Glassboro Public Schools Three Year Technology Plan

Transcription

1 Glassboro Board of Education Glassboro Public Schools Three Year Technology Plan Compiled by Director of Technology 04/10/ /17/2013

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3 Contents I. STAKEHOLDERS... 1 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 3 III. TECHNOLOGY INVENTORY... 5 A. Technology Inventory Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table... 7 The table below describes the district s technology inventory that is needed to improve student academic achievement thru Describe how the district integrates assistive technology devices into the network to accommodate student needs IV. Needs Assessment A. Describe the needs assessment process V. THREE-YEAR GOALS VI. THREE-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION AND STRATEGIES VII. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES A. How will ongoing, sustained professional development be provided to all educators, (including administrators) that increases effective use of technology in all learning environments, models 21st century skills, and demonstrate learning experiences through global outreach and collaboration in the classroom or library media center? B. What professional development opportunities, resources and support (online or in person) exist for technical staff? C. How will professional development be provided to educators on the application of assistive technologies to support educating all students? VIII. EVALUATION PLAN A. Describe the process to regularly evaluate how Telecommunication services, hardware, software and other services are improving education Effective integration of technology is enabling students to meet challenging state academic standards The LEA is meeting the identified goals in the educational technology plan B. Mid-Course Corrections IX. FUNDING PLAN A. Provide the anticipated costs for B. Technology Plan Creation Date X. APPENDICES A. Board Approval Resolution Page iii

4 Page iv Glassboro Public Schools Three-Year Technology Plan

5 I. STAKEHOLDERS Page 1

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7 II. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mission Statement: Glassboro creates a culture that values learning and prepares all to think, achieve and succeed. Beliefs We believe our children learn best when they value learning. We believe the role of parents is to take responsibility and be actively involved in their child s education to the best of their ability. We believe the role of the staff is to inspire through teaching, modeling, mentoring, monitoring and celebrating accomplishments. We believe the role of the community is to value education as an investment in our future. Page 3

9 III. TECHNOLOGY INVENTORY In 2006 the Glassboro Public School District completed major overhauls to its technology infrastructure resulting in a high-speed, world class, standardized networking environment that was capable of handling any data, voice and/or video requirements needed to accommodate technology integration in the classroom and curriculum infusion. Over the last seven years we have continued to add, change, upgrade and replace network components, servers and computing equipment to enhance the infrastructure and remain close to the forefront of technology innovation. As a result of our continued commitment to funding, maintaining and refreshing our technology infrastructure, all buildings now have both wired and wireless access to network resources and the internet in all classrooms; we have a four-year refresh cycle of all 1,110 computers for staff members and students; we stay current on all Microsoft programs for computers and servers through a special licensing program; we have been able to reduce operating costs across many areas of technology (voice, data, print, security) while increasing services and efficiencies. This summer the approved budget will be funding another computer refresh cycle as well as providing additional, investment funding for interactive classroom technologies in all buildings. However, not all technology needs can be funded in our operating budget. In order to meet the ever expanding requirements for teacher observations (EE4NJ), student assessments (PARCC) and the consumerization of technology through Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) initiatives, the technology department, in conjunction with our district architect is now scoping and designing another infrastructure upgrade as part of an anticipated capital referendum in the spring of The following projects are funded as part of our regular operating budget as approved by the Board of Education in March for the school year. This includes, but is not limited to the following: Refresh of 1,110 staff and student Dell computers with 1,200 desktops, convertible notebook, ultrabook laptops and tablets Upgrade to Windows 8 operating system Addition of Schoolwires NIMBUS to our district website suite of products social networking module for classrooms that is integrated into our district website, similar to Edmoto Installation of Promethean Activity tables in primary schools Installation of Panasonic Plasma-based Touchscreens in STEM Academy, high school and middle school. Installation of interactive projectors in all schools Installation of projectors and document cameras in all classrooms from K-6 Continued shared services and resources with Rowan University resulting in increased Internet bandwidth at greatly reduced cost while leveraging private dark fiber ring Page 5

