TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 32

Transcription

1 ORNL-6989 (Edition 32 of ORNL-5198) Center for Transportation Analysis Energy and Transportation Science Division TRANSPORTATION ENERGY DATA BOOK: EDITION 32 Stacy C. Davis Susan W. Diegel Oak Ridge National Laoratory Roert G. Boundy Roltek, Inc. July 2013 Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 32 can e found online at: cta.ornl.gov/data Prepared for the Vehicle Technologies Office Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy U.S. Department of Energy Prepared y the Oak Ridge National Laoratory Oak Ridge, Tennessee Managed y UT-BATTELLE, LLC for the U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY under Contract No. DE-AC05-00OR22725

2 DOCUMENT AVAILABILITY Reports produced after January 1, 1996, are generally availale free via the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Information Bridge: Wesite: Reports produced efore January 1, 1996, may e purchased y memers of the pulic from the following source: National Technical Information Service 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, VA Telephone: ( ) TDD: Fax: info@ntis.fedworld.gov Wesite: Reports are availale to DOE employees, DOE contractors, Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDE) representatives, and International Nuclear Information System (INIS) representatives from the following source: Office of Scientific and Technical Information P.O. Box 62 Oak Ridge, TN Telephone: Fax: reports@adonis.osti.gov Wesite: This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored y an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liaility or responsiility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service y trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring y the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

3 Users of the Transportation Energy Data Book are encouraged to comment on errors, omissions, emphases, and organization of this report to one of the persons listed elow. Requests for additional complementary copies of this report, additional data, or information on an existing tale should e referred to Ms. Stacy Davis, Oak Ridge National Laoratory. Stacy C. Davis Oak Ridge National Laoratory National Transportation Research Center 2360 Cherahala Boulevard Knoxville, Tennessee Telephone: (865) FAX: (865) DAVISSC@ornl.gov Wesite Location: cta.ornl.gov/data Jaco W. Ward Vehicle Technologies Office Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy Department of Energy, EE-2G Forrestal Building 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Washington, D.C Telephone: (202) FAX: (202) JACOB.WARD@ee.doe.gov Wesite Location: vehicles.energy.gov Spreadsheets of the tales in the Transportation Energy Data Book can e found on the we at: cta.ornl.gov/data

4 Find useful data and information in other U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy Data Books. Vehicle Technologies Market Report: cta.ornl.gov/vtmarketreport Biomass Energy Data Book: cta.ornl.gov/ed Buildings Energy Data Book: Hydrogen Data Book: hydrogen.pnl.gov/cocoon/morf/hydrogen/article/103 Power Technologies Energy Data Book:

5 v TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD... xix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS... xxi ABSTRACT... xxiii INTRODUCTION...xxv CHAPTER 1 PETROLEUM Tale 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, Tale 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, Figure 1.1 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, Tale 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, Figure 1.2 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, Tale 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, Tale 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports, Tale 1.8 Imported Crude Oil y Country of Origin, Tale 1.9 Crude Oil Supplies, Figure 1.3 Oil Price and Economic Growth, Figure 1.4 Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Figure 1.5 Refinery Gross Output y World Region, 2002 and Tale 1.10 U.S. Refinery Input of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products, Tale 1.11 Refinery Yield of Petroleum Products from a Barrel of Crude Oil, Tale 1.12 United States Petroleum Production, Imports and Exports,

6 vi Tale 1.13 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Petroleum Production and Transportation Petroleum Consumption in Context, United States Petroleum Production and Consumption All Sectors, United States Petroleum Production, and Transportation Consumption, Tale 1.14 Consumption of Petroleum y End-Use Sector, Tale 1.15 Highway Transportation Petroleum Consumption y Mode, Tale 1.16 Nonhighway Transportation Petroleum Consumption y Mode, Tale 1.17 Transportation Petroleum Use y Mode, CHAPTER 2 ENERGY Figure 2.1 World Consumption of Primary Energy, Tale 2.1 U. S. Consumption of Total Energy y End-Use Sector, Tale 2.2 Distriution of Energy Consumption y Source, 1973 and Tale 2.3 Alternative Fuel and Oxygenate Consumption, Tale 2.4 Ethanol Consumption, Tale 2.5 Domestic Consumption of Transportation Energy y Mode and Fuel Type, Tale 2.6 Transportation Energy Use y Mode, Tale 2.7 Highway Transportation Energy Consumption y Mode, Tale 2.8 Nonhighway Transportation Energy Consumption y Mode, Tale 2.9 Off-Highway Transportation-Related Fuel Consumption from the Nonroad Model, Tale 2.10 Fuel Consumption from Lawn and Garden Equipment, Tale 2.11 Highway Usage of Gasoline and Diesel, Tale 2.12 Passenger Travel and Energy Use,

