Tracking down discretionary income

Transcription

1 Spring 1991 (Vol. 3, No. 1) Article No. 3 Tracking down discretionary income Donna J. Owens "Discretionary income", "unencumbered funds", "fun money", or "spare cash": call it whatever you like, no one ever thinks that they can have enough of it. Even economists are dissatisfied with the term "discretionary income". But theirs is a conceptual concern: what is discretionary income and how can it be measured? Nevertheless, it is important to know the amount of discretionary income available in the economy, because discretionary income statistics: show how personal income taxes and average household expenditures affect the amount of money that Canadians are free to spend or save; can successfully target a desirable group of consumers in a competitive marketplace; measure how rapidly "extra cash" is growing for Canadians who are well off. This article proposes a method for identifying people with "discretionary income". It then describes some of their characteristics-who they are, how much money they have and how they spend it. What is discretionary income? Discretionary income is not synonymous with disposable income. Disposable income is usually defined as the amount of income remaining after payment of personal income taxes, while discretionary income is usually defined as total income less personal income taxes, Unemployment Insurance premiums and other compulsory payments, and household spending on "necessities". What remains is "discretionary income" which can be spent or saved as one pleases on vintage wines, stocks and bonds, vacations. This kind of calculation would be simple enough in a world inhabited by theorists. In fact, discretionary income is a highly subjective concept and is difficult to define because what some consider a necessity is a luxury for others. For example, a car may be a necessity for a mother with young children living in the suburbs, but a luxury for a single woman living and working downtown. Therefore, "any definition of discretionary income in precise statistical terms will be arbitrary". (1) file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (1 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

2 Little analytical work has been done on discretionary income (DI) but one of the few attempts in recent years was made in a joint study by the U.S. Consumer Research Centre, The (U.S.) Conference Board and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The study avoided defining "necessities" and instead used an income threshold as a measure. It defined DI as "the amount of money which would permit a family to maintain a living standard comfortably higher than the average for similar families". (2) To set the threshold, the researchers used a U.S. Department of Labor survey which had concluded that to allow for a relatively comfortable standard of living, a household's budget had to be about 30% higher than the average consumption expenditure for similar households. This study adopts the U.S. definition that a household has discretionary income if its after-tax income is at least 30% higher than the average family expenditures on goods and services for that type of household. (Disposable income and after-tax income are synonymous; this study will use the term aftertax income.) For an explanation of the limitations imposed by the DI measurement, see Technical notes. What can be spent: Aggregate spendable discretionary income In 1986, the total amount of spendable discretionary income (SDI) available in the economy was estimated to be $28.9 billion. This total was available to one-quarter of the households in Canada. With pre-tax incomes averaging more than $63,000, these 2.1 million families each enjoyed an average of just over $13,500 "extra cash". (Table 1 includes the figures for the population that would have had DI based on income cut-offs of 20%, 30% and 40%. This demonstrates how the choice of cut-off can change our perception of the issue. For the remainder of this study, the cut-off is 30%.) Table 1 Summary income statistics, 1986 Source: Family Expenditure Survey Who had money to spend: Profile of the DI household For the most part, DI families have much higher incomes than the average for all households. This is especially true as household size and attendant expenditures rise: the DIL threshold moves beyond the reach of the average household. But discretionary income is not necessarily linked to income that is high compared with the Canadian average. For example, in 1986, almost 40% of all households had total file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (2 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

