A HANDBOOK FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS

Transcription

1 THE MISSOURI CRIMINAL CODE A HANDBOOK FOR LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS Prepared by The Law Enforcement Training Institute School of Law and University Extension University of Missouri-Columbia Manual th Edition

2 SPECIAL RECOGNITION With this printing, the Criminal Code provisions contained in this Handbook are up-to-date as of July 1, Credit goes to Richard Hicks, Assistant Boone County Prosecuting Attorney, for constructing the updated portions herein contained. The editing of the material found in this book, along with the proofreading responsibilities for the past editions and of this edition was done by William M. Stephens, Assistant Professor of Law Enforcement Training, University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Law. The typing and production of this manuscript was done by Lisa Dority, Office Manager of the Law Enforcement Training Institute. UPDATE NOTICE Substantial changes in the Missouri Criminal Code have taken place since its January 1, 1979, effective date and since the 1981 Handbook. Those changes have all been incorporated into this revised Handbook. Anyone using any previous Handbook or Supplement has the responsibility to check the accuracy of the material found in them due to the numerous changes which have taken place. This new Handbook contains current law up to July, 2007, but it does not contain each and every law passed by the Legislature. That is, it does not aim to duplicate the complete Missouri Revised Statutes. It is only meant to contain the working legal statutes that officers would be most likely to use in their day-to-day operations.

3 Chapter Introductory Matters Introduction Organization of the Criminal Code Classes of Crimes ( ) Infractions ( ) Offenses Must be Defined by Statute ( ) Application to Offenses Committed Before and After Enactment ( ) Venue, Where Offenses are Punished ( ) Time Limitations ( ) Limitation on Conviction for Multiple Offenses ( ) Included Offenses ( ) Burden of Injecting the Issue ( ) Affirmative Defense ( ) Penalty Ranges A Extended Terms for Persistent or Dangerous Offenders ( ) B Extended Terms, Minimum Terms for Persistent Sexual Offenders and Predatory Sexual Offenders ( ) C Minimum Prison Terms for Certain Offenders ( ) D Hate Crimes ( ) Deaf Arrestee Has Right to Interpreter Before Questioning ( ) [CAFA] Criminal Activity Forfeiture Act ( ) Police Reports ( ) Hour Rule Sheriff and Jailer to Receive Prisoners Chapter General Code Provisions Introduction Voluntary Act ( ) Culpable Mental State ( ) Culpable Mental State in Particular Offenses ( ) Culpable Mental State: When Not Required ( ) Ignorance and Mistake ( ) Accountability for Conduct ( ) Responsibility for the Conduct of Another ( ) Defenses Precluded ( ) Conviction of Different Degrees of Offenses ( ) Liability of Corporations and Unincorporated Associations ( ) ii

4 2.12 Liability of Individual for Conduct of Corporation or Unincorporated Association ( ) Entrapment ( ) Duress ( ) Intoxicated or Drugged Condition ( ) Infancy ( ) [Repealed August 28, 1995] Lack of Responsibility Because of Mental Disease or Defect ( ) Chapter Justification Introduction Civil Remedies Unaffected ( ) Execution of Public Duty ( ) Justification Generally ( ) Use of Force in Defense of Persons ( ) Battered Spouse Syndrome ( ) Use of Physical Force in Defense of Premises ( ) Use of Physical Force in Defense of Property ( ) Law Enforcement Officer's Use of Force in Making an Arrest ( ) Law Enforcement Official's Power of Arrest ( ) A Certification required - when -- additional hours -- criminal background check -- qualification ( ) B Peace Officers Profiling for Traffic Stops ( ) Training - Peace Officers - Arrest ( ) Fresh Pursuit ( ) St. Louis ( ) City Marshals of Fourth Class Cities ( ) Private Person's Use of Force in Making an Arrest ( ) Use of Force to Prevent Escape from Confinement ( ) Use of Force of Persons with Responsibility for Care, Discipline or Safety of Others ( ) The Power of Search and Seizure for the Missouri Highway Patrol - as amended by House Bill No. 852 [approved July 8, 1992] ( ) Chapter Attempt and Conspiracy Introduction Attempt ( ) Conspiracy ( ) iii