7 vii Tale 2.13 Energy Intensities of Highway Passenger Modes, Tale 2.14 Energy Intensities of Nonhighway Passenger Modes, Figure 2.2 Energy Intensity of Light Rail Transit Systems, Figure 2.3 Energy Intensity of Heavy Rail Systems, Figure 2.4 Energy Intensity of Commuter Rail Systems, Tale 2.15 Energy Intensities of Freight Modes, CHAPTER 3 ALL HIGHWAY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tale 3.1 World Production of Cars and Trucks, Tale 3.2 Car Registrations for Selected Countries, Tale 3.3 Truck and Bus Registrations for Selected Countries, Tale 3.4 U.S. Cars and Trucks in Use, Figure 3.1 Vehicles per Thousand People: U.S. (Over Time) Compared to Other Countries (in 2001 and 2011) Tale 3.5 Vehicles per Thousand People in Other Countries, 2001 and Tale 3.6 Vehicles per Thousand People in the United States, Tale 3.7 Shares of Highway Vehicle-Miles Traveled y Vehicle Type, Tale 3.8 Cars in Operation and Vehicle Travel y Age, 1970 and Tale 3.9 Trucks in Operation and Vehicle Travel y Age, 1970 and Tale 3.10 U.S. Average Vehicle Age, Tale 3.11 New Retail Vehicle Sales, Tale 3.12 Car Scrappage and Survival Rates, 1970, 1980 and 1990 Model Years Tale 3.13 Light Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates Tale 3.14 Heavy Truck Scrappage and Survival Rates

8 viii CHAPTER 4 LIGHT VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tale 4.1 Summary Statistics for Cars, Tale 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, Tale 4.3 Summary Statistics on Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2 Light Trucks Tale 4.4 Sales Estimates of Class 1, Class 2a, and Class 2 Light Trucks, Tale 4.5 New Retail Car Sales in the United States, Tale 4.6 Tale 4.7 New Retail Sales of Trucks 10,000 Pounds GVW and Less in the United States, Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Cars, Selected Model Years Tale 4.8 Definition of Wagons in Model Year Tale 4.9 Definition of Non-Truck Sport Utility Vehicles in Model Year Tale 4.10 Period Sales, Market Shares, and Sales-Weighted Fuel Economies of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks, Model Years Tale 4.11 Light Vehicle Market Shares y Size Class, Model Years Figure 4.1 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years Tale 4.12 Tale 4.13 Tale 4.14 Tale 4.15 Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years Sales-Weighted Engine Size of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks y Size Class, Model Years Sales-Weighted Cur Weight of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years Sales-Weighted Interior Space of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years Tale 4.16 Average Material Consumption for a Light Vehicle, Model Years 1995, 2000, and Tale 4.17 New Light Vehicle Dealerships and Sales, Tale 4.18 Conventional Refueling Stations,

9 ix Tale 4.19 Fuel Economy and Caron Dioxide Emissions Standards, MY Tale 4.20 Fuel Economy and Caron Dioxide Targets for Model Year Tale 4.21 Tale 4.22 Car Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, Light Truck Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards versus Sales-Weighted Fuel Economy Estimates, Tale 4.23 Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Fines Collected, Tale 4.24 The Gas Guzzler Tax on New Cars Tale 4.25 List of Model Year 2012 Cars with Gas Guzzler Taxes Tale 4.26 Tax Receipts from the Sale of Gas Guzzlers, Tale 4.27 Fuel Economy y Speed, PSAT Model Results Tale 4.28 Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies Figure 4.2 Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies Tale 4.29 Driving Cycle Attriutes Figure 4.3 City Driving Cycle Figure 4.4 Highway Driving Cycle Figure 4.5 Air Conditioning (SC03) Driving Cycle Figure 4.6 Cold Temperature (Cold FTP) Driving Cycle Figure 4.7 High Speed (US06) Driving Cycle Figure 4.8 New York City Driving Cycle Figure 4.9 Representative Numer Five Driving Cycle Tale 4.30 Projected Fuel Economies from U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles Tale 4.31 Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles Attriutes Tale 4.32 Example of Differing Results Using the U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles

