PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY
|
|
- Leonard Kelly
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY OVERVIEW What is photovoltaic solar energy The sun is the source of life and the origin of the different forms of energy used by mankind since its very first steps on Earth. Initially, the energy from the sun can meet all the primary needs of society in terms of energy. Indeed, the daily solar energy reaching the earth s surface is roughly equivalent to 15,000 times the primary daily energy currently used worldwide. In addition to the direct use of solar energy through the natural processes, it can be used through artificial conversion into thermal and electric energy to meet daily needs, similar to the energy produced by most popular sources, i.e. oil, gas, coal, hydropower or nuclear energy. The two key characteristics of solar energy are: a) it is virtually inexhaustible, and b) it is not polluting. In addition, as a source of energy it is available, to a greater or lesser extent, almost anywhere on Earth (see Figure 1), and it can be collected and transformed where it is used 1. Watts por metro cuadrado por día Figure 1: Average daily solar radiation incident on the earth s surface It must be noted that the solar radiation reaching the earth s surface has low energy density, and it is intermittently supplied (day-night cycles). Therefore, it must be captured on relatively large surfaces capable of accumulating the energy required, or supplement it with other sources of energy to make it available at night or in periods with less sunshine as the winter time. 1 The latter can offer significant economic benefits, particularly in remote and isolated areas where the transportation cost of conventional fuels (oil products and gas) or the distribution of electricity can be very high. 1
2 Historical review From 1958 until the first crisis of 1973, solar cells have been mainly applied to the space and military industries. The oil crisis of 1970s promoted the development of photovoltaic (PV) technology for terrestrial use. By mid 1990s, the activities in the PV field gained momentum as a result of the increasing environmental demands of society, and a reduction in the cost of systems. How it works The required surface vs. demand To understand the extension required to meet a given demand of solar energy, the following example illustrates the electric energy scenario in Argentina. The average annual incident solar radiation in the national territory, North of the Colorado river, covering a surface of 2 million km2, is 4.6 kwh/(m2.day). Since in 2010, the annual energy consumption was 115 x 10 9 kwh, considering a conversion efficiency of solar energy into electricity in the order of 15% (average efficiency of a solar panel), and a floor occupation factor of 50%, an area of approximately 900 km2 would be required to produce this amount of energy. The extension would be similar to the water surface of Chocón hydroelectric dam, but capable of producing 25 times more electricity. This is a clear example of the feasibility to obtain sufficient solar energy to meet human consumption. The massive use of solar energy will depend on the relative cost of use at an integrated level, including the cost of storage and transportation, and distribution if necessary, and on the policies to promote development. The global analysis should include the environmental care associated to the production of energy. Photovoltaic conversion The direct conversion of solar energy into electricity is obtained through photovoltaic (PV) devices. The main component of the PV industry is the crystalline silicon solar cell (c-si). The technology supporting this semiconductor is highly developed, as it is the basis of the electronic industry. While there has been considerable progress in the development of the new PV cells, it is expected that the c-si technology, that governed the photovoltaic market during the last 30 years, continues to do so over at least the following 10 years. Modules or photovoltaic panels, a group of PV cells connected in series with each other (Figure3), is the building block of the PV system. They can generate DC and their main feature is the power (W peak or Wp) they can deliver when lighted through a solar radiation of 1 kw/m2 (typical value at noon on a clear sky). There are commercial PV modules within a relatively wide range of power, typically between 80 Wp and 300 Wp, with 12 V to 48 V standard operating voltage. 2
3 Typical photovoltaic (PV) system Figure 3: Photovoltaic modules for illustrative purposes. A typical PV system includes modules, batteries (if required), a power control and conditioning system, a DC-to-AC converter (if required), and a mounting structure. Systems can be classified in two major categories: stand-alone (isolated) or connected to the power line. The following uses apply to both categories: Stand-alone systems: space; rural electrification; water pumping; communications (repeaters, radiotelephony, etc.); remote monitoring (climatic, seismic, etc.); navigation buoys; cathodic protection to avoid corrosion; consumer goods (watches, calculators, etc.); battery chargers; solar cars. Systems connected to the power line: integrated to buildings ( PV in buildings ); power plants. Figure 4: stand-alone systems (school located in the North-West area of Argentina) and systems connected to the power line ( Special applications PV energy also plays a key role in spatial applications. Solar panels deliver electric power to satellites, and are responsible for the ongoing operation of equipments. In this sense, the Department of Solar Energy (DSE), an agency of the National Atomic Energy Commission, develops photovoltaic devices for spatial applications as part of the National Space Plan. One of its most recent advances is the Argentine SAC-D/Aquarius satellite, a joint development of the National Commission of Spatial Activities (NCSA) and the US NASA space administration, 3
4 whereby the NCSA DSE was responsible for the development and integration of the solar power panels (Figure 2). MARKET The evolution of photovoltaic solar energy Figure 2: SAC-D/Aquarius satellite The current state policies implemented in different developed and emerging countries in Europe, or in Japan, China, India, Korea, USA etc., are aimed at achieving a change of scale in the PV market. These policies have laid stronger emphasis on the systems connected to the power line, through various government support programs and promotion policies. In recent years, the photovoltaic industry saw a major boost as a result of which the power installed between 2005 and 2010 was multiplied by more than 7, reaching approximately 40 GW. Of all the renewable sources of energy, solar PV shows the most significant growth in the period, with an average annual rate of 49% that rises to 72% if we only consider the year Taking into account only the systems connected to the power line, these rates reach 60% and 81% respectively. In comparison, the average growth rate of wind energy was 27%, thermal solar energy 25%, biodiesel production 38%, and hydroelectric power 3%. While the rate of electricity production from renewable energy sources at a global level is 19.4%, almost half of 194 GW installed globally in 2010 was from renewable sources. While wind power installed capacity in 2010 was 39 GW, and hydro power contributed 30 GW, solar PV contributed 17 GW, an amount that should not be at all disregarded in the context of renewable energies. In the case of the European Union, more than half of new renewable energy installations were solar PV. Operating capacity In terms of the solar PV operating capacity by country, Germany still holds a leading position with 44% operating capacity by 2010, followed by Spain with 10%, Italy and Japan with 9%, the US with 6%, and the remarkable example of the Czech Republic that achieved 5% with 2 GW in 4