5 Chapter Homicide, Assaults and Kidnapping Introduction First Degree Murder ( ) Murder In The Second Degree ( ) Voluntary Manslaughter ( ) Involuntary Manslaughter in the First Degree( ) A Involuntary Manslaughter in the Second Degree Assault First Degree Assault ( ) Second Degree Assault ( ) Third Degree Assault ( ) Comments on Assault A Some Assaults Causing Death Are Almost Always a Homicide Offense. (See 5.2 Through 5.6) B Assaults Involving Serious Physical Injury C Assaults Involving Physical Injury D Assaults Where No Physical Injury Results E Chart Consent as a Defense ( ) First Degree Assault of a Law Enforcement Officer, Emergency Personnel or Probation and Parole Officer ( ) Second Degree Assault of a Law Enforcement Officer, Emergency Personnel or Probation and Parole Officer ( ) Third Degree Assault of a Law Enforcement Officer, Emergency Personnel or Probation and Parole Officer ( ) First Degree Elder Abuse ( ) Second Degree Elder Abuse ( ) Third Degree Elder Abuse ( ) A First Degree Vulnerable Person Abuse ( ) B Second Degree Vulnerable Person Abuse ( ) C Third Degree Vulnerable Person Abuse (Section ) Tampering with a Judicial Officer ( ) A Harassment ( ) B Aggravated Harassment of an Employee ( ) C Cross Burning ( ) Crimes Involving Unlawful Restraint ( ) Kidnapping ( ) Child Kidnapping ( ) Felonious Restraint ( ) False Imprisonment ( ) Defenses To False Imprisonment ( ) iv

6 5.27 Interference with Custody ( ) Parental Kidnapping ( ) Child Abduction ( ) Assisting In Child Abduction or Parental Kidnapping ( ) Infants Protection Act ( ) Financial Exploitation of an Elderly or Disabled Person ( ) Chapter Sexual Offenses Introduction to Crimes Involving Sexual Intercourse and Deviate Sexual Intercourse A Mistake as to incapacity or age ( ) Rape ( ) and Sodomy ( ) Statutory Rape in the First Degree ( ) Statutory Rape in the Second Degree ( ) Statutory Sodomy in the First Degree ( ) Statutory Sodomy in the Second Degree ( ) Sexual Assault ( ) Deviate Sexual Assault ( ) Sexual Abuse ( ) Sexual Misconduct Involving a Child ( ) Child Molestation in the First Degree ( ) Child Molestation in the Second Degree ( ) Enticement of a Child ( ) Sexual Misconduct in the First Degree ( ) Sexual Misconduct in the Second Degree ( ) Sexual Misconduct in the Third Degree ( ) Sexual Contact with a Student While on Public School Property ( ) Sexual Contact or Sexual Intercourse with a Nursing Home or Alzheimer s Unit Resident ( ) Unlawful Sex with an Animal ( ) Sexual Contact with a Prisoner or Offender ( ) Evidence of other crimes ( ) Reckless Exposure to HIV ( ) Reference Chart of Sexual Offenses Presence in or Loitering within 500 feet of a School ( ) Class A misdemeanor Sexual Trafficking of a Child ( ) Polygraph of Sexual Assault Victim Chapter Drug Offenses Introduction Alcohol and Drug Abuse Commitments (Chapter 631) v