10 x Tale 4.33 Summary Statistics on Demand Response Vehicles, CHAPTER 5 HEAVY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tale 5.1 Summary Statistics for Class 3-8 Single-Unit Trucks, Tale 5.2 Summary Statistics for Class 7-8 Comination Trucks, Tale 5.3 New Retail Truck Sales y Gross Vehicle Weight, Tale 5.4 Truck Statistics y Gross Vehicle Weight Class, Tale 5.5 Truck Harmonic Mean Fuel Economy y Size Class, 1992, 1997, and Tale 5.6 Truck Statistics y Size, Tale 5.7 Percentage of Trucks y Size Ranked y Major Use, Tale 5.8 Percentage of Trucks y Fleet Size and Primary Fueling Facility, Tale 5.9 Share of Trucks y Major Use and Primary Fueling Facility, Figure 5.1 Distriution of Trucks over 26,000 ls. Less than Two Years Old y Vehicle-Miles Traveled Figure 5.2 Share of Heavy Trucks with Selected Electronic Features, Tale 5.10 Effect of Terrain on Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy Tale 5.11 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Fuel Economy for Class 8 Trucks as Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination Class 8 Truck Fuel Economy as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination and Percentage of Total Distance Traveled as a Function of Speed Class 8 Truck Percent of Total Fuel Consumed as a Function of Speed and Tractor-Trailer Tire Comination Tale 5.12 Class 8 Truck Weight y Component Tale 5.13 Gross Vehicle Weight vs. Empty Vehicle Weight Figure 5.5 Distriution of Class 8 Trucks y On-Road Vehicle Weight,

11 xi Tale 5.14 Growth of Freight in the United States: Comparison of the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Commodity Flow Surveys Tale 5.15 Growth of Freight Miles in the United States: Comparison of the 1997, 2002 and 2007 Commodity Flow Surveys Tale 5.16 Summary Statistics on Transit Buses and Trolleyuses, CHAPTER 6 ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tale 6.1 Estimates of Alternative Fuel Highway Vehicles in Use, Tale 6.2 Alternative Fuel Transit Vehicles, Tale 6.3 Alternative Fuel Vehicles Availale y Manufacturer, Model Year Tale 6.4 Hyrid and Plug-In Vehicle Sales, Tale 6.5 Electric Drive Vehicles Availale y Manufacturer, Model Year Tale 6.6 Numer of Alternative Refuel Sites y State and Fuel Type, Figure 6.1 Clean Cities Coalitions Tale 6.7 Properties of Conventional and Alternative Fuels CHAPTER 7 FLEET VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Figure 7.1 Fleet Vehicles in Service as of January 1, Tale 7.1 New Light Fleet Vehicle Registrations y Vehicle Type, Model Year Tale 7.2 Average Length of Time Commercial Fleet Vehicles are in Service, Tale 7.3 Average Annual Vehicle-Miles of Travel for Commercial Fleet Vehicles, Figure 7.2 Average Miles per Domestic Federal Vehicle y Vehicle Type, Tale 7.4 Federal Government Vehicles, Tale 7.5 Federal Fleet Vehicle Acquisitions y Fuel Type, FY Tale 7.6 Fuel Consumed y Federal Government Fleets, FY Tale 7.7 Federal Government Vehicles y Agency, FY