5 2010, in a country where by 2008 there were virtually no installations. Other countries, in the same order, are France with 3%, and China, Belgium and South Korea with 2%. Figure 5 shows the operating power of the most significant renewable energies in different regions, excluding large-scale hydroelectric generation. The total worldwide operating capacity is approximately 6800 GW. The PV technology indicator includes only the installations connected to the power line. While as shown in Figure 5, PV technology is currently less developed than other renewable sources of energy, it must be noted that showing a growth rate higher than other renewable energies may lead us to assume that its significance will grow over time. Otras Geotérmica Solar FV Biomasa Eólica Total Mundial Países en Desarrollo Estados Unidos Alemania España Figure 5: Operating capacity to generate electricity from renewable energy by 2010, in different regions and major countries Production cost The improvements in PV technology have been steady, while the cost of PV electric generation has decreased as the production volume has increased. After a period of stagnation in the price of PV modules as a result of the insufficient silicon production vis-à-vis the growth of the PV industry, investments in the sector boosted an increase in the supply of such base material, with the resulting reduction in PV modules prices that by 2010 reached values from USD 1,30 to 1,80 per Watt. This downward trend continued in The most widely used technology Today, the crystalline silicon technology still dominates the PV market, while the so-called thinfilm technologies based on cadmium telluride and amorphous silicon, have 13% market share. Emerging technologies such as compounds of copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), dyesensitized cells (DSSC), organic cells, and cells based on III-V semiconductors such as gallium arsenide using optical concentration of solar radiation, are even at the experimental stage. However, there are 20 MW of the latter already connected to the power line, while contracts have been entered into in California (US) for the installation of 300 MW based on the use of this technology. 5
6 Future development The growth of the PV market has put a lot of expectations in this technology, due to the technological improvements and a predictable increase in the operating costs of traditional energy sources based on fossil fuels. According to field experts, in a few years the cost of unsubsidized PV-based electric energy for end-users will be equivalent to that produced by fossil fuels or other sources in different markets. It must be noted that this is already a fact in Italy, Spain and Portugal, markets that have in common relatively high levels of sunshine, high electricity costs, and regulatory price regimes that encourage the growth of renewable energies. This will be the expected scenario for the next 10 years in the vast majority of countries, including Argentina. The photovoltaic market in Argentina In Argentina, there are facilities aimed at generating power from technologies based on wind, biomass and solar energy that up to now have had low impact in terms of the operating power. In the case of solar PV, it must be noted that the first 1.2 MW PV power plant built under the Solar San Juan Project of the province of San Juan, has started to inject energy to the Argentine Interconnection System. Moreover, although there is a high rate of rural areas supplied with electricity, there are many rural populations without electricity across the Argentine territory. In addition, there are many schools and other public services in rural areas that do not have electricity. In most of these cases, renewable sources of energy and especially solar PV are the best alternative in terms of energy. The Argentine PV market can be divided into three major demand groups: rural, industrial and institutional. The total domestic demand of PV modules had a sustained annual growth of 20% to 50% until 1999, when it reached a value of approximately 1,000 kwp / year. Since then and particularly after the devaluation of the AR$, the demand for PV systems suffered a sharp decline that could only be reversed in 2003, with a further drop in Figure 6 illustrates the evolution of the market between 1997 and 2008, differentiating between sales in Argentina (local use) and exports. The rural demand includes the requirements of livestock and farming establishments, or of rural populations. The most highly required types of equipment are, among others, PV modules to charge batteries at the health posts of the border police, lighting systems, and power supply for small water pumps to replace traditional windmills. 6
7 Potencia (kwp) Mercado Argentino Año Ventas en Argentina Exportación Figure 6: total domestic demand of PV modules in Argentina The industrial sector includes the requirements of some companies, such as the telephone providers that are the most representative in terms of the volume of modules purchased. Applications are aimed at providing energy to communication systems, telemetry, markings, signs, highway emergency systems and cathodic protection to avoid corrosion. The institutional sector includes social assistance programs, energy regulators, foundations and provincial energy companies aimed at providing small amounts of electricity to rural communities that are far from the distribution lines. The demand has shown significant growth since the launch of the Renewable Energy Project for Rural Electricity Markets (Proyecto de Energías Renovables para Mercados Eléctricos Rurales -PERMER) agreed with the World Bank by the end of On a first stage, the service was provided to almost 87,000 users and 2,000 public institutions especially for lighting and social communication purposes. More than 500 rural schools in different provinces benefited from the installation of photovoltaic systems to serve their basic needs for electric power. The alternative energies have recently gained new momentum with public tenders (ENARSA and San Juan) for the installation of plants for the production of PV connected to the power line. While the plant bid on by San Juan (1.2 MWp) is already operating, the tenders carried out by ENARSA will provide for the installation of a total of 20 MW connected to the power line in the short term. The realization of these initiatives and the reactivation of the PERMER initiative that projects the installation of approximately 2 MWp between 2010 and 2011, are leading to a change of scale in the local market with respect to the operating power. Other incentives are the benefit of AR$ 0.90 per kwh produced by solar energy as per law 26190/06 currently in force, and the 2011 call by the National Agency for the Promotion of Science and Technology (Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT) under the Ministry of Science, Technology and Productive Innovation (Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología, e Innovación Productiva - MINCyT), encouraging projects that reflect the introduction of new technologies in Argentina, in order to produce solar-based electricity 7
