves Hemispherical resonator gyrometer HSCT Hygiène, Sécurité et Conditions de Travail, Hygiene, safety and working conditions HumInt Human Intelligence HVUHF High, Very, and Ultra High Frequency IBEO Illustrateur de Besoins d Exploitation Opérationnelle, Operational application needs illustration ICET Innovative Concept and Emerging Technologies IED Improvised Explosive Device IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IFF Identification Friend or Foe, IGN Institut Géographique National, French National Geographical Institute IHM Interface Homme Machine, Man Machine Interface (MMI) II Image Intensifier, IL Intensificateur de Lumière, i-mems Inertial Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems INRIA Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatisme, French national institute for IT and automation research IP Internet Protocol IPM Integrated Power Module IPR Intellectual Property Rules IPSEC Internet Protocol Secure IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 IR Infra-Red IRM Intelligent Radar Management ISAE Institut Supérieur de l Aéronautique et de l Espace, Aeronautics and Space Institute ISAR Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar ISL Institut franco-allemand de Saint Louis, French-German Institute of Saint Louis ISS In Service Support ITP Innovation Technology Partnership IVVQ Integration, Verification, Validation and Qualification JC3IEDM Joint C3 Information Exchange Data Model JIP Joint Investment Programme (EDA) JTRS Joint Tactical Radio System LAN Local Area Network LDT Liaison de Données Tactique, Tactical Data Link LIBS Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy LID Lutte Informatique Défensive, Computer defence LIDAR LIght Detection and Ranging LIDAR Light Infrared Detection And Ranging LIF Laser Induced Fluorescence LOLF Loi Organique relative aux Lois de Finance, French Budget Law LPM Loi de Programmation Militaire, Military Planning Law 5 Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

130 LTO M88 MAN MANET MC MEEDDM MEMS MGCP MIDCAS MIDS MIRES MMI : MMIC MNE MOD MOS MPIA MRCM MSG MTI MTMD MUSIS NAF NATO NAVWAR NCA NCES NCW NEMO NLOS NNEC NRBC NTIC NURC ONERA OP OPEX OSEO OTAN Laboratoire Technico-Opérationnel, French MoD Battle Lab Engine of the Rafale Missiles, Armes et techniques Nucléaires de défense, Missiles, weapons and nuclear techniques of defence Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Matériaux et composants, Materials and Components Ministère de l'écologie, de l'énergie, du développement durable et de la mer, Ministry of ecology, energy, sustainable development and the sea. Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems Multinational Geospatial Coproduction Programme MID-air Collision Avoidance System Multi functional Information Distribution System Mission Interministérielle pour la Recherche et l Enseignement Supérieur, Interministerial Mission for Research and Higher Education Man-Machine Interface Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit MultiNational Exercise Ministry Of Defence Méthodes, Outils et Simulations, Methods, Tools, Simulations Modèle Pivot Inter Armées, Joint information exchange datamodel Multi-Role Combat Missile Meteosat Second Generation Moving Target Indicator Maritime Theatre Missile Defence Multinational Space-based Imaging System NATO Architecture Framework North Atlantic Treaty Organization Navigation Warfare Noeud de Communication Aéroporté, Airborne Node of communication Net-Centric Enterprise Services Network Centric Warfare NEtwork MObility protocol Not in Line of Sight NATO Network Enabled Capability Nuclear, Radiological, Bacteriological and Chemical (CBRN) Nouvelles Technologies de l Information et de la Communication, New technologies of information and communication NATO Undersea Research Centre Office National d Etudes et de Recherches Aérospatiales, National office for aerospace studies and research Optronics Opérations Extérieures, External Operations Public institution: OSEO was born in 2005, by bringing together ANVAR (French innovation agency) and BDPME (SME development bank) Organisation du Traité de l Atlantique Nord, North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) 128 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

131 PASR PCRD PEA PERS PF PHOENIX PME POS PP30 PRS PS R&T QoS Quaero R&D R&T RAM RAPID RBC RDFP REACH RECO NG REI REP RETEX RFID RoHS RTO NATO SA2R SAMP/T SAR SATCOMS SCA SCIP SCN SdS SDR SEAD SEDRIS SGDN Preparatory Action on the enhancement of the European industrial potential in the field of Security Research (European Commission) Programme Communautaire de Recherche et Développement, European R&D framework programme Programme d Etudes Amont, R&T programme Programme Européen de Recherche et de Sécurité, European Security Research Programme (ESRP) Projets Fédérateurs, Global projects Experimental land combat battle lab Petites et Moyennes Entreprises, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SME) document Politique et Objectifs Scientifiques, Basic Research Policy Plan Prospectif à 30 ans, 30-year Plan Public Regulated Service Plan Stratégique Recherches et Technologies de défense et de sécurité, Strategic plan for research and technology in defence and security Quality of Service A collaborative program aiming at the development of new tools for navigation in large volumes of audiovisual content. Research and Development Research and Technology Rockets, Artillery & Mortars (counter RAM) Régime d'appui aux PME pour l'innovation Duale, System of support to SMEs for Dual Innovation Radiological, Bacteriological and Chemical Research and Development Framework Program Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals Reconnaissance de nouvelle génération, New generation reconnaissance pod Recherche Exploratoire et Innovation, Exploratory research and innovation Recognised Environment Picture Retour d Expérience, lessons learned Radio Frequency Identification Restriction of use of certain Hazardous Substances in electronic equipment Research & Technology Organisation Surveillance, Acquisition de cibles, Reconnaissance et Renseignement, Surveillance, target acquisition, reconnaissance and intelligence Sol-Air Moyenne Portée Terrestre, Land ground to air midrange missile Synthetic Aperture Radar Satellite Communications Software Communication Architecture Secure Communication and Interoperability Protocol Systèmes de Combat Navals, Naval combat system Systèmes de Systèmes, Systems of systems (SoS) Software Define radio Suppression of Enemy Air Defence Synthetic Environment Data Representation & Interchange Specification Secrétariat Général à la Défense Nationale, General Secretariat of National Defence (Prime Minister) 5 Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