12 xii CHAPTER 8 HOUSEHOLD VEHICLES AND CHARACTERISTICS Tale 8.1 Population and Vehicle Profile, Tale 8.2 Vehicles and Vehicle-Miles per Capita, Tale 8.3 Average Annual Expenditures of Households y Income, Tale 8.4 Annual Household Expenditures for Transportation, Tale 8.5 Household Vehicle Ownership, Census Tale 8.6 Tale 8.7 Tale 8.8 Demographic Statistics from the 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001, 2009 NHTS Average Annual Vehicle-Miles, Vehicle Trips and Trip Length per Household 1969, 1977, 1983, 1990, 1995 NPTS and 2001, 2009 NHTS Average Numer of Vehicles and Vehicle Travel per Household, 1990 NPTS and 2001 and 2009 NHTS Tale 8.9 Trip Statistics y Trip Purpose, 2001 and 2009 NHTS Figure 8.1 Figure 8.2 Average Vehicle Occupancy y Vehicle Type, 1995 NPTS and 2009 NHTS Average Vehicle Occupancy y Trip Purpose, 1977 NPTS and 2009 NHTS Tale 8.10 Average Annual Miles per Household Vehicle y Vehicle Age Tale 8.11 Self-Reported vs. Odometer Average Annual Miles, 1995 NPTS and 2001 NHTS Figure 8.3 Share of Vehicle Trips y Trip Distance, 2009 NHTS Figure 8.4 Share of Vehicle Trips to Work y Trip Distance, 2009 NHTS Tale 8.12 Share of Vehicles y Annual Miles of Travel and Vehicle Age, 2009 NHTS Tale 8.13 Household Vehicle Trips, 2009 NHTS Figure 8.5 Average Daily Miles Driven (per Driver), 2009 NHTS Tale 8.14 Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel (per Vehicle) y Numer of Vehicles in the Household, 2009 NHTS

13 xiii Tale 8.15 Figure 8.6 Figure 8.7 Daily and Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel and Average Age for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS Daily Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS Annual Vehicle Miles of Travel for Each Vehicle in a Household, 2009 NHTS Tale 8.16 Means of Transportation to Work, 1980, 1990, 2000 and Tale 8.17 Characteristics of U.S. Daily per Vehicle Driving vs. Dwelling Unit Type and Density Tale 8.18 Housing Unit Characteristics, Tale 8.19 Workers y Commute Time, 1990, 2000, and Tale 8.20 Bicycle Sales, Figure 8.8 Walk and Bike Trips y Trip Purpose, 2009 NHTS Tale 8.21 Long-Distance Trip Characteristics, 2001 NHTS CHAPTER 9 NONHIGHWAY MODES Tale 9.1 Nonhighway Energy Use Shares, Tale 9.2 Summary Statistics for U.S. Domestic and International Certificated Route Air Carriers (Comined Totals), Tale 9.3 Summary Statistics for General Aviation, Tale 9.4 Tonnage Statistics for Domestic and International Waterorne Commerce, Tale 9.5 Summary Statistics for Domestic Waterorne Commerce, Tale 9.6 Recreational Boat Energy Use, Tale 9.7 Class I Railroad Freight Systems in the United States Ranked y Revenue Ton Miles, Tale 9.8 Summary Statistics for Class I Freight Railroads, Tale 9.9 Intermodal Rail Traffic,

14 xiv Tale 9.10 Summary Statistics for the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), Tale 9.11 Summary Statistics for Commuter Rail Operations, Tale 9.12 Summary Statistics for Rail Transit Operations, CHAPTER 10 TRANSPORTATION AND THE ECONOMY Figure 10.1 Transportation Services Index, January 1990 January Tale 10.1 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, Tale 10.2 Diesel Fuel Prices for Selected Countries, Figure 10.2 Gasoline Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and Figure 10.3 Diesel Prices for Selected Countries, 1990 and Tale 10.3 Prices for a Barrel of Crude Oil and a Gallon of Gasoline, Tale 10.4 Retail Prices for Motor Fuel, Tale 10.5 Refiner Sales Prices for Propane and No. 2 Diesel, Tale 10.6 Refiner Sales Prices for Aviation Gasoline and Jet Fuel, Tale 10.7 Federal Excise Taxes on Motor Fuels, Tale 10.8 Federal and State Alternative Fuel Incentives, Tale 10.9 Federal and State Advanced Technology Incentives, Tale Average Price of a New Car, Tale Average Price of a New Car (Domestic and Import), Tale Car Operating Cost per Mile, Tale Fixed Car Operating Costs per Year, Tale Personal Consumption Expenditures, Tale Consumer Price Indices, Tale Transportation-Related Employment, 2000 and