10 We have been fully EE4NJ capable since September At the completion of the distribution of new computers, we will be fully ready for PARCC based on specifications released through March The following items are technology planned for inclusion in the proposed capital referendum for Spring These projects include increases in network capacity, expansion of existing educational programs and upgrades to aging and obsolete systems. This includes but is not limited to: Upgrade network backbone to 10GB between closets and to edge switches (utilize private fiber network) Upgrade endpoint connectivity to 1GB to wired desktops and N wireless (802.11g) Implementation of new unified communication system including phones, voic , digital signage, single-wire digital classroom clocks and PA system Updated web filtering and monitoring devices Video distribution systems and digital signage system to interface with TV Production studio Preparation for future video and wireless expansions While the district will remain PARCC ready without the above upgrades, this request is within a normal upgrade progression and would ensure that we have the capacity to handle ANY future EE4NJ or PARCC requirements as well as handle an increase in the number of devices attaching to our network resources through 1-to-1 initiatives or BYOD, and handle the throughput of increasing video and data requests as teacher continue to create digital learning environments in their classrooms. Page 6

11 A. Technology Inventory 1. Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table The table below describes the district s technology inventory that is needed to improve student academic achievement thru Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table Area of Need Technology Equipment Describe for Refresh current teacher/staff computers and laptops Refresh existing student desktops in designated labs in each building Refresh student laptop carts at GHS, Intermediate and Bullock and add new carts at Bowe and Rodgers Replace existing interactive whiteboards with new plasma touchscreen technology Begin replacement of older projectors with interactive projectors based on Investment Funding Add projectors and touchscreens as allowed by grants Maintain network printers and copiers as part new Managed Print Services agreement Describe for Maintain current teacher/staff computers and laptops Maintain existing student desktops in designated labs in each building Maintain student laptop carts at GHS, Intermediate and Bullock and add new carts at Bowe and Rodgers Add new plasma touchscreen technology as allowed by grants or local investment funding. Continue replacement of older projectors with interactive projectors based on local investment Funding Maintain network printers and copiers as part new Managed Print Services agreement Describe for Maintain current teacher/staff computers and laptops Maintain existing student desktops in designated labs in each building Maintain student laptop carts at GHS, Intermediate and Bullock and add new carts at Bowe and Rodgers Add new plasma touchscreen technology as allowed by grants or local investment funding. Continue replacement of older projectors with interactive projectors based on local investment Funding Maintain network printers and copiers as part new Managed Print Services agreement Page 7

12 Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table (continued) Area of Need Describe for Describe for Describe for Networking Capacity Filtering Method Software used for curricular support and filtering 100MB to Desktop A/G Wireless Gig Backbone over fiber to Edge 100MB Internet Access Sophos Web filter and endpoint security used on all devices Maintain Microsoft School Agreement for Windows 8 Operating System and Office 2010 Suite Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 for services Sophos Web Filter, Spam Filter, Antivirus Protection Impero Classroom Management Software Cisco ASA Firewall Upgrade 100MB to Desktop to Gig Upgrade A/G Wireless to N Upgrade Gig Backbone over fiber to Edge to 10Gig Review 100MB Internet Access and upgrade if needed Sophos Web filter and endpoint security used on all devices Maintain Microsoft School Agreement for Windows 8 Operating System and Office 2013 Suite Upgrade to Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 for services Sophos Web Filter, Spam Filter, Antivirus Protection Impero Classroom Management Software Upgrade Cisco networking equipment via referendum 1000MB to Desktop N Wireless 10Gig Backbone over fiber to Edge Review 100MB Internet Access and upgrade if needed IF funded through referendum in prior year Sophos Web filter and endpoint security used on all devices Maintain Microsoft School Agreement for Windows 8 Operating System and Office 2013 Suite Microsoft Exchange Server 2010 for services Sophos Web Filter, Spam Filter, Antivirus Protection Impero Classroom Management Software Maintain Cisco ASA Firewall and network equipment Page 8