7 7.3 Forfeiture of Property Used in Controlled or Imitation Controlled Substance or Drug Paraphernalia Transactions ( ) A Public Nuisance/Drug House ( & ) Keeping Or Maintaining A Public Nuisance As A Crime ( ) Seizure and Forfeiture of Vehicles, Vessels, Aircraft Used in Violation of ( ) Certain Use of Vessels, Vehicles, or Aircraft ( ) Search Warrant and Controlled Substance Seizures User of Controlled Substances to Keep Substance in Container in Which Obtained ( ) Fraudulently Attempting to Obtain a Controlled Substance ( ) Tampering with a Prescription or Prescription Drug (( ) Possession of Controlled Substances ( ) Distribution, Delivery, Manufacture, Production, or Possession with Intent to Distribute, Deliver, Manufacture, or Produce a Controlled Substance ( ) Unlawful Distribution of a Controlled Substance to a Minor ( ) Unlawful Purchase or Transport of a Controlled Substance with a Minor ( ) Distribution of a Controlled Substance Near Schools ( ) A Distribution or Delivery of a Controlled Substance In, On, or Near a Park ( ) B Distribution of a Controlled Substance Near Public Housing or other Government Assisted Housing ( ) Use or Possession of Drug Paraphernalia ( ) A Delivery of Drug Paraphernalia ( ) Unlawful Advertising of Drug Paraphernalia or Advertising or Solicitation of Imitation Controlled Substances ( ) Miscellaneous Crimes A Possession of Ephedrine ( ) B Unlawful Distribution of Ephedrine ( ) C Over-the-Counter Sale of Methamphetamine Precursor Drug ( ) D Limit on the Retail Sale of Methamphetamine Precursor Drugs ( ) E Possession of Anhydrous Ammonia ( ) Penalty Ranges For Possession, Delivery, Distribution, Manufacturing, And Production Of Controlled Substances. 116 vi

8 7.21 Possession, Use, or Inducement to Use Solvents Prohibited ( ) Selling or Transferring Solvent Prohibited ( ) Unlawful Endangerment of Another ( ) Unlawful Endangerment of Property ( ) Possession of Imitation Controlled Substances ( ) Delivery Or Manufacture Of Imitation Controlled Substances ( ) Chapter Robbery, Arson, Burglary, and Related Offenses Introduction Robbery Offenses Robbery in the Second Degree ( ) Robbery in the First Degree ( ) Second Degree Pharmacy Robbery ( ) First Degree Pharmacy Robbery ( ) Arson and Related Crimes Arson in the Second Degree ( ) Arson in the First Degree ( ) Knowingly Burning or Exploding ( ) Reckless Burning or Exploding ( ) Negligent Burning or Exploding ( ) Causing Catastrophe ( ) Tampering in the First Degree ( ) Tampering in the Second Degree ( ) Tampering with Computer Data ( ) Tampering with Computer Equipment ( ) Tampering with Computer Users ( ) Alteration or Removal of Item Numbers ( ) Alteration, Removal, or Concealment of Identification Numbers from Motor Vehicle Parts, Farm Machinery, Construction Equipment Prohibited ( ) Possession of Property Which Has its Original Manufacturer's Number Altered, Defaced, Removed, etc. ( ) Odometer Fraud Odometer Fraud in the First Degree ( ) Odometer Fraud in the Second Degree ( ) Odometer Fraud in the Third Degree ( ) Defacing, Obscuring, or Falsifying an Odometer Reading on a Document [ (5)] Removal or Alteration of Notice of Repaired or Replaced Odometer Prohibited [ (3)] Property Damage Offenses ( ) Property Damage in the First Degree ( ) Property Damage in the Second Degree ( ) vii

9 8.31 Claim of Right ( ) Trespass Trespass in the First Degree ( ) Trespass in the Second Degree ( ) Burglary and Related Crimes Burglary in the Second Degree ( ) Burglary in the First Degree ( ) Possession of Burglar's Tools ( ) Chapter Stealing and Related Offenses Introduction Determination of Value ( ) Stealing ( ) Stealing Animals ( ) Lost Property ( ) Claim of Right ( ) Receiving Stolen Property ( ) Forgery ( ) Possession of a Forging Instrumentality ( ) Counterfeiting ( ) Passing Bad Checks ( ) Fraudulently Stopping Payment of an Instrument ( ) Fraudulent Use of a Credit Device or Debit Device ( ) A Fraudulent Procurement of a Credit or Debit Card ( ) Deceptive Business Practice ( ) Commercial Bribery ( ) False Advertising ( ) Bait Advertising ( ) Defrauding Secured Creditors ( ) Telephone Service Fraud ( ) A Telephone Service Fraud B Electronic Telephone Fraud Library Theft ( ) Theft of Cable Television ( ) Failure to Return Leased Property ( ) Feigned Blindness ( ) Time Share and Merchandising Offenses Intent to Defraud in Trade or Commerce (Merchandising Fraud) ( ) Time Share Fraud ( ) Lien Fraud ( ) Evidence in Property Crimes Cases ( ) viii