15 xv Tale U.S. Employment for Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Parts Manufacturing, CHAPTER 11 GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS Tale 11.1 World Caron Dioxide Emissions, 1990 and Tale 11.2 Tale 11.3 Numerical Estimates of Gloal Warming Potentials Compared with Caron Dioxide U.S. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, ased on Gloal Warming Potential, Tale 11.4 Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions y End-Use Sector, Tale 11.5 Tale 11.6 U.S. Caron Emissions from Fossil Fuel Consumption y End-Use Sector, U.S. Caron Emissions from Fossil Fuel Comustion in the Transportation End-Use Sector Tale 11.7 Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions y Mode, 1990 and Figure 11.1 GREET Model Figure 11.2 GREET Model Feedstocks and Fuels Figure 11.3 Well-to-Wheel Emissions for Various Fuels and Vehicle Technologies Tale 11.8 Tale 11.9 Sales-Weighted Annual Caron Footprint of New Domestic and Import Cars y Size Class, Model Years Sales-Weighted Annual Caron Footprint of New Domestic and Import Light Trucks y Size Class, Model Years Tale Average Annual Caron Footprint y Vehicle Classification, 1975 and Tale Caron Dioxide Emissions from a Gallon of Fuel CHAPTER 12 CRITERIA AIR POLLUTANTS Tale 12.1 Total National Emissions of the Criteria Air Pollutants y Sector, Tale 12.2 Total National Emissions of Caron Monoxide, Tale 12.3 Emissions of Caron Monoxide from Highway Vehicles,

16 xvi Tale 12.4 Total National Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides, Tale 12.5 Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides from Highway Vehicles, Tale 12.6 Total National Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds, Tale 12.7 Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds from Highway Vehicles, Tale 12.8 Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10), Tale 12.9 Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM 10) from Highway Vehicles, Tale Total National Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5), Tale Tale Tale Emissions of Particulate Matter (PM-2.5) from Highway Vehicles, Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle Tier 2 Exhaust Emission Standards Light-Duty Vehicle, Light-Duty Truck, and Medium-Duty Passenger Vehicle Tier 2 Evaporative Emission Standards Tale Heavy-Duty Highway Compression-Ignition Engines and Uran Buses Exhaust Emission Standards Tale Heavy-Duty Highway Spark-Ignition Engines Exhaust Emission Standards Tale Heavy-Duty Highway Compression Ignition and Spark-Ignition Engines Evaporative Emission Standards Tale California Car, Light Truck and Medium Truck Emission Certification Standards Tale Aircraft Exhaust Emission Standards Tale Nonroad Compression-Ignition Engines Exhaust Emission Standards Tale Nonroad Large Spark-Ignition Engines Exhaust and Evaporative Emission Standards Tale Locomotives Exhaust Emission Standards

17 xvii Tale Tale Tale Tale Tale Marine Compression-Ignition (CI) Engines Exhaust Emission Standards Marine Spark-Ignition Engines and Vessels Exhaust Emission Standards Nonroad Recreational Engines and Vehicles Exhaust Emission Standards Gasoline Sulfur Standards Highway, Nonroad, Locomotive, and Marine (NRLM) Diesel Fuel Sulfur Standards APPENDIX A. SOURCES & METHODOLOGIES... A 1 APPENDIX B. CONVERSIONS... B 1 APPENDIX C. MAPS... C 1 GLOSSARY... G 1 INDEX... I 1

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19 xix FOREWORD Welcome to this 32nd edition of the Transportation Energy Data Book. Twenty-three editions of this Data Book have een produced y Stacy Davis; DOE is grateful for the dedication, consistency, and skill she has rought to this effort. I would like to ring to your attention some of the data that are new in this edition: Tale 1.1. Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, a new tale from the Energy Information Administration data, replacing the Fossil Fuel Potential from the year Tale 4.1 Summary Statistics for Passenger Cars, and Tale 4.2 Summary Statistics for Two-Axle, Four-Tire Trucks, these tales have a new methodology used to separate light vehicles into car and truck categories for 2009 through See Appendix A for Car/Light Truck Shares for details on the methodology. Tale Fuel Economy y Speed, 1973, 1984, 1997, and 2012 Studies a new column was added to this tale as a result of a new study y Oak Ridge National Laoratory on the effect of speed on fuel economy. Results from that study can e found at: Tale Comparison of U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles Attriutes an updated tale on the differences among the different driving cycles. Tale Example of Differing Results Using the U.S., European, and Japanese Driving Cycles a new tale illustrating the different fuel economies otained using an identical car on the each of the cycles. I hope you find value in this data ook. Stacy and I welcome suggestions on how to improve it. Jaco W. Ward Analysis Manager, Vehicle Technologies Office U.S. Department of Energy

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21 xxi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to express their gratitude to the many individuals who assisted in the preparation of this document. First, we would like to thank Jaco Ward and the Vehicle Technologies Office staff for their continued support of the Transportation Energy Data Book project. We would also like to thank Mark Roins for the cover. This ook would not have een possile without the dedication of Deie Bain, who has masterfully prepared the manuscript since This ook would not e possile without the leadership, guidance, and vision of Phil Patterson, who egan this ook in the 1970 s. We hope to continue this report into the future with the same level of excellence. The authors and the transportation research community will e forever grateful for his efforts.