13 Area of Need Technology maintenance and support Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table (continued) Describe for Computers are under warranty with manufacturer as part of our 4 year lease and recycle plan Servers are under 5 year warranty contract with Dell as part of our replacement lease Network equipment is under annual SmaretNet maintenance contract with Cisco Telecommunication Systems are under maintenance contract with Professional Services Inc/Siemens Describe for Computers are under warranty with manufacturer as part of our 4 year lease and recycle plan Servers are under 5 year warranty contract with Dell as part of our replacement lease Network equipment is under annual SmaretNet maintenance contract with Cisco Telecommunication Systems may be upgraded and will be maintained by new hardware vendor Describe for Computers are under warranty with manufacturer as part of our 4 year lease and recycle plan Servers are under 5 year warranty contract with Dell as part of our replacement lease Network equipment is under annual SmaretNet maintenance contract with Cisco Telephone Maintenance will be contracted with current hardware vendor Telecommunications Services Maintain VoIP in ALL buildings Maintain centralized Voice PRIs with copper emergency backup at each building. Migrating service provider to Windstream Planned upgrade to all VoIP systems via referendum Maintain centralized Voice PRIs with copper emergency backup at each building. Service providers reviewed annually Maintain VoIP in ALL buildings Maintain centralized Voice PRIs with copper emergency backup at each building. Service providers reviewed annually Technical Support In-House Technology Department with consulting services as needed In-House Technology Department with consulting services as needed In-House Technology Department with consulting services as needed. Page 9

14 Three-Year Technology Plan Inventory Table (continued) Area of Need Facilities infrastructure including central telephone & security systems Describe for Dark fiber ring connects all school buildings at 1GB Cisco Core Content Switch (6509) at Beach with a Cisco 4507 in each building s MDF and Cisco Power-Over- Ethernet Edge Switches (3560) in each IDF Closet Fiber connections to each IDF Wireless access in all classrooms in ALL school buildings and Beach Siemens 3500 VOIP Phone Switch at core with Siemens 3300 VOIP Switches in each building Integrated Unified Voice Messaging with Microsoft Exchange Server 100MB of Shared Gig-Over-Ethernet Internet Services over private fiber with Rowan Describe for Dark fiber ring connects all school buildings at 1GB Cisco Core Content Switch (6509) at Beach with a Cisco 4507 in each building s MDF and Cisco Power-Over- Ethernet Edge Switches (3560) in each IDF Closet Fiber connections to each IDF Wireless access in all classrooms in ALL school buildings and Beach Upgrade to VoIP equipment Manufacturer to be determined Integrated Unified Voice Messaging with Microsoft Exchange Server Review 100MB of Shared Gig-Over- Ethernet Internet Services over private fiber with Rowan and upgrade if needed Describe for Dark fiber ring connects all school buildings at 1GB Cisco Core Content Switch (6509) at Beach with a Cisco 4507 in each building s MDF and Cisco Power-Over- Ethernet Edge Switches (3560) in each IDF Closet Fiber connections to each IDF Wireless access in all classrooms in ALL school buildings and Beach VoIP equipment determined by prior year s upgrade Integrated Unified Voice Messaging with Microsoft Exchange Server Review 100MB of Shared Gig-Over- Ethernet Internet Services over private fiber with Rowan and upgrade if needed Page 10

15 2. Describe how the district integrates assistive technology devices into the network to accommodate student needs. We currently have no students requiring assistive devices to connect to our network. The district does utilize the assistive technology tools integrated into Windows Operating Systems (Windows 7 or 8) and the Microsoft Office Product Suite. These include options for visual changes to the screen, speech interface with menus and text-to-speech conversion if required. We also utilize other software tools, such as Kurzweil Reader, to convert text-to-speech for student textbooks and Inspiration to enhance writing skills. Additionally, we incorporate devices that either attach as USB interfaces to existing computing equipment, such as Braille keyboards and Inteli-Key overlays, or standalone devices, which transfer information back to the PC or a printer, such as AlphaSmarts/Neos. These devices are used as identified in a student s IEP. We have Elmo s and HoverCam document cameras available for grades K-12 to project images of 3-D objects, written text, such as pages from a book, and other non-electronic images. LCD projectors are also used to enlarge displays from computers. For grades K through 6 we utilize auditory enhancement devices in classrooms which amplify and redistribute sound for students with auditory impairment or attentional issues. Page 11