132 SH SHF SHOM SHP SIO SIP SLA SLAMF SME SOA SoC SoS SPIRALE SSA SSBM SSI STANAG STAP T/R TCP/IP TEC THR Thz TM TMPAM TP 400 TRELIBS TRL TSV UAV UCAV UHF USAR USV UUV UV UVs VBA VBCI VHF VPN VTOL VVA Sciences de l Homme, Human sciences Super High Frequency Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine, Marine hydrographic and oceanographic service Sciences de l homme et protection, Human sciences and protection Systèmes d Information Opérationnels, Operational information systems Software Integration Plan Service Level Agreement Système de Lutte Anti Mines Futur, Future mine warfare system Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Service Oriented Architecture System on the Chip Systems of Systems Système Préparatoire Infra-Rouge pour l ALErte, Infra-red prototype system for alert Service de Santé des Armées, French MoD Medical Service Sécurité des Systèmes d Information, Information systems security Standardisation Agreement Spatial and Time Adaptative Processing Transmission/Reception Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol Telecommunications Très Haute Résolution, Very high resolution TeraHertz Telemeter Têtes Militaires Polyvalentes à Allumages Multi-points, Polyvalent multi-point initiation warheads Turbopropellant of the A 400 M Time Resolved Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy Technology Readiness Level Technologie de Souveraineté, Sovereignty technology Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Ultra-High Frequency Unmanned aerial vehicle Systems Airworthiness Requirements Unmanned Surface Vehicle Unmanned Underwater Vehicle Ultra-Violet Unmanned Vehicles Vibration Beam Accelerator Véhicule Blindé de Combat d Infanterie, Armoured infantry combat vehicle Very High Frequency Virtual Private Network Vertical Take Off and Landing Validation, Verification, Accreditation 130 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

133 WAN WIFI WIMAX XML XML-IA XSMTP Wide Area Network Wireless Fidelity Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave access Extensible Markup Language Extensible Markup Language Inter-army Extensible Simple Mail Transfer Protocol 5 Appendices Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA

134 appendix VI DIFFERENT DGA LOCATIONS This map shows the location of the different sites of DGA in France: GESMA DGA Naval Systems (Brest) DGA Hydrodynamics (Val de Reuil) LRBA (Vernon) DGA Engineering and Integration DGA Aero-engine Testing (Bagneux) (Saclay) DGA Information Superiority (Rennes) DGA CBRN Defence (Vert le Petit) ETAS DGA Land Systems (Angers) DGA Land Systems (Bourges) CAEPE (Saint Médard) DGA Flight Testing (Cazaux) DGA Missiles Testing (Biscarrosse) DGA Aeronautical Systems (Toulouse) DGA Flight Testing (Istres) DGA Naval Systems (Toulon) DGA Missiles Testing (Toulon + Île du Levant) 132 Strategic Plan for Research & Technology in defence and security DGA 2009

135 SATISFACTION SURVEY This questionnaire is aimed at improving the dialogue and tools set up by DGA as regards R&T To be returned to DGA/DS/SRTS fax no. = 33 (0) ) or mail: [email protected] Organisation: : DGA Military Administration indicate which one Industrial prime contractor SME Research institute You are: French European Other country Which are your principal uses of this document? - It is a useful information document on the activity of DGA in technical areas other than mine or on transversal topics - It is an important information memorandum without being essential, which enables me to place m y R&T activities with respect to the needs of DGA - It is an essential document, a systematic reference for each R&T meeting in which I take part with DGA Compared to the other reference documents on defence strategy, is the role of the PS R&T clear to you? - with regard to the 30-year plan (PP30): well-defined to specify - with regard to the basic research policy document (POS): well-defined to specify - with regard to other documents (space policy, etc.): well-defined to specify Areas of improvement Appreciation of the various chapters: Chapter II issues: essential useful information available elsewhere Chapter III implementation of the PS R&T essential useful information available elsewhere Chapter IV technological analyses essential useful information available elsewhere Areas of work by divisions: Clear vision of the areas of work quite useful information does not address real R&T issues

136 Technology tables: wording indicating the priorities: clear too precise not precise enough comprehension of expectations regarding cooperation: clear to improve comprehension of expectations regarding national capabilities: clear to improve Priority technology lists: sufficient too exhaustive too selective Comments (including other information that could be featured): Innovation policy: Convincing clear not detailed enough not clear Presentation of the means implemented by defence: Convincing clear not detailed enough not clear Comments Continuation of the dialogue with the ministry regarding R&T: After publication of the PS R&T, which are the topics that you consider a new R&T document should address? (please note by decreasing order of priority from 1 to 8 where 1 is high priority and 8 is low priority): Concrete implementation of the R&T strategy Transformation of operational needs into technological needs Representation of needs in priority technologies Global project Tools and methods of the ministry as regards R&T (procurement, etc.) Specify which: Policy of the ministry with respect to technological breakthroughs Cooperation National capabilities Relationship to civilian researche Other: : Your general satisfaction with the publication of the PS R&T: Very Satisfactory Satisfactory Positioning to improve Disappointing COMMENTS :

137 The DGA s own web site: Public procurement portal: Industry portal: Direction générale de l armement Service des recherches et technologies de défense et de sécurité 7 rue des Mathurins Bagneux Cedex - France DGA Comm