8 connected to the power line. As a result, there are encouraging signs related to the adoption of state policies that significantly add PV technology to the country, promoting a domestic market to fuel the industrial development of the sector and, therefore, the diversification of power generation through the addition of renewable sources of energy. REFERENCES The author Department of Solar Energy (Departamento Energía Solar -DES) under the national Commission of Atomic Energy (Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica -CNEA): started his academic activities in the year His early works dealt with photothermal conversion (conversion of solar radiation into heat) through the use of radiation concentrators suitable for the production of hot fluids for industrial use or power generation. In the mid 1980s, the research and development work on photovoltaic conversion of solar energy (direct conversion of sunlight into electricity) started to develop. In 1986, there was the startup of the silicon crystal growth process using the Czochralski technique. Since 1992, the activity was focused on the design, development and measurement of silicon solar cells After 1995, DES key efforts were focused on the development of solar cells and panels for artificial satellites, within the framework of a cooperation agreement with the National Commission on Space Activities (Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales -CONAE). This led to the first experiment with Argentine solar cells in space that was performed in the SAC-A Argentine satellite that was put into orbit by the end of1998. After the successful experience with SAC-A and in order to provide solar panels for future satellite missions under the National Space Plan, in March 2001 CONAE and CNEA signed a cooperation agreement with the final purpose of providing flight solar panels to SAOCOM observation satellites. This agreement, framed in Law No. 23,877 of technological innovation, led to the initiation of the Solar Panels Subproject that was part of the SAOCOM Project at the Constituyentes Atomic Center (CAC). The implementation of the subproject in the country led to the development of design tools and techniques to manufacture, characterize, qualify and test solar panels for space applications. In subsequent contracts, the collaboration with CONAE was expanded to include the development of solar panels for the Aquarius / SAC-D mission and of environmental tests on solar cells and other components for satellite applications. 8
9 The Aquarius / SAC-D satellite mission is a joint venture between CONAE and NASA space agency, whereby CNEA is responsible to develop solar panels for the satellite. Under the relevant contract, in 2008 the qualification and testing campaign for the Qualification Model ("Engineering Qualification Model ") of the solar panels for the mission was successfully completed. The production of flight solar panels based on the technology developed by CENEA has been recently completed. Currently, DES continues working on the development of solar panels for SAOCOM missions that will be part of the Italian-Argentine Satellite System for Emergency Management (Sistema Italo Argentino de Satélites para la Gestión de Emergencias - SIASGE). In recent years, low cost PV cell-based solar radiation meters were developed for terrestrial applications. Several radiometer prototypes were tested and calibrated at the National Weather Service, and some of them are being used by weather stations in different provinces. In 2011, two grants were approved to support the "Interconnection of PV systems to the power line in urban environments", for projects which involve not only the feasibility study, but also the installation of pilot systems in agencies and social households. One remarkable aspect is the engagement of 5 private companies in the creation of a public-private consortium with UNSAM and CNEA. DES promotes and participates in setting national standards for systems that use solar energy, under the Argentine Standardization Institute (Instituto Argentino de Normalización - IRAM). It also advises public and private agencies on matters related to the development and application of photovoltaic technology in the country. In addition, DES performs significant activities related to train human resources in this field through lab work, and Major s, Master s and PHD Thesis. The team members give conferences, seminars, and extension and training courses to students and professionals of different specialties on a regular basis, as well as to general audiences. 9
10 10
SOLAR ELECTRICITY: PROBLEM, CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS
SOLAR ELECTRICITY: PROBLEM, CONSTRAINTS AND SOLUTIONS The United States generates over 4,110 TWh of electricity each year, costing $400 billion and emitting 2.5 billion metric tons of carbon dioxide (Yildiz,
More informationSolar energy is available as long as the sun shines, but its intensity depends on weather conditions and geographic
Solar Energy What is Solar Energy? The radiation from the sun gives our planet heat and light. All living things need energy from the sun to survive. More energy from sunlight strikes the earth in one
More informationINTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR ENERGY Miro Zeman Delft University of Technology 1.1 Introduction to energy consumption and production Any change that takes place in the universe is accompanied
More informationSolar Energy Commercial Applications. Agenda. Venture Catalyst Inc. Intro. Opportunity. Applications. Financing. How to start
Solar Energy Commercial Applications Valerie Rauluk Venture Catalyst Inc. vajra@vecat-inc.com Solar America Cities Briefing June 23, 2009 Agenda Intro Opportunity Applications Financing How to start 2
More informationENERGY PRODUCING SYSTEMS
ENERGY PRODUCING SYSTEMS SOLAR POWER INTRODUCTION Energy from the sun falls on our planet on a daily basis. The warmth of the sun creates conditions on earth conducive to life. The weather patterns that
More informationTrade in Environmental Goods & Services Solar Energy in Kenya
Trade in Environmental Goods & Services Solar Energy in Kenya Dr. Moses Ikiara Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research and Analysis WTO Workshop, Geneva, Switzerland September 23 25, 2009 Outline Introduction
More informationWhat is Solar? The word solar is derived from the Latin word sol (the sun, the Roman sun god) and refers to things and methods that relate to the sun.