10 9.29 Identity Theft ( ) Trafficking in Stolen Identities ( ) Chapter Armed Criminal Action and Weapons Offenses Introduction Definitions ( (2) (18) Possession, Manufacture, Transport, Repair, or Sale of Certain Weapons Prohibited ( ) Armed Criminal Action ( ) Unlawful Use of Weapons ( ) Defacing Firearm ( ) Possession of a Defaced Firearm ( ) Unlawful Transfer of Weapons ( ) Unlawful for Certain Persons to Possess Concealable Firearms ( ) Transfer of Concealable Firearms without a Permit ( ) Permit to Acquire Concealable Weapon: Requirements; Contents; Sheriff to Issue, When, Fee; Ineligible Persons; Denial of Permit, Content; Appeal Procedure; Form; Violation, Penalty ( ) Metal-Penetrating Bullet ( ) Chapter Offenses Against Public Order Introduction Peace Disturbance ( ) Private Peace Disturbance ( ) Peace Disturbance Definitions ( ) Unlawful Assembly ( ) Rioting ( ) Refusal to Disperse ( ) Promoting Civil Disorder in the First Degree ( ) Drunkenness or Drinking in Certain Places Prohibited ( ) Institutional Vandalism ( ) Invasion of Privacy ( ) Making a terrorist threat ( ) Chapter Offenses Against the Administration of Justice & Offenses Affecting Government Introduction Concealing an Offense ( ) Hindering Prosecution ( ) Perjury ( ) ix

11 12.5 False Affidavit ( ) False Declarations ( ) A Reproduced, Modified, or Altered Identification ( ) Proof of Falsity of Statements ( ) A False Reports ( ) B Emergency 911 Telephone Service - Misuse ( ) False Bomb Report ( ) Missing Persons ( ) False Missing Person Report ( ) False Crime Victim's Compensation Claim [ (10)] Tampering with Physical Evidence ( ) Tampering with a Public Record ( ) A Failing to Expunge Arrest Information Which Has Been Ordered Expunged ( ) B Using Arrest Information that has been Ordered Expunged for Financial Gain ( ) False Impersonation ( ) A Simulating Legal Process ( ) B Filing a Nonconsensual Common Law Lien ( ) Resisting or Interfering with Arrest ( ) Interference with Legal Process ( ) Refusing to Make an Employee Available for Service of Process ( ) Failure to Execute an Arrest Warrant ( ) Refusal to Identify as a Witness ( ) Escape from Commitment or Detention or Conditional Release ( ) Escape from Custody or Attempted Escape from Custody ( ) Escape from Confinement or Attempted Escape from Confinement ( ) Failure to Return to Confinement ( ) Aiding Escape of a Prisoner ( ) Permitting Escape ( ) Disturbing a Judicial Proceeding ( ) Tampering with Judicial Proceeding ( ) A Tampering with a Witness ( ) B Tampering with a Victim ( ) Acceding to Corruption ( ) Improper Communication ( ) Misconduct by a Juror ( ) Misconduct in Selecting or Summoning a Juror ( ) Misconduct in Administration of Justice ( ) Bribery of a Public Servant ( ) Public Servant Acceding to Corruption ( ) x