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23 xxiii ABSTRACT The Transportation Energy Data Book: Edition 32 is a statistical compendium prepared and pulished y Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) under contract with the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewale Energy, Vehicle Technologies Office. Designed for use as a desk-top reference, the Data Book represents an assemly and display of statistics and information that characterize transportation activity, and presents data on other factors that influence transportation energy use. The purpose of this document is to present relevant statistical data in the form of tales and graphs. The latest edition of the Data Book is availale to a larger audience via the Internet (cta.ornl.gov/data). This edition of the Data Book has 12 chapters which focus on various aspects of the transportation industry. Chapter 1 focuses on petroleum; Chapter 2 energy; Chapter 3 highway vehicles; Chapter 4 light vehicles; Chapter 5 heavy vehicles; Chapter 6 alternative fuel vehicles; Chapter 7 fleet vehicles; Chapter 8 household vehicles; Chapter 9 nonhighway modes; Chapter 10 transportation and the economy; Chapter 11 greenhouse gas emissions; and Chapter 12 criteria pollutant emissions. The sources used represent the latest availale data. There are also three appendices which include detailed source information for some tales, measures of conversion, and the definition of Census divisions and regions. A glossary of terms and a title index are also included for the reader s convenience.

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25 xxv INTRODUCTION In January 1976, the Transportation Energy Conservation (TEC) Division of the Energy Research and Development Administration contracted with Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) to prepare a Transportation Energy Conservation Data Book to e used y TEC staff in their evaluation of current and proposed conservation strategies. The major purposes of the Data Book were to draw together, under one cover, transportation data from diverse sources, to resolve data conflicts and inconsistencies, and to produce a comprehensive document. The first edition of the TEC Data Book was pulished in Octoer With the passage of the Department of Energy (DOE) Organization Act, the work eing conducted y the former Transportation Energy Conservation Division fell under the purview of the DOE's Office of Transportation Programs. This work continues today in the Vehicle Technologies Office. Policymakers and analysts need to e well-informed aout activity in the transportation sector. The organization and scope of the data ook reflect the need for different kinds of information. For this reason, Edition 32 updates much of the same type of data that is found in previous editions. In any attempt to compile a comprehensive set of statistics on transportation activity, numerous instances of inadequacies and inaccuracies in the asic data are encountered. Where such prolems occur, estimates are developed y ORNL. To minimize the misuse of these statistics, an appendix (Appendix A) is included to document the estimation procedures. The attempt is to provide sufficient information for the conscientious user to evaluate the estimates and to form their own opinions as to their utility. Clearly, the accuracy of the estimates cannot exceed the accuracy of the primary data, an accuracy which in most instances is unknown. In cases where data accuracy is known or sustantial errors are strongly suspected in the data, the reader is alerted. In all cases it should e recognized that the estimates are not precise. The majority of the statistics contained in the data ook are taken directly from pulished sources, although these data may e reformatted for presentation y ORNL. Consequently, neither ORNL nor DOE endorses the validity of these data.

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27 1 1 Chapter 1 Petroleum Summary Statistics from Tales/Figures in this Chapter Source Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, 2012 (million arrels per day) a U.S. Production (million arrels per day) 8.87 U.S. Share 10.5% Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, 2012 (million arrels per day) U.S. Consumption (million arrels per day) U.S. Share 21.0% Figure 1.5 Average Refinery Yield, 2012 OECD Europe North America Gasoline 18.7% 42.1% Diesel oil 41.0% 27.0% Residual fuel 12.3% 4.9% Kerosene 7.3% 7.3% Other 12.7% 15.2% Tale 1.13 U.S. transportation petroleum use as a percent of U.S. petroleum 140.9% production, 2012 Tale 1.13 Net imports as a percentage of U.S. petroleum consumption, % Tale 1.14 Transportation share of U.S. petroleum consumption, % Tale 1.17 Highway share of transportation petroleum consumption, % Tale 1.17 Light vehicle share of transportation petroleum consumption, % In this document, petroleum is defined as crude oil (including lease condensate) and natural gas plant liquids. a Because other liquids and processing gain are not included, the world production is smaller than world petroleum consumption.