What is Solar? The word solar is derived from the Latin word sol (the sun, the Roman sun god) and refers to things and methods that relate to the sun. What is the solar industry? The solar industry is
More informationGlossary of Energy Terms. Know Your Power. Towards a Participatory Approach for Sustainable Power Development in the Mekong Region
Glossary of Energy Terms Know Your Power 2012 Towards a Participatory Approach for Sustainable Power Development in the Mekong Region List of terms Terms Page Terms Page Avoided cost 10 Installed capacity
More informationSolar power Availability of solar energy
Solar Energy Solar Energy is radiant energy produced in the sun as a result of nuclear fusion reactions. It is transmitted to the earth through space by electromagnetic radiation in quanta of energy called
More information5-Minute Refresher: RENEWABLE ENERGY
5-Minute Refresher: RENEWABLE ENERGY Renewable Energy Key Ideas Renewable energy is a source of energy that can be used and replenished naturally in a relatively short period of time. Non renewable energy
More informationPhotovoltaic Roofing in Mediterranean Climate Countries
1 Photovoltaic Roofing in Mediterranean Climate Countries Pere Alavedra¹, Amado Guzmán ², Mauricio Torres ³, Samantha Gallowayº, Daniel Alavedra" Department of Construction Engineering, Catalonia Polytechnic
More informationSOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM
SOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEM J.Godson 1,M.Karthick 2,T.Muthukrishnan 3,M.S.Sivagamasundari 4 Final year UG students, Department of EEE,V V College of Engineering,Tisaiyanvilai, Tirunelveli,
More informationRenewable Energy Research
Renewable Energy Research Georgia Power and Southern Company have been active in renewable energy research for many years. Over the last five years we have invested six million dollars in renewable energy
More informationPhotovoltaik und globale Energieversorgung
11/05/2011 EKZ Elektrizitätswerke des Kantons Zürich 1 Photovoltaik und globale Energieversorgung Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG JRC, Ispra Institute for Energy Renewable Energies Disclaimer
More informationSolar systems provide a range of flexible heating
f a c t s h e e t 7 Solar Power Production photo by Alex Nikada Why solar? Solar systems provide a range of flexible heating and electricity options and are particularly wellsuited to remote or off-grid
More informationINTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
RENEWABle ENERGies INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION RENEWABle ENERGIES 1 In standardization, we work in three areas concerned with RE: water, sun and wind. Technical Committee 4: Hydraulic turbines.
More informationSolar and Wind Energy for Greenhouses. A.J. Both 1 and Tom Manning 2
Solar and Wind Energy for Greenhouses A.J. Both 1 and Tom Manning 2 1 Associate Extension Specialist 2 Project Engineer NJ Agricultural Experiment Station Rutgers University 20 Ag Extension Way New Brunswick,
More informationSolar Energy. Airports Going Green Aimee Fenlon
Solar Energy Airports Going Green Aimee Fenlon 1 Renewable vs. Non-Renewable Electrical Generation Renewables: Source Advantages Disadvantages Solar PV No CO2; Needs no Fuel Intermittent no power at night,
More informationStation #1 Interpreting Infographs
Energy Resources Stations Activity Page # 1 Station #1 Interpreting Infographs 1. Identify and explain each of the energy sources (5) illustrated in the infograph. 2. What do the white and black circles
More informationSolar Solutions Copyright, The Environmental Center 2013
Solar Solutions Copyright, The Environmental Center 2013 Subject: Science Grades: 4-8 Length: 30-60 minutes Focus: Renewable Energy, Solar Energy Rationale: We depend on energy for every aspect of our
More informationEnvironmental Science 101 Energy. Web-Based Course. Lecture Outline: Terms You Should Know: Learning Objectives: Reading Assignment:
Environmental Science 101 Energy 1 Web-Based Course Lecture Outline: 5. RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES MODULE 5.1 Improving Energy Efficiency A. Improving Energy Efficiency MODULE 5.2 Geothermal, Hydro and
More informationVGB Congress Power Plants 2001 Brussels October 10 to 12, 2001. Solar Power Photovoltaics or Solar Thermal Power Plants?