12 12.38 Obstructing Government Operations ( ) Official Misconduct ( ) Misuse of Official Information ( ) Failure to Give a Tax List ( ) Treason ( ) Killing or Disabling a Police Animal ( ) Assault on a Police Animal ( ) Signal or direction of sheriff or deputy sheriff, duty to stop, motor vehicle operators and riders of animals violation ( ) Supporting terrorism--definition of material support--penalty Chapter Prostitution Introduction Chapter Definitions ( ) Prostitution ( ) Patronizing Prostitution ( ) Prostitution and Patronizing Prostitution ( ) Promoting Prostitution in the Third Degree ( ) Promoting Prostitution in the Second Degree ( ) Promoting Prostitution in the First Degree ( ) Trafficking for the Purposes of Sexual Exploitation ( ) Promoting Travel for Prostitution ( ) Chapter Offenses Against the Family Introduction A Domestic Assault in the First Degree ( ) B Domestic Assault in the Second Degree ( ) C Domestic Assault in the Third Degree ( ) Violations of a Protective Order-Adult Abuse ( ) A The Adult Abuse Law ( ) B Stalking and Stalking Related Offenses C Stalking ( ) D Aggravated Stalking ( ) E A Violation of the Terms and Conditions of an Ex Parte Order of Protection with Regard to Stalking ( ) F A Violation of the Terms and Conditions of a Full Order of Protection with Regard to Stalking ( ) Bigamy ( ) Incest ( ) A Abandonment of a Child in the First Degree ( ) B Abandonment of a Child in the Second Degree ( ) C Abandonment of a Corpse ( ) xi

13 14.7 Criminal Nonsupport ( ) A Endangering the Welfare of a Child in the First Degree ( ) B Endangering the Welfare of a Child in the Second Degree ( ) C Leaving a Child Unattended in a Motor Vehicle ( ) Child Abuse ( ) Abuse of a Child ( ) Unlawful Transactions with a Child ( ) Use of a Child in a Sexual Performance ( ) Promoting a Sexual Performance by a Child ( ) Trafficking in Children ( ) Trafficking in Fetal Tissue ( ) Genital Mutilation ( ) Chapter Gambling Introduction Gambling ( ) Promoting Gambling in the Second Degree ( ) Promoting Gambling in the First Degree ( ) Possession of Gambling Records in the Second Degree ( ) Possession of Gambling Records in the First Degree ( ) Possession of a Gambling Device ( ) Lottery Offenses--No Defense ( ) Preemption ( ) Forfeiture of Gambling Devices, Records, and Money ( ) Antique Slot Machines Exempt from When ( ) Chapter Child Pornography, Obscenity, & Related Offenses Introduction Promoting Obscenity in the First Degree ( ) Promoting Pornography for Minors or Obscenity in the Second Degree ( ) Promoting Child Pornography in the First Degree ( ) Promoting Child Pornography in the Second Degree ( ) Furnishing Pornographic Materials to Minors ( ) Evidence in Pornography/Obscenity Cases ( ) Public Display of Explicit Sexual Material ( ) Coercing Acceptance of Obscene Material ( ) xii

14 16.10 Sexual Exploitation of a Minor ( ) Underage Dancing in Adult Cabaret ( ) Chapter Affecting Public Safety Introduction Introduction to Alcohol Related Offenses ( ) Driving While Intoxicated ( ) Driving with Excessive Blood Alcohol BAC ( ) Minor in Possession of Alcohol ( ) Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages in a Moving Motor Vehicle Prohibited ( ) Tests for Determining Alcoholic Content of Blood ( ) Arrest Without Warrant When ( ) Refusal to Submit to Chemical Test--Revocation of License-- Hearing ( ) Acting as a Flight Crew Member While Under the Influence of Alcohol or a Controlled Substance ( ) A Automatic Administrative Suspension or Revocation Law ( ) B Abuse and Lose ( ) C Suspension for Theft of Motor Fuel ( ) Operating a Motor Vehicle with Canceled, Suspended, or Revoked License ( ) Leaving the Scene of a Motor Vehicle Accident ( ) Seat Belts Required ( ) Child Passenger Restraint Required ( ) Emergency Vehicles - Yielding Right-of-Way ( ) Leaving the Scene of a Shooting ( ) Chapter Offenses Upon the Water Introduction ( ) Note Concerning Chemical Tests of a Person's Blood, Breath, or Saliva Reckless and Drunken Operation or Use of Boats or Skis Prohibited ( ) Negligent Operation of a Vessel ( ) A Operating a Vessel while Intoxicated ( ) B Involuntary Manslaughter with a Vessel ( ) C Assault with a Vessel in the Second Degree ( ) D Operating a Vessel with Excessive Blood Alcohol Content ( ) Motorboat Operator, Minimum Age, Exceptions ( ) Operation of Watercraft, how - Restricted Areas, Certain Vessels, Speed Allowed - Exceptions. ( ) xiii