17 IV. Needs Assessment A. Describe the needs assessment process Describe the needs assessment process that was used to identify the necessary telecommunication services, hardware, software and other services to improve education. For prior technology plans we have used formal staff surveys to identify requirements and specifications that helped guide the guide decisions for creating the plan. For this plan we did not use any formal staff surveys, instead we have used various resource inputs from PARCC, teachers, administrators, students, colleagues and team knowledge. To help identify the types of classroom equipment for our computer refresh as well as interactive classroom technology we gleaned information from budget requests, held informal teacher meetings through district technology committee discussions and oneto-one interviews. The requests were then researched to identify the best solutions for our environment, while meeting the needs of staff and students. We held informal Q&A sessions with various student groups (G&T classes, student interns and student council) to identify what students like or don t like about our current technology as well as emerging technology. Again, we took information we received, researched it and identified the best solutions for our environment and needs of staff and students. To identify infrastructure requirements for EE4NJ, PARCC and BYOD, we relied on staff experience, expertise and discussions with colleagues to design requirements to handle the volume of data expected to be generated from these independent projects. Most of the changes from this exercise are presented as part of the referendum request. While we only record the results of these assessments every three years the process of needs assessment is by no means static between plan submissions, rather it is a dynamic and repetitive process that occurs constantly as we are presented with new classroom challenges, emerging technology, changes in the environment due to updates and upgrades or requests from staff. Page 13

19 V. THREE-YEAR GOALS List clear goals for that address district needs. There must be strong connections between the proposed physical infrastructure (bandwidth, cabling, electrical systems, networks) and goals. Include goals for using telecommunications and technology that support 21 st century learning communities We will be re-implementing the goals and objectives from the Technology Plan with some minor adjustments to accommodate changes due to a computer refresh and proposed network upgrades to address PARCC requirements, individual objectives to facilitate the requests of staff for additional technology in their classrooms, as well as provide the necessary training and support to integrate this technology into our curriculum and improve our student s achievement. Goal 1 1A: 1B: 1C: 1D: 1E: Goal 2: 2A: 2B: 2C: 2D: Goal 3: 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E Provide necessary hardware, software and training to support interactive technology through use of projectors, interactive whiteboards and interactive polling devices. Purchase interactive whiteboards and/or projectors for classrooms Purchase interactive devices used in conjunction with whiteboards that meet standard 8.1 when needed or requested by staff. Provide training for staff on the use of projectors, interactive whiteboards and interactive handheld polling devices. Teachers will use equipment to assist in providing a continuous review of the basic tools and skills listed in standard in 8.1. Provides staff with wider range of productivity tools that meet standard 8.1. Provide professional development for staff in area of technology integration including the infusion of technology into all curricular areas in order to improve student achievement. Allow teachers to meet their goals of integrating technology throughout curriculum. Assist teachers in providing an interactive learning environment for students that mimics their digital interfaces. Teachers will use equipment to assist in providing a continuous review of the basic tools and skills listed in standard in 8.1. Identify technology mentors in each grade level and schedule professional development based upon staff and district needs. All students will demonstrate progress in achieving district adequate yearly progress in literacy and math by June Students will compose at the keyboard to move fluently from thought into expression using technology as a tool. Students will compare, contrast, summarize and evaluate the worth of non-fiction information that appears on web sites. Students will locate and manage real world data that appears on the Internet and/or approved software applications. Students will analyze and solve real world problems that are Internet and/or software based that will help on standardized grade level assessments. Student will be assessed using various on-line and local testing software such as MAP, Rigby and Study Island. Page 15

20 Goal 4 4A: 4B: 4C: 4D: Provide necessary infrastructure enhancements to successfully implement PARCC and continue service for EE4NJ, MAP and other district-wide computer and data systems. Purchase and implement new 4-year computer refresh. Computers, laptops and/or tablet will meet specifications for PARCC as well as meet district computing needs in terms of mobility, processing and accessibility. Purchase and Maintain appropriate Internet capacity to meet usage requirements for educational internet access, MAP testing, PARCC, EE4NJ, , websites and other outside system interfaces, such as NIMBUS and PowerSchool. Specify requirements and if necessary purchase equipment to begin a BYOD/BYOT initiative Specify requirements, recommend budget for network upgrades due to required capacity increases for Spring 2014 Referendum. Purchase and implement changes if referendum passes. Page 16