VGB Congress Power Plants 2001 Brussels October 10 to 12, 2001 Solar Power Photovoltaics or Solar Thermal Power Plants? Volker Quaschning 1), Manuel Blanco Muriel 2) 1) DLR, Plataforma Solar de Almería,
More informationAlternative Energy. Terms and Concepts: Relative quantities of potential energy resources, Solar constant, Economies of scale
Objectives Key Terms and Concepts Introduction Solar Wind Hydroelectric Power Geothermal Sources Biofuels Summary: Economies of Scale Questions for the video if time permits Alternative Energy Objectives:
More informationRENEWABLE ENERGY IN EGYPT
Arab Republic of Egypt Ministry of Electricity & Energy New & Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) RENEWABLE ENERGY IN EGYPT Strategies, Achievements and Plans Eng. Mohamed Gamal Chief Engineer of Solar Thermal
More informationRenewable Energy Development in Uzbekistan
Conference Integration of Central Asia into the World economy: Role of Energy and Infrastructure 22 October 2007, Washington D.C. Renewable Energy Development in Uzbekistan Technology Transfer Agency is
More informationSolar Power in China. By Zhou Fengqing
Solar Power in China By Zhou Fengqing Overview Adjust Chinese power structure Feasibility of solar power in China Solar energy as national policies Legislations of solar energy Adjust Chinese Power Structure
More informationA SOLAR GUIDE - EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW
WE BRING GREEN SOLUTIONS TO YOU A SOLAR GUIDE - EVERYTHING YOU NEED TO KNOW Provided by A COOLER PLANET A Cooler Planet 1 The Complete Solar Guide WHY GO SOLAR? TOP FIVE FACTORS TO CONSIDER FOR ADDING
More informationFrom Nano-Electronics and Photonics to Renewable Energy
From Nano-Electronics and Photonics to Renewable Energy Tom Smy Department of Electronics, Carleton University Questions are welcome! OUTLINE Introduction: to EE and Engineering Physics Renewable Energy
More informationSPQ Module 3 Solar Power
SPQ Module 3 Solar Power The sun is the source of all life on earth. Yet we sometimes forget how central it is to our every activity. We stumble through our daily routine worrying about the mundane tribulations
More informationSolar Technology and the Future
Solar Technology and the Future Sustainable Cities Network First Solar Workshop George Maracas Professor Electrical Engineering & Sustainability COO Solar Power Laboratory AZ Institute for Renewable Energy
More informationMedium voltage products. Technical guide Smart grids
Medium voltage products Technical guide Smart grids Contents 2 1. Introduction 8 2 The different components and functions of a smart grid 8 2.1 Integration of distributed renewable energy sources 9 2.2
More informationPhotovoltaic Industry Technologies, Markets & Trends
Photovoltaic Industry Technologies, Markets & Trends AIAA Los Angeles Enterprise Chapter Joel Davidson Solutions in Solar Electricity Presentation Outline The Big Picture Brief History of PV Solar Array
More informationNew and Renewable Energy Policy in Republic of Korea
New and Renewable Energy Policy in Republic of Korea April 26th, 2010 Sanghoon Lee Research Fellow Climate Change Research Center Sejong University, Korea UTLINE Ⅰ. Energy Situation and NRE Status in Korea
More informationElectricity from PV systems how does it work?
Electricity from photovoltaic systems Bosch Solar Energy 2 Electricity from PV systems Electricity from PV systems how does it work? Photovoltaics: This is the name given to direct conversion of radiant
More informationEnergy Situation in Egypt
Energy Situation in Egypt Egypt has traditionally been a net exporter of energy. Until the late 1990s, it exported oil, but oil production has declined from its peak in the early 1990s, and now roughly
More informationRegulation by the Feed-in Tariff: Experiences from Germany
Solar Power International 08 Panel Technology & Regulation: How to do it Right 16th October 2008, San Diego, California, USA Regulation by the Feed-in Tariff: Experiences from Germany Gerhard Stryi-Hipp
More informationSolar Aquaponics Designing a 100% Solar Aquaponics Greenhouse
Solar Aquaponics Designing a 100% Solar Aquaponics Greenhouse Dan Chiras, Ph.D. Director, The Evergreen Institute Gerald, MO 63037 www.evergreeninstitute.org Topics Creating a 100% solar operation Efficiency
More informationAppendix F Alternatives for Estimating Energy Consumption
Appendix F Alternatives Estimating Energy Consumption This appendix is reprinted from the Annual Energy Review 200. EIA continues to review alternative options accounting energy consumption and related
More informationRENEWABLE ENERGY IN TURKEY
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN TURKEY SALİH BURAK AKAT DEPARTMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES ENERGY AND NATURAL RESOURCES ASISTANT EXPERT General Directorate of Renewable Energy (GDRE) General Directorate of Renewable
More informationProspects of the Renewable Energy in Egypt
Prospects of the Renewable Energy in Egypt AbdelRahman Shawky Elsadawy Project Manager at OnaSolar S.A.E October 9, 2014 Tunis, Tunisia OnaSolar S.A.E OnaSolar is a solar integrator that provides a turnkey
More informationPerspectives on Global Competitiveness in Solar Energy at the U.S Department of Energy