3 annual incomes of less than $25,000, yet 2.4% of them had discretionary income. This arises from the methodology used to select households with DI. Impact of household life cycle Canadians families headed by a person aged 25 to 29 had the lowest average household SDI. The SDI per household then rose steadily and peaked at $17,472 among those aged 45 to 49, where it remained fairly stable until the head of the household reached retirement age. Per capita SDI was also low among households headed by young adults (aged 25 to 29), but contrary to the pattern shown by household SDI, it did not rise as quickly. In fact, it did not peak until the household head was over 49, a stage of the family life cycle when income remains high but household size begins to shrink. Families and individuals Just over 27% of Canada's 2.1 million DI households consisted of two people. With one-third of available "extra cash", they had the largest share of aggregate SDI. Nevertheless, married couples with children had slightly more household SDI than did couples without children, perhaps reflecting that the childless couples were younger and therefore had less income. Approximately 24% of the one-person households in Canada had discretionary income. They controlled the smallest percentage (14%) of aggregate spendable discretionary income, but with almost $8,300, they had the highest per capita SDI. And men had more SDI than women: in 1986, women comprised 60% of the single population but possessed only 40% of SDI. On average, men had $9,047 in SDI, about 24% more than women. Chart A Distribution of all households and aggregate spendable discretionary income, Source: Family Expenditure Survey Chart B Spendable discretionary income by age of household head, file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (3 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

4 Source: Family Expenditure Survey Chart C Income and spendable discretionary income by size of household with discretionary income, Source: Family Expenditure Survey Dollars and degrees A 1986 Statistics Canada study of high-income families concluded that a strong positive relationship exists between high education and high income. (3) Since higher income produces DI, the evidence should show that the same relationship holds for education and DI. Indeed, approximately 52% of families headed by people with university degrees had SDI. Furthermore, average SDI in DI households headed by university graduates was almost $20,400, double that of DI households headed by people who had not completed high school. Types of jobs Of the 2.1 million households with DI, almost half were headed by a person employed as a professional or manager, a reflection in large part of the relationship between education and DI. They controlled 53% of aggregate SDI and each of them averaged $16,342 in household SDI. But at $6,414, per capita SDI was highest among those who were "not working/retired". It may seem unexpected that these nonworkers had more DI than the "blue collar" workers, despite "blue collar" DI households having higher before-tax income. This reflects the larger average size of blue-collar households (close to four people), putting them into a group with a higher DIL threshold than the two-person group to which most "not working/retired" households belonged. Where the money came from Two-thirds of all DI households reported wages and salaries as their major source of income. Although only 1 in 20 Canadian households gained the majority of their income from self-employment in unincorporated businesses, the highest incidence of DI 35% occurred in this small group. At just over $76,500, the average before-tax income of self-employed households with DI ran $14,000 higher than that of investment earners with DI; but the SDI of each group was identical at $21,275 per household. The similarity in SDI despite the dissimilarity in income arises because most investment earners belong to small households, while the self-employed earners are maintaining larger households. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (4 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

5 Number of cash contributors With 37% of DI households being families in which both spouses worked, it is not surprising that this group controlled 55% of aggregate SDI. However, the average amount of household SDI for those families where only the husband earned a paycheque was over 40% more than for those units where both the husband and wife were employed. Similar results were reported in the U.S. study: its authors noted that this apparent anomaly "is explained by the fact that in the exceptionally high income class, comparatively few wives are employed". (4) The "no workers" households, although a relatively small portion of the DI population (less than 6%), had the second highest average SDI and the highest per capita SDI. This group had a large amount of extra cash because most "no workers" belonged to the one- or two-person household groups, whose DIL thresholds are comparatively low. "No workers" received the bulk of their incomes from investments and pensions. Table 2 Discretionary income: A profile, 1986 Source: Family Expenditure Survey Region of residence important Not surprisingly, residents of Ontario with 36% of Canadian households controlled almost half of Canada's aggregate SDI. The province also recorded the highest average before-tax income for DI households ($66,574), and the top household SDI, at $15,119. However, Alberta families were the most likely to be "in the money": that province claimed the highest incidence of SDI, with 32% of households above the DI threshold. Not just the province, but the population density of an area also affected the distribution of DI. Over half the discretionary cash in Canada was controlled by households in urban areas with populations over 500,000. This group had an average of $15,290 in household SDI, whereas the average DI household had $13,566. The second largest concentration of SDI almost 16% was in rural areas, where one-quarter of households enjoyed having an average of $11,450 in extra cash. How they spent their money: Expenditures of DI households file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (5 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