28 1 2 As new technologies appear and new areas are explored, the amount of proved reserves of crude oil and natural gas has grown. Although the reserves of natural gas in the United States were 52% higher in 2011 than it was in 1980, the U.S. share of World natural gas reserves is lower. The U.S. share of crude oil reserves has een under 2% since Tale 1.1 Proved Reserves of Crude Oil and Natural Gas, Crude Oil Reserves (illion arrels) U.S. Share of Crude Oil Natural Gas Reserves (trillion cuic feet) U.S. Share of Natural Gas Year World United States Reserves World United States Reserves % 2, % % 2, % % 2, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % % 3, % , % 3, % % 4, % % 4, % % 4, % % 5, % % 4, % , % 4, % , % 4, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 5, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % , % 6, % Average Annual Percentage Change % -0.8% 3.1% 1.3% % 0.6% 2.4% 5.6% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May 2013.

29 1 3 In 2012, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) accounted for more than 43.5% of world oil production, which is the highest OPEC share since the 1980 s. The U.S. production of crude oil increased to 6.47 million arrels per day, which is 8.6% of World production. Tale 1.2 World Crude Oil Production, a (million arrels per day) Year United States U.S. share Total OPEC OPEC share Total non- OPEC World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Average annual percentage change % 2.6% 2.4% 2.5% % 0.8% 1.5% 1.2% % 2.2% 0.5% 1.2% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May (Additional resources: a Includes lease condensate. Excludes natural gas plant liquids. See Glossary for memership.

30 1 4 This tale shows petroleum production, which includes oth crude oil and natural gas plant liquids. Because other liquids and processing gain are not included, the world total is smaller than world petroleum consumption (Tale 1.4). The United States was responsile for 10.5% of the world s petroleum production in 2012 and 8.6% of the world s crude oil production (Tale 1.2). Tale 1.3 World Petroleum Production, a (million arrels per day) Total Non- United U.S. Total OPEC non- OPEC Year States share OPEC share OPEC share World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Average annual percentage change % 0.5% 1.4% 0.9% % 2.3% 0.6% 1.3% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May (Additional resources: a Includes natural gas plant liquids, crude oil and lease condensate. Does not account for all inputs or refinery processing gain. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership.

31 1 5 During the 1980s and 1990s, the United States accounted for aout one-quarter of the world s petroleum consumption, ut since 2000 that share has een decreasing. In 2011 the United States accounted for only 21.6%. World petroleum consumption decreased in 2009 ut rose in Non-OECD consumption has continued to increase. Tale 1.4 World Petroleum Consumption, (million arrels per day) Year United States U.S. share Total OECD a Total non-oecd World % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Average annual percentage change % 2.1% 4.0% 2.8% % 0.7% 3.0% 1.5% % -0.6% 3.7% 1.2% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics Wesite, May (Additional resources: a Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. See Glossary for memership.

32 1 6 Figure 1.1. World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Tale 1.5 World Oil Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Crude oil reserves (illion arrels) Petroleum production (million arrels per day) Petroleum consumption (million arrels per day) Consumption share Reserve share Production share United States % % % OPEC 1, % % % Rest of world % % % Sources: Reserves Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May Production Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May Consumption Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, May (Additional resources: Note: Total consumption is higher than total production due to refinery gains including alcohol and liquid products produced from coal and other sources. OPEC countries include Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Araia, Angola, United Ara Emirates, Algeria, Liya, Nigeria, Indonesia, Gaon, and Ecuador.

33 1 7 Figure 1.2. World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 Tale 1.6 World Natural Gas Reserves, Production and Consumption, 2011 (trillion cuic feet) Natural gas Reserve Natural gas Production Natural gas Consumption reserves share production share consumption share U.S % % % OPEC 3, % % % Rest of world 3, % % % Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, (Additional resources: Note: Production data are dry gas production.