Perspectives on Global Competitiveness in Solar Energy at the U.S Department of Energy 1 Minimum Take-Aways from This Talk Q: How do you pronounce photovoltaic? A: fō-tō-vōlt-a-ic Q: Why is Germany leading
More informationAnalysis of electricity production in EU-28 up to 2014 with a focus on renewables
Renewables International. www.renewablesinternational.net Analysis of electricity production in EU-28 up to 2014 with a focus on renewables Bernard CHABOT BCCONSULT, Garbejaire B107, 06560 VALBONNE, France
More informationModule 7 Forms of energy generation
INTRODUCTION In rich countries like Australia, our standard of living is dependent on easily available energy. Every time you catch a bus, turn on a light or watch television energy is being used up. Over
More informationRenewable Solar. Solar Basics. Energy from the Sun. Solar Energy Can Be Used for Heat and Electricity
Renewable Solar Solar Basics Energy from the Sun The sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the sun s rays (solar radiation) that reach the Earth. This energy can be converted into
More informationThe Rural Electrification in China and The Impact of Renewable Energies
Student Research Projects/Outputs No.042 The Rural Electrification in China and The Impact of Renewable Energies Tomás Hevia MBA 2009 China Europe International Business School 699, Hong Feng Road Pudong,
More informationEnergy Technology. Marco Ordonez
Energy Technology Marco Ordonez Solar Power Solar Power The conversion of sunlight into electricity. Solar Power can be done directly using photovoltaic's, or indirectly using concentrated power. Concentrated
More informationBright Prospects for Solar Energy
Industry Analysis Bright Prospects for Solar Energy Marcial Nava Solar generating electricity will grow faster than other renewables However, fiscal incentives may still be needed in order to support the
More informationAlternative Energy Resources
Alternative Energy Resources Energy Resource Advantages Disadvantages What are some renewable energy resources? A nonrenewable resource cannot be replaced in a reasonable amount of time. Fossil fuels such
More informationGERMANY AS A SOLAR ROLE MODEL FOR THE WORLD?
GERMANY AS A SOLAR ROLE MODEL FOR THE WORLD? Eicke R. Weber, Fraunhofer-Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE and Albert-Ludwigs University, Freiburg, Germany Paths towards a New Energy Market Design
More informationSolar and Hydroelectric Power. Abbie Thill Becca Mattson Grace Nordquist Keira Jacobs Miyabi Goedert
Solar and Hydroelectric Power Abbie Thill Becca Mattson Grace Nordquist Keira Jacobs Miyabi Goedert Photovoltaic Cell vs Solar Heating Panel Photovoltaic cells power things such as calculators and satellites.
More informationPlease address your inquiries to balances@iea.org.
Excerpt from: ii - EXCERPT FROM ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES (215 edition) The following analysis is an excerpt from the publication Energy Balances of OECD Countries (215 edition). Please note that
More informationSolar technology. A guide to solar power at utility scale. in Africa
Solar technology A guide to solar power at utility scale in Africa About solar power Solar electricity is generated using a free and abundant energy source the sun. In a single hour, the sun transmits
More informationRENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES PROGRAM REPORT
RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES PROGRAM REPORT January through December 2008 Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity Bureau of Energy and Recycling Renewable Energy Resources Program 620 East
More informationFULL SOLAR SUPPLY OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES - THE EXAMPLE JAPAN
FULL SOLAR SUPPLY OF INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES - THE EXAMPLE JAPAN Dr. Harry Lehmann 1 It has long been known that to protect people and the environment from both nuclear risks and dangerous levels of climate
More informationclimate change is happening. This April produced the record for the first month in human history
Tsering Lama Occidental College 15 Climate Change, Renewable Energy, and the Hong Kong Connection In a literature review, 97% of climate scientists have concluded that anthropogenic climate change is happening.
More informationSolar energy and power
Solar energy and power Solar Basics Energy from the Sun The sun has produced energy for billions of years. Solar energy is the sun s rays (solar radiation) that reach the Earth. This energy can be converted
More informationHarnessing the Sun s Energy 1. Harnessing the Sun s Energy: Solar Power for Homes
Harnessing the Sun s Energy 1 Harnessing the Sun s Energy: Solar Power for Homes Dan Tong Cluster 2 July 2008 Harnessing the Sun s Energy 2 Harnessing the Sun s Energy: Solar Power for Homes The use of
More informationPhotovoltaic in Mexico Recent Developments and Future
Photovoltaic in Mexico Recent Developments and Future Rodolfo Martínez Strevel Berlin, Germany May 23th, 2013 Bufete de Tecnología Solar, S.A. (BUTECSA) Production of Primary Energy in Mexico, 2011 % 7,0
More informationGlobal Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 2012 Facing a sunny future
> Competitiveness Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 1 Facing a sunny future 1 Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics until 1 Facing a sunny future Demand side The solar PV market has been