6 Given this portrait of households with discretionary income, what are their spending patterns compared with those of the average household? The first thing to consider is how much income was actually available to spend on both necessities and "discretionary" items, after personal income taxes had been paid. Personal income taxes accounted for the largest share of everyone's budget. In 1986, those households with discretionary income paid an average of $13,629 in personal income taxes, or 24% of their total expenditure (21.5% of income). The average household was taxed at 18.5% of its budget (18.2% of income), which in dollars was actually less than half the amount the DI families paid. Chart D Index of expenditures of discretionary income households, Source: Family Expenditure Survey Shelter Shelter was the greatest post-tax expenditure for all households the average household spent almost 20% of its budget on shelter while a household with DI spent just over 17%. DI families allocated almost $800 more to household furnishings and equipment than average families. Similarly, additions and renovations to property attracted almost twice as much spending from DI households ($1,200) than from average households. DI families also paid double the average on hotels, motels and vacation homes. Food At $6,500 per year, households with DI spent considerably more on food than the average household, probably because their fondness for eating out consumed one-third of this amount. Nevertheless, in accordance with Engel's Law, (5) they actually dedicated a smaller portion of their total budgets to food. Transportation DI households spent almost as much on transportation as they did on shelter. Their expenditures amounted to an average $7,440, representing 60% more than those of the average household. A DI household had two motor vehicles, while the average household had one motor vehicle. Discretionary income families also devoted almost twice as many dollars to public transportation, including air travel. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (6 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

7 Clothing Clothing expenditures tend to confirm that DI families are more likely to be adult-only households: they spent $1,500 more on clothing than the average household, spending a great deal more on women's and men's clothing than on children's. Recreation Recreation was an important component of all households' budgets; it was the fifth largest expenditure (excluding taxes) for everyone. DI families spent almost twice as much as other households on items such as recreation vehicles and equipment, home entertainment, movies and travel tours. Security Discretionary income is available not just for consumption but also for saving. Life insurance premiums and retirement/pension fund payments (forms of saving) were certainly a favoured expenditure among DI households. At $2,825, they spent 80% more than the average family on these items. Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs) were also popular among DI families: they invested almost three times as much in RRSPs $1,863 as the average household. Miscellaneous Personal care and health care did not figure prominently in the discretionary income household budget, although those with extra cash did spend 60% more on private health care plans. Expen-ditures on education and reading were also dominated by the DI group. "Gifts and contributions" accounted for twice as much spending by DI families than by average households, with almost one-quarter of the $2,200 they spent donated to charities. And although DI households spent more on tobacco and alcohol than average households, it was alcohol and not tobacco that consumed most of their "vices" budget. Conclusion This brief examination of DI households and their expenditure patterns is far from definitive; the concept raises methodological concerns, and the results pose economic questions. Has the number of households with DI increased or decreased over time, and how much discretionary cash is available to spend? With changes in the economy, how do expenditure habits of DI families change? And given the impact of demographic factors on income and consumption, how will the file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (7 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