34 1 8 The share of petroleum imported to the United States can e calculated using total imports or net imports. Net imports, which are the preferred data, rose to over 50% of U.S. petroleum consumption for the first time in 1998, while total imports reached 50% for the first time in OPEC share of net imports has een elow 50% since Net imports as a share of consumption were under 40% in 2012 for the first time since Tale 1.7 U.S. Petroleum Imports, (million arrels per day) Year Net OPEC a imports Net OPEC a share Net imports Net imports as a share of U.S. consumption Total imports % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % % Average annual percentage change % 3.0% 3.4% % 2.0% 2.7% % -3.5% -0.8% Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tale 3.3a. (Additional resources: a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership. Data are not availale.

35 1 9 Just over half of the oil imported to the United States in 2012 was from the western hemisphere. Canada, Mexico, and Venezuela provided most of the oil from the western hemisphere, along with small amounts from Brazil, Columia, Ecuador, and the U.S. Virgin Islands (these countries are not listed separately). Tale 1.8 Imported Crude Oil y Country of Origin, (million arrels per day) Other OPEC a countries Canada Mexico Russia Other non- OPEC countries Year Saudi Araia Venezuela Nigeria Total imports Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tales 3.3c and 3.3d. (Additional resources: a Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. See Glossary for memership.

36 1 10 The Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) egan in Octoer 1977 as a result of the 1975 Energy Policy and Conservation Act. Its purpose is to provide protection against oil supply disruptions. The U.S. consumed nearly 19 million arrels per day in At that rate of consumption, the SPR supply would last 37 days if used exclusively and continuously. Tale 1.9 Crude Oil Supplies, Strategic Petroleum Reserve Other crude oil stocks a Total crude oil stocks U.S. petroleum consumption Numer of days the SPR would Year (Million Barrels) (million arrels per day) supply the U.S , , , , , , , Sources: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, Monthly Energy Review, Washington, DC, May 2013, Tales 3.1 and 3.4. (Additional resources: a Other crude oil stocks include stocks held y petroleum companies, as well as stocks of Alaskan crude oil in transit. Strategic Petroleum Reserves divided y U.S. consumption per day. This would only hold true if the SPR were the only oil used for that many days.

37 1 11 Major oil price shocks have disrupted world energy markets five times in the past 30 years ( , , , , 2008). Most of the oil price shocks were followed y an economic recession in the United States. Figure 1.3. Oil Price and Economic Growth, Source: Greene, D.L. and N. I. Tishchishyna, Costs of Oil Dependence: A 2000 Update, Oak Ridge National Laoratory, ORNL/TM-2000/152, Oak Ridge, TN, 2000, and data updates, (Additional resources: cta.ornl.gov/cta/pulications.shtml)

38 1 12 The United States has long recognized the prolem of oil dependence and the economic prolems that arise from it. According to Oak Ridge National Laoratory (ORNL) researchers Greene and Hopson, oil dependence is a comination of four factors: (1) a noncompetitive world oil market strongly influenced y the OPEC cartel, (2) high levels of U.S. imports, (3) the importance of oil to the U.S. economy, and (4) the lack of economical and readily availale sustitutes for oil. ORNL developed a model to estimate the historical cost of oil dependence and analyze the potential effectiveness of policies on likely future costs. The most recent study using this model shows that the U.S. economy suffered the greatest losses in 2008 when wealth transfer and GDP losses (comined) amounted to approximately half a trillion dollars. However, when comparing oil dependence to the size of the economy, the year 1980 is the highest. Oil dependence costs were almost 4.5% of GDP in 1980, ut were under 3.5% in In 2009, the average oil price fell to aout $60 per arrel and oil dependence costs fell to aout $300 illion for 2009 and Figure 1.4. Costs of Oil Dependence to the U.S. Economy, Source: Greene, David L., Roderick Lee, and Janet L. Hopson, OPEC and the Costs to the U.S. Economy of Oil Dependence: , Oak Ridge National Laoratory Memorandum, Notes: Wealth Transfer is the product of total U.S. oil imports and the difference etween the actual market price of oil (influenced y market power) and what the price would have een in a competitive market. Dislocation Losses are temporary reductions in GDP as a result of oil price shocks. Loss of Potential Gross Domestic Product (GDP) results ecause a asic resource used y the economy to produce output has ecome more expensive. As a consequence, with the same endowment of laor, capital, and other resources, our economy cannot produce quite as much as it could have at a lower oil price.