More informationGlobal market outlook for photovoltaics until 2013
2013 Global market outlook for photovoltaics until 2013 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTs 1 Executive Summary p 2 2 Global Historical PV Market Development p 3 3 Global PV
More informationTHE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRY: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
THE SOLAR ENERGY INDUSTRY: CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES Gerald I. Susman Smeal College of Business Pennsylvania State University Sustainability Conference Washington, DC October 13, 2009 SUPPLY/DEMAND
More informationEnergy: renewable sources of energy. Renewable Energy Sources
Energy: renewable sources of energy Energy Sources 1 It is technically and economically feasible to phase out net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions almost entirely by 2050. A report by energy consulting firm
More informationFact Sheet on China s energy sector and Danish solutions
Fact Sheet on China s energy sector and Danish solutions 1. EXPANSION WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY: China focuses on a massive expansion with non fossil energy that is renewable energy and nuclear energy. The
More informationNuclear power is part of the solution for fighting climate change
Nuclear power is part of the solution for fighting climate change "Nuclear for Climate" is an initiative undertaken by the members of the French Nuclear Energy Society (SFEN), the American Nuclear Society
More informationA Resource Guide to In State Hydropower Production
A Resource Guide to In State Hydropower Production Thursday, October 11, 2007 Fairfax, VT Hydro Facility Owned & Operated by CVPS Published by: Winooski, VT Winooski One Hydro Electric Facility Introduction
More informationEnergy storage in the UK and Korea: Innovation, Investment and Co-operation Appendix 4.1: Stakeholder interviews from Korea
Energy storage in the UK and Korea: Innovation, Investment and Co-operation Appendix.1: Stakeholder interviews from Korea Peter Taylor & Lloyd Davies, University of Leeds Appendix.1: Stakeholder interviews
More information12.5: Generating Current Electricity pg. 518
12.5: Generating Current Electricity pg. 518 Key Concepts: 1. Electrical energy is produced by energy transformations. 2. Electrical energy is produced from renewable and non-renewable resources. 4. Electrical
More informationLab 10. Solar and Wind Power
1 Name Lab 10. Solar and Wind Power INTRODUCTION Sunlight can be used to create heat or generate electrical power. This is referred to as solar energy. It is a clean form of energy production, which doesn't
More informationEnough Solar Energy falls on New York in ONE DAY to power the state for ONE YEAR
Enough Solar Energy falls on New York in ONE DAY to power the state for ONE YEAR Dr., physicist 1/19/2006 Solar Power to the People 1 3% of the State of New York s land area is covered with buildings and
More informationINTERFACES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS
INTERFACES FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES WITH ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS Paulo Ferreira, Manuel Trindade, Júlio S. Martins and João L. Afonso University of Minho, Braga, Portugal paulo.alves.ferreira@sapo.pt,
More informationSolar Energy Alternative and their Potential in the Arab World
Short Paper Series Short paper #2 Solar Energy Alternative and their Potential in the Arab World - August 2008 - Written and Researched by: Taha Roushdy Edited by: Ahmed Zahran - 1 - The aim of the short
More informationSolar Power at Vernier Software & Technology
Solar Power at Vernier Software & Technology Having an eco-friendly business is important to Vernier. Towards that end, we have recently completed a two-phase project to add solar panels to our building
More informationIDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES SUCH AS WIND, SOLAR, HYDROELECTRIC, GEOTHERMAL, AND BIOFUELS. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY. Biofuels
IDENTIFY ALTERNATIVE ENERGY RESOURCES SUCH AS WIND, SOLAR, HYDROELECTRIC, GEOTHERMAL, AND BIOFUELS. ALTERNATIVE ENERGY Biofuels are produced from living organisms or from m e t a b o l i c b y - p r o
More informationSolar Energy Systems
Solar Energy Systems Energy Needs Today s global demand for energy is approximately 15 terawatts and is growing rapidly Much of the U.S. energy needs are now satisfied from petroleum (heating, cooling,
More informationFundamentals of Photovoltaic Materials
Fundamentals of Photovoltaic Materials National Solar Power Reasearch Institute, Inc. 12/21/98-1 - 12/21/98 Introduction Photovoltaics (PV) comprises the technology to convert sunlight directly into electricity.
More informationSOLAR TECHNOLOGY CHRIS PRICE TECHNICAL SERVICES OFFICER BIMOSE TRIBAL COUNCIL
SOLAR TECHNOLOGY CHRIS PRICE TECHNICAL SERVICES OFFICER BIMOSE TRIBAL COUNCIL SOLAR TECHNOLOGY Photovoltaics Funding Options Solar Thermal Photovoltaics 1. What are they and how do they work? 2. The Solar
More informationWhen Do Solar Electric & Utility Back-Up Systems Make Sense?
When Do Solar Electric & Utility Back-Up Systems Make Sense? Oil & Gas Industry Presentation Proprietary Information 2010 SunWize Technologies When Do Solar Electric and Utility Back-Up Systems Make Sense?