8 changing composition of the Canadian population affect the household distribution of SDI in the future? The concerns raised by the methodology used may never be definitively resolved by statisticians. Like the calculation of low income cut-offs, DI levels are arbitrary, depending entirely upon subjective assessments of "necessities" and "luxuries". Nevertheless, despite all the unanswered questions, it is hoped that this article provides food for thought and a starting point for further analysis. Coming to terms with the terminology Spending unit a group of people living in the same dwelling who depend on a common or pooled income for major expenses, or one financially independent individual living alone. Never-married sons or daughters living with their parents are always considered part of their parents' unit. A spending unit, in most cases, is equivalent to a household, and is generally referred to as such in this study. Family Income before tax this includes gross income from wages and salaries, net income from selfemployment, receipts from military pay and allowances, gross receipts from roomers and boarders, net rentals, family allowances, interest and dividends, all pensions, Worker's Compensation and Unemployment Insurance benefits, social assistance and income supplements, child tax credits and miscellaneous regular income receipts. Major source of income the source accounting for the largest share of the total income of a spending unit; for example, wages and salaries, and interest and dividends. Discretionary income line (DIL) a set of income cut-offs equal to 1.3 times the average consumption level of households, grouped by their size and their locale. A household with after-tax income above the 30% cut-off for its type is classified as a "DI household" (see Technical notes). Spendable discretionary income (SDI) the "extra cash" available for consumption or saving, expressed as the actual dollar amount over and above the DIL cut-off for that type of household (see Technical notes). Per capita SDI the value resulting when the total SDI of a spending unit is divided by the number of persons in that unit, regardless of age. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (8 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

9 Technical notes Data source Data collected by the Family Expenditure Survey (FAMEX), conducted nationally every four years since 1953, relate family expenditures to family income and other family characteristics. This study uses FAMEX data on spending by Canadian families during For further information about the survey, see the User's Guide, Family Expenditure in Canada, 1986, Statistics Canada, Catalogue How discretionary income was calculated (6) Six steps were used to estimate discretionary income (DI) and spendable discretionary income (SDI): 1. All 10,356 spending units in the FAMEX sample were divided into separate groups according to size of the household and urbanization of the area. This was done because living expenses vary significantly depending upon the number of people in the home, and are believed to vary according to the size of area of residence. Thus, all families in the FAMEX sample were separated into groups sharing the same two basic characteristics; for example, all two-person rural households were collected into one group, all fourperson large urban households in another, and so on. The procedure created a matrix of 25 different household types, ranging from one-person rural to five-or-more person urban with populations over 500, Once the groups had been established, the consumption expenditures of each household in a particular group were calculated. First, personal income taxes and Unemployment Insurance premiums (defined by FAMEX as part of annual consumption) were subtracted from the household's total expenditures. Then, the remaining expenditures items such as shelter, transportation, clothing, and education were defined as the household's "annual consumption level". (Other compulsory payments, such as Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, and provincial health plan payments, were not deducted for this initial study. However, calculations showed that deducting compulsory pensions made no significant difference to the results.) 3. After establishing the "annual consumption level" for each household, an average level was calculated for the group. This group average then became the basis for calculating the "discretionary income line" (DIL) for each type of household. 4. The average "annual consumption level" estimated for each group was multiplied by 1.3, to establish an income cut-off or "DIL" that was 30% above the average consumption level for each type of household. There are 25 DILs (see table). A cut-off of 30% was used to identify households with a "standard of living comfortably higher than the average for similar families". (7) The 30% mark was also used to remain consistent with the U.S. study cited earlier. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (9 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

10 5. After the DIL for each household type had been established, households with after-tax income greater than others in the same group were identified using a two-step procedure. First, the after-tax income for each household was determined by subtracting total personal income taxes from total income; then, the household's after-tax income was compared to the DIL for its group. If its after-tax income exceeded the DIL threshold, the household qualified as having discretionary income (DI). 6. Having identified those households with incomes above the DIL for their type, the next step was to estimate the actual dollars available for consumption or saving the spendable discretionary income (SDI). This was determined by subtracting the DIL dollar amount from the household's after-tax income. The resulting difference was the SDI available to that individual household. For example, consider a two-person spending unit living in a rural area. Assume that the household has an income of almost $40,000. To determine if it has DI, the following calculations are made: (a) Total income: $39,800 (b) Less personal income taxes: $5,450 (c) Equal after-tax income: $34,350 (d) The DIL for the group: $27,612 Since this household's after-tax income is greater than the DIL for its group, it has discretionary income (DI). Furthermore, it has $6,738 ($34,350 - $27,612) in spendable discretionary income (SDI). Table Size of area of residence by number of persons in spending unit Source: Family Expenditure Survey, 1986 Notes Note 1 F. Linden, G.W. Green, Jr. and J.F. Coder, A marketer's guide to discretionary income: a joint study, p.7. Note 2 Ibid., p. 7. Note 3 file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (10 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