15 18.7 Accident or Collision, Duties of Operator - Report Required, When. ( ) Powers of Peace Officer when Working in Cooperation with other Law Enforcement Agency, Exception. - ( ) Chapter Miscellaneous Offenses Littering ( ) Abandoning Motor Vehicle ( ) Powers of Law Enforcement Officers--Limited Powers of Conservation Agents and Water Patrolmen ( ) Abandonment of Airtight or Semi-Airtight Containers ( ) Use of Life Jacket Shall Not Be Prohibited ( ) Offenses on Buses or in Terminals ( ) Bus Hijacking [ (1-4)] Bombing and Other Explosive Matter Upon Bus or Near Bus Terminal ( ) Offensive Language, Alcohol or Drug Usage, and Disobedience Upon Bus or Near Bus Terminal ( ) Disorderly Conduct and Carrying Deadly Weapons Upon Bus or Near Bus Terminal ( ) Removal of Private Luggage Upon Bus or Stored in a Bus Terminal ( ) Animal Welfare Animal Neglect and Abandonment ( ) Animal Abuse ( ) A Knowingly Releasing an Animal ( ) Fighting Dog Exhibitions ( ) Animal Fight Exhibitions ( ) Possession of Unregistered Wildlife Prohibited ( ) A Interference with Lawful Hunting and Trapping-First Degree ( ) B Interference with Lawful Hunting and Trapping-Second Degree ( ) A Retrieving Wildlife From Private Land ( ) B Flushing or Shooting Wildlife from Private Land ( ) Flag Desecration ( ) Sale of Certain Solvents Prohibited ( ) Hazing Prohibited ( ) Unlawful Receipt of Food Stamps or ATP Cards ( ) Unlawful Conversion of Food Stamps or ATP Cards ( ) Unlawful Transfer of Food Stamps or ATP Cards ( ) xiv

16 19.25 Unlawful Use of a Pesticide ( ) Unlawful Transportation of Hazardous Waste ( ) Denial or Interference with Handicapped Persons ( ) Spreading Disease to Livestock or Animals ( ) All-Terrain Vehicles ( and ) Crop Protection Act ( ) Unlawful Protest (Spc. Edward Lee Myers law) ( ) Stolen Valor Act ( ) Introduction Criminal Street Gangs [ ] Chapter Criminal Street Gang Activity Pattern of Criminal Street Gang Activity Participating in a Criminal Street Gang [ ] The Commission of Crimes for the Benefit of a Criminal Street Gang Public Nuisances RSMo. Chapter Chapter Civil Process RSMo. Chapter RSMo. Chapter RSMo. Chapter RSMo. Chapter RSMo. Chapter RSMo RSMo. Chapter RSMo. Chapter Definitions APPENDICES Notice of Suspension/Revocation of Your Driving Privilege/Request for Administrative Hearing Rights and Responsibilities Refusal to Submit to Alcohol/Drug Chemical Test Notice of Revocation of Your Driving Privilege for 15 Days Alcohol Influence Report Adult Abuse/Stalking Petition for Order of Protection Uniform Complaint and Summons Probable Cause Statement Affidavit Complaint for Search Warrant Search Warrant xv