More informationClean Energy Jobs Plan
Clean Energy Jobs Plan Introduction When I was governor, California was the world leader in renewable energy and it led the nation in efficiency standards. Our programs saved California consumers billions
More informationCommercial Outlook for Solar Power Generation
Commercial Outlook for Solar Power Generation International Conference on Alternative Energy 2010 March 27, 2010 Karachi Expo Center Nadeem Haque Nadeem Haque Energy Potential Inc. Topics 1. Market Scenario
More informationWIND AND SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAN
WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAN H. Kazemi Karegar a,b, A.Zahedi a,v. Ohis a, G. taleghani b and M. Khalaji b a Department of Electrical & Computer Systems Engineering, PO Box 35, Monash University,
More informationBasics. active : convert sun s energy from heat to other useful form, such as electricity and hot water
Solar Power Basics 2 types: active : convert sun s energy from heat to other useful form, such as electricity and hot water passive : direct use of sun s heat energy for home heating, etc. No R/P, solar
More informationINDONESIA S COUNTRY REPORT ENCOURAGING CLEAN ENERGY INITIATIVE
DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT REPUBLIK INDONESIA INDONESIA S COUNTRY REPORT ENCOURAGING CLEAN ENERGY INITIATIVE As part of the international community, Indonesia shares its concern on the environment and development
More informationThe Energy Transition in Germany Past, Present and Future
The Energy Transition in Germany Past, Present and Future smart energy Paraná, Conferência International 2014 9 May 2014 Dr. Carsten Tschamber A Brief History of the Energiewende 1973 - oil crisis, Federal
More informationELG4126: Photovoltaic Materials. Based Partially on Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System, Gilbert M. Masters, Wiely
ELG4126: Photovoltaic Materials Based Partially on Renewable and Efficient Electric Power System, Gilbert M. Masters, Wiely Introduction A material or device that is capable of converting the energy contained
More informationRENEWABLE ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA
RENEWABLE ENERGY IN AUSTRALIA Increasing electricity generation from renewable energy sources is one of the main strategies to reduce greenhouse emissions from the power sector. Australia has historically
More informationThe European Sustainable Energy Accelerator
www.kic-innoenergy.com The European Sustainable Energy Accelerator KIC InnoEnergy Highway KIC InnoEnergy Highway accelerates your business idea on its route to success 4 unique assets that give us a head
More informationSOLAR ENERGY USING FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION
Peet trool lleeuum & Cooaal ll IISSN 1337-7027 Available online at www.vurup.sk/pc Petroleum & Coal 49 (2), 40-47, 2007 SOLAR ENERGY USING FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Michal Šingliar Slovnaft, member of MOL
More informationSECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY. 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities
Country Operations Business Plan: Philippines, 2013 2015 SECTOR ASSESSMENT (SUMMARY): ENERGY 1. Sector Performance, Problems, and Opportunities 1. Challenges. Economic growth has been impeded in the Philippines
More informationEnergy Sector Afghanistan
دافغانستان اسلامی جمهوريت جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Office of Senior Adviser for Mining & Energy Energy Sector Afghanistan Importance of Renewable Energy for Afghanistan Renewable
More informationEnergy Policies in Chile. Jorge Ferrando Empresas Copec
Energy Policies in Chile Jorge Ferrando Empresas Copec Empresas Copec 99,98% 100,00% 99,05% 39,83% 81,93% 100,00% June 24, 2014 17.180 58,90% 40,80% 12,00% 51,00% 66,80% 30,64% 99,89% 50,00% Business Sectors
More informationGeneva, 17-19 March 2009 COUNTRY REPORT: MALAWI
CONFÉRENCE DES NATIONS UNIES SUR LE COMMERCE ET LE DÉVELOPPEMENT UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Multi-Year Expert Meeting on Services, Development and Trade: The Regulatory and Institutional
More informationThe World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2014
The World Nuclear Industry Status Report 2014 Free download at www.worldnuclearreport.org Mycle Schneider International Consultant on Energy and Nuclear Policy, Paris, France Convening Lead Author of the
More informationGLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET OUTLOOK 2013
GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET OUTLOOK 213 FACT PACK GUY TURNER HEAD OF ECONOMICS AND COMMODITIES APRIL 26, 213 GLOBAL RENEWABLE ENERGY MARKET OUTLOOK, 26 APRIL 213 1 INTRODUCTION This year s Global Renewable
More information150 Watts. Solar Panel. one square meter. Watts
Tool USE WITH Energy Fundamentals Activity land art generator initiative powered by art! 150 Watts 1,000 Watts Solar Panel one square meter 600 Watts SECTION 1 ENERGY EFFICIENCY 250 Watts 1,000 Watts hits
More informationSolar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Cells A supplement topic to: Mi ti l S Micro-optical Sensors - A MEMS for electric power generation Science of Silicon PV Cells Scientific base for solar PV electric power generation
More informationSummary of the Impact assessment for a 2030 climate and energy policy framework
Summary of the Impact assessment for a 2030 climate and energy policy framework Contents Overview a. Drivers of electricity prices b. Jobs and growth c. Trade d. Energy dependence A. Impact assessment
More informationToday s Topic. Plano Solar Advocates. www.planosolar.org Non-profit grassroots volunteer group. North Texas Renewable Energy Group
Today s Topic Rooftop Solar in Texas Right Place, Right Time! Plano Solar Advocates www.planosolar.org Non-profit grassroots volunteer group North Texas Renewable Energy Group www.ntreg.org Non-profit
More informationPhoto Kirklees IS SOLAR ENERGY FOR ME? A guide to going solar
Photo Kirklees IS SOLAR ENERGY FOR ME? A guide to going solar WHY SOLAR? Economics Solar energy can reduce bills, earn you money and protect you from rising energy prices. Solar is a free source of energy
More informationEconomic Analysis of the Renewable Energy Policies in the European Union
6th International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Industrial Management. XVI Congreso de Ingeniería de Organización. Vigo, July 18-20, 2012 Economic Analysis of the Renewable Energy Policies in
More informationThe different type of photovoltaic systems and their applications
The different type of photovoltaic systems and their applications Solar radiation Solar radiation: electromagnetic energy emitted by the fusion of hydrogen content in the sun. - On the solar surface to
More information