21 VI. THREE-YEAR IMPLEMENTATION AND STRATEGIES District Goal and s 1A & B 1C 1D 1E 2A 2B 2C 2D 3A 3B 3C Three-Year Technology Implementation Activity Table Strategy/Activity Timeline Person Responsible Appropriate equipment will be acquired using district and grant monies if available Use of combination of on-line tutorials, onsite and off-site training using technology staff, consultants and technology mentors Using district software and selected websites that are integrated into district curriculum Use on-line resources and tutorials Teachers will note technology standards in their daily lesson plans Provide teachers with professional development in the areas of interactive learning Use district software, selected websites and web tutorials July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 Identify and train building level mentors July 2013 to June 2016 Use visual learning software and grade appropriate desktop publishing software to compose and publish writing on curricular topics Use web quests to analyze and summarize information from teacher selected web sites Use teacher selected web sites integrated into Math curriculum July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 Director of Curriculum & Instruction Director of Technology Director of Curriculum & Instruction Director of Curriculum & Instruction Director of Curriculum & Instruction Building Principal Director of Curriculum and Instruction Building Principal Director of Curriculum & Instruction Director of Curriculum & Instruction Curriculum Coordinator Curriculum Coordinator Curriculum Coordinator Math Dept. Chairperson Documentation Director of Curriculum & Instruction Director of Technology Teacher observation and checklist Teacher lesson plans Sign-in sheets Review lesson plans Observations Surveys Sign-in sheets Teacher lesson plans Sign-in sheets Training of other staff Student writing project rubric Assessment of worksheet results Student writing project rubric Assessment of worksheet results Assessments within Math Curriculum Rubrics for problem solving activity Teacher observation and checklist Page 17

22 Three-Year Technology Implementation Activity Table Cont d District Goal and 3D 3E Strategy/Activity Timeline Person Responsible Use web based resources for problem solving instruction Students will use web based and network based assessment software related to the NJCCCS July 2013 to June 2016 July 2013 to June 2016 Curriculum Coordinator Math Dept. Chairperson Director of Curriculum & Instruction Curriculum Coordinator Documentation Assessments within Math Curriculum Rubrics for problem solving activity Teacher observation and checklist Student usage and performance Assessment reports 4A: 4B: 4C: 4D: Make purchase, install and distribute hardware Scope configurations, validate/verify capacity, compare services, select vendor, purchase upgrade or continue with current configuration Identify specifications and requirements based on devices/technology, Scope possible solutions, pilot and test solutions, procure, implement and maintain solution if required Scope specifications and requirements for bandwidth, speed and capacity of network, Scope configuration modifications, research vendor options, procure, install and maintain solution if referendum passed Summer 2013 Annually Fall Winter 2015 Summer 2013 to Fall 2014 Director of Technology Director of Technology Director of Technology Director of Technology Contracts and Purchase Orders Contracts and Purchase Orders Contracts and Purchase Orders Contracts and Purchase Orders Referendum Page 18

23 VII. PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES A. How will ongoing, sustained professional development be provided to all educators, (including administrators) that increases effective use of technology in all learning environments, models 21st century skills, and demonstrate learning experiences through global outreach and collaboration in the classroom or library media center? Annual training and reviews are provided to utilize the district web portal s blogging and podcasting capabilities Annual training and reviews are provided to utilize the district web portal s forms and survey capabilities Access to Atomic Learning web site Training on data collection and analysis using Professional Learning Communities Technology training for interactive whiteboard and projectors Training and review of Microsoft Office suite of applications Training and review of use and data report of Student Information System B. What professional development opportunities, resources and support (online or in person) exist for technical staff? Technology staff will attend the annual NJABA TechSpo in the January of each year Technology staff attend Gloucester County Technology Consortium meetings each month Technology staff participate in GCTC wikis and group forums online Professional training and conferences if funding is available Technology staff will attend professional training and conferences if funding is available Technology staff participates in free on-line training and webinars as they become available Technology staff utilizes industry manuals and books Access to Atomic Learning C. How will professional development be provided to educators on the application of assistive technologies to support educating all students? An action plan will be developed for a student for whom assistive technology has been determined to be necessary according to an IEP or 504 plan The student s action plan should be consistent with program, district and assistive technology guidelines Teachers and support staff will be trained in using assistive technology as required by aforementioned plan Page 19