11 A. Rashid, Characteristics of high income families, 1980, p. 31. Note 4 Linden et al, p. 12. Note 5 Engel's law was formulated by nineteenth century German statistician Ernst Engel, and states that "as a family's income increases, it spends a declining proportion of that income on food and other necessities; in other words, poor families spend a much greater share of their income on food and necessities than do rich families". (D. Crane, A dictionary of Canadian economics, p. 108.) Note 6 The methodology used to derive discretionary income has been modified from the calculation used in the U.S. study, in order to "fit" the data limitations and definitional differences posed by FAMEX. Note 7 Linden, Green and Coder, loc. cit. References Crane, D. A dictionary of Canadian economics. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, Linden, F., G.W. Green, Jr. and J.F. Coder. A marketer's guide to discretionary income: a joint study. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of the Census; New York: Conference Board, O'Hare, W. "How to Use Income Statistics." American Demographics, Vol. 11, no 4, Ithaca, NY, April 1989, pp Rashid, A. Characteristics of high income families, 1980, Occasional, Catalogue Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Statistics Canada. Family expenditure in Canada, 1986, Occasional, Catalogue Ottawa, Author Ernest Akyeampong is with the Labour and Household Surveys Analysis Division of Statistics Canada. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (11 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

12 Source Perspectives on Labour and Income, Spring 1991, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Statistics Canada, Catalogue E). This is the first of four articles in the issue. file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/Pe9113.htm (12 of 12) [6/1/01 10:02:41 AM]

13 TE91131 Table 1 Summary income statistics, 1986 Number of households 8,849,365 Average before-tax income $35,665 Average after-tax income $29,174 Discretionary income lines 20% 30% 40% Number of households with discretionary income (estimates) 2,645,472 2,127,369 1,732,644 Proportion of all households with discretionary income (%) Average before-tax income ($) 59,495 63,269 66,638 Average after-tax income ($) 46,897 49,640 52,102 Spendable discretionary income Average ($) 13,403 13,566 13,597 Per capita ($) 4,982 5,070 5,136 Aggregate spendable discretionary income ($ billions) Source: Family Expenditure Survey file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/table/te91131.htm [6/1/01 10:03:38 AM]

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17 TE91132 Table 2 Discretionary income: A profile, 1986 Distribution of all households Incidence of households with DI % Share of aggregate SDI Age of household head Under 25 years and over Occupation of household head Professional/Managerial Sales/Clerical/Services Blue collar workers Other/Not specified Not working/retired Family composition Unattached Married/No children Married/Children Other Region Atlantic Quebec Ontario Manitoba Saskatchewan Alberta British Columbia file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/table/te91132.htm (1 of 2) [6/1/01 10:04:34 AM]

18 TE91132 Source: Family Expenditure Survey file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/table/te91132.htm (2 of 2) [6/1/01 10:04:34 AM]

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20 TE9113B1 Number of persons in spending unit Discretionary income line (dollars) Size of area of residence Urban centre 500,000 or more 21,874 36,171 46,193 51,733 55,805 Urban centre 100, ,999 18,348 33,583 41,577 48,892 52,305 Urban centre 30,000-99,999 19,132 31,052 36,817 43,690 54,055 Urban centre less than 30,000 16,357 30,051 37,380 44,100 51,450 Rural (farm + non-farm) 15,986 27,612 36,145 39,620 43,406 Source: Family Expenditure Survey, 1986 file:///n /LHSBR/LHSAD/PERSPECT/table/te9113b1.htm [6/1/01 10:05:11 AM]