17 11 Return and Inventory Subpoena xvi

18 Chapter 1 Introductory Matters 1.1 Introduction In 1977 the Missouri Legislature passed Senate Bill 60, the criminal code, which revised and codified most of the Missouri laws defining crimes. The major purposes of this bill were to organize Missouri criminal laws into a coherent body of statutes, eliminate archaic language, provide consistent and complete provisions regarding sentencing, and provide clearer statements not only of the elements of the particular crimes, but also of the general principles affecting criminal liability and of defenses. Senate Bill 60, however, did not cover all of the criminal laws of Missouri. The major areas omitted from the bill were homicides, narcotics and weapon offenses. Even as to these offenses, the general principles and defenses of the new criminal code apply as of the effective date, January 1, Organization of the Criminal Code The Code is divided into four parts. Part I (Chapter 556) deal with preliminary matters. Part II (Chapters ) deals with sentencing. Part III (Chapters ) deals with general principles and defenses, which apply to all crimes. And Part IV (Chapters ) deals with the definitions of particular offenses. The remainder of this chapter deals with the preliminary matters of Part I plus the general penalty ranges for crime. 1.3 Classes of Crimes ( ) An offense for which a sentence of death or imprisonment is authorized is a "crime." Crimes are classified as felonies and misdemeanors. A crime is a felony if it is so designated or if persons convicted thereof may be sentenced to death or imprisonment for a term, which is in excess of one year. A crime is a misdemeanor if it is so designated or if persons convicted thereof may be sentenced to imprisonment for a term, which the maximum is one year or less. Note that it is the term, which may be imposed that determines whether a crime is a felony or misdemeanor, not the penalty that actually is imposed. 1

19 Introductory Matters Chapter Infractions ( ) An offense is an infraction if it is so designated or if no other sentence than a fine, or a fine and forfeiture or other civil penalty is authorized. An infraction is not a "crime" and so a conviction of an infraction does not carry with it the consequences of a "criminal conviction." 1.5 Offenses Must be Defined by Statute ( ) No conduct constitutes an offense unless made so by the Code or by other applicable statute. Note that the Code and other state criminal statutes deal only with violations of state law. Violations of local ordinances are not covered by this handbook, which is limited to state criminal law. 1.6 Application to Offenses Committed Before and After Enactment ( ) The new criminal code does not apply to any offenses committed prior to January 1, As to those offenses, the law in effect at the time the offense was committed applies as to the definition of the crime, the penalty and the defenses, which may be available. The new criminal code applies to conduct occurring as of January 1, 1979 and thereafter. 1.7 Venue, Where Offenses are Punished ( ) Persons accused of committing offenses against the laws of Missouri shall be prosecuted: 1. In the county in which the offense is committed; OR 2. If the offense is committed partly in one county and partly in another, or if the elements of the crime occur in more than one county, then in any of the counties where any element of the offense occurred. In addition to the above, persons accused of committing the offenses of identity theft against the laws of Missouri under Sections , and may also be prosecuted in the county in which the victim resides, or in the county in which the property obtained or attempted to be obtained was located. 1.8 Time Limitations ( ) For most offenses, prosecution must be commenced within a certain time period after the commission of the offense or the prosecution cannot be maintained. A prosecution is commenced for a misdemeanor or infraction when the information is filed and for a felony when the complaint or indictment is filed. 2

20 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 The time limitations for offenses are as follows: 1. There is no time limitation on the filing of charges for the crimes of: murder, forcible rape, attempted forcible rape, forcible sodomy, attempted forcible sodomy, or any class A felony. Prosecution of these offenses may commence regardless of how long ago the offense occurred; 2. Arson first degree, arson second degree and knowingly burning or exploding must be filed within 5 years of the commission of the offense; 3. Any felony (other than those listed above) must be filed within three years of the commission of the offense; 4. Any misdemeanor must be filed within one year of the commission of the offense; 5. Any infraction must be filed within six months of its commission. 3 The running of these time periods stops or tolls when: 1. The accused is absent from the state, (but in no case shall this extend the limitation period beyond three years); 2. The accused is concealing him/herself from justice either in or outside the state; 3. When the accused is found to lack mental fitness to proceed. Note: Even if the time period has expired, a prosecution may nevertheless be commenced if one of the following exceptions applies: 1. If the offense is contains an element of either fraud or breach of a fiduciary obligation, prosecution may be commenced within one year after the victim or the prosecutor discovers the crime. However, the normal three year time limitation cannot be extended by more than three additional years; OR 2. Any offense based upon misconduct in office by a public officer or employee at any time when the defendant is in public office or employment or within two years thereafter, but in no case shall this provision extend the period of limitation by more than three years; OR 3. Any offense based upon the intentional and willful fraudulent claim of child support arrearage to a public servant in the performance of his or her duties within one year after the discovery of the offense but in no case shall this provision extend the period of limitation by more than three years. 4. Prosecutions for sexual offenses involving a victim eighteen years of age or under may be commenced within twenty years after the victim reaches the age of eighteen unless the prosecutions are for forcible rape, attempted forcible rape, forcible sodomy, attempted forcible sodomy, or kidnapping in which case such prosecutions may be commenced at any time.