25 VIII. EVALUATION PLAN Three-Year Technology Plan Evaluation Narrative A. Describe the process to regularly evaluate how Telecommunication services, hardware, software and other services are improving education. 2. Effective integration of technology is enabling students to meet challenging state academic standards. 3. The LEA is meeting the identified goals in the educational technology plan. The Glassboro Public School District will continue to provide and maintain a highspeed local area network for efficient use of technology resources. Glassboro Public Schools will continue to provide and maintain equitable access to high quality hardware, software and online resources to support student learning. Assistive technology will be provided to those students requiring it. Students will be provided high speed Intranet and Internet capabilities to support collaboration and technology enhancement within the learning environment. The technology department monitors network capacity and usage and conducts capacity reviews of hardware. Regular upgrades and refresh cycles are implemented. Technology skills will be infused throughout all curricula. Ongoing curriculum revisions will be developed to include instructional activities involving instructional technology. Ongoing curriculum mapping will identify instructional gaps and to ensure assessments are aligned to the standards. The district will continue to provide appropriate training (professional development) to integrate interactive technology across the curriculum. Evaluation will be conducted through teacher evaluations, documentation in lesson plans, and professional development attendance logs. Page 21

26 B. Mid-Course Corrections Describe the process to make mid-course corrections in response to new developments and opportunities as they arise. Any project manager worth their salt knows that plans change and as such must be prepared to adjust to situations as they arise. It is no different with our District Technology Plan. Things will change over time whether it be additions or deletions in funding or personnel; obsolescence or emergence of technology; or modifications to curriculum; we will have to respond and adjust our course of action. The technology department, as a standard practice, regularly reviews our current state of technology and compares that with emerging technology, district goals, plans and staff requests. It is an on-going, dynamic and repetitive process that results in our team making appropriate changes were needed to successfully integrate the change into our environment. Page 22

27 IX. FUNDING PLAN ITEM Digital curricula (see NIMAS) A. Provide the anticipated costs for (Provide the anticipated costs for by source of funds (federal, state, local and other) and include expenses such as hardware/software, digital curricula including NIMAS compliance, upgrades and other services including print media that will be needed to achieve the goals of this plan.) Three-Year Educational Technology Plan Anticipated Funding Table (First Year) DESCRIPTION OF ITEM TO BE PURCHASED Is included as part of Print Media and purchased as required by IEP FEDERAL FUNDING STATE FUNDING LOCAL FUNDING Print media needed Textbooks 120,000 to achieve goals Electronic textbook content Web content for textbooks Lease/Capital Computer Refresh 310,091 Projects Wireless Network Network Upgrade Dell Server Hardware Cisco Smartnet 70,100 Maintenance VoIP Maintenance Fiber Maintenance Other Network Maintenance Software Licensing Atomic Learning 118,090 & Maintenance OnCourse PowerSchool Microsoft School Agreement Schoolwires Centricity2 & Nimbus Other Software Maintenance Internet Access Windstream 100MB 35,694 (Before Erate) Comcast Business Telecomm Windstream 44,900 (Before Erate) Verizon Wireless Other Telecom Services Technology General & Miscellaneous technology 14,000 Supplies supplies for daily operations Other Upgrades Transfinder 50,000 TV Studio Interactive Promethean Activity Tables 148,900 Classroom Panasonic Plasma Touchscreens Interactive Projectors Other services Misc Consultants and services 6,800 Further Explanation: MISC. (Donations, Grants) Except for $198,900 in non-recurring local technology funding, all other local funds are part of normal annual technology operating budget. Digital Curricula is funded through CST and Print Media through Curriculum and Instruction. Page 23

28 B. Technology Plan Creation Date As defined by e-rate this date is the date at which these five elements are in your plan: Goals and strategies for using telecommunications and information technology A professional development strategy An assessment of telecommunications services, hardware, software and other services needed Budget resources An on-going evaluation process The technology creation date has been set as April 27, Page 24

29 X. APPENDICES A. Board Approval Resolution Page 25