21 Introductory Matters Chapter Prosecutors Power to Dismiss and Re-file Charges ( ) A prosecuting attorney has the power, in his or her discretion, to dismiss a complaint, information or indictment, or any count or counts thereof, without consent of the court. A dismissal filed before double jeopardy has attached may be refiled within the time limitation provided by the applicable statute. A dismissal filed after jeopardy has attached cannot be refiled unless the defendant consents. Double jeopardy attaches in a jury trial when the jury has been impaneled and sworn. In a court tried case, jeopardy attaches when the court begins to hear evidence Limitation on Conviction for Multiple Offenses ( ) In general, a person can be prosecuted and convicted for all the offenses (s)he has committed, even though they arise out of the same transaction. The Code provides for four exceptions to this, and a person cannot be convicted of more than one offense if: 1. One offense is included in the other offense. See 1.11 for a discussion of included offenses. 2. The offenses are based on inconsistent facts. 3. The offenses differ only in that one is defined to prohibit a designated kind of conduct generally and the other to prohibit a specific instance of such conduct. 4. The offense is defined as a continuing course of conduct (such as conspiracy) then it is only one offense unless the law provides that specific periods of such conduct constitute separate offenses (as for example, a statute specifically stating that each day's conduct is a separate offense). In addition, there may be times when splitting a single act into several crimes may violate the double jeopardy provisions of the state and federal constitutions Included Offenses ( ) A person charged with a particular offense in an indictment or information can, of course, be convicted of that offense. Such a charge also allows for a conviction of included offenses even though no specific mention of these offenses is made in the information or indictment. An included offense is: 1. One which can be proved by the same or fewer facts than the offense charged. For example, stealing ( ) is an included offense of second degree robbery ( ) because robbery requires proof of stealing. 4

22 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 2. One which is a lesser degree of the offense charged. For example, second degree robbery ( ) is an included offense of first degree robbery ( ). 3. An attempt to commit the offense charged. For example, attempted first degree is an included offense of first degree robbery. Note as discussed in 1.10, a person cannot be convicted of both the offense charged and an included offense Burden of Injecting the Issue ( ) In several places the Code uses the phrase "The defendant shall have the burden of injecting the issue." This applies during the trial and means that some evidence on the issue must be raised by the defense before it may be considered by the jury. If the issue is raised, the burden of proof is on the state so that if the jury has a reasonable doubt as to the issue, they will find for the defendant Affirmative Defense ( ) "Affirmative defense" is a phrase that is used in several places in the Code. It also applies during the trial and means that not only must there be evidence introduced on an issue before it can be considered by the jury, but also that the burden of proof is on the defendant to persuade the jury that the defense is more likely true than not true Penalty Ranges In order to understand the Code and in particular the specific offenses, it is necessary to be familiar with the classification of offenses. In addition to the classifications of felonies, misdemeanors and infractions, the Code divides felonies into four classes and misdemeanors into three classes. Infractions are not divided into classes. Thus, there are class A, B, C and D felonies and class A, B and C misdemeanors. The provisions on sentencing (Chapters ) set out the possible penalties that can be imposed for each class of offense. These penalty ranges are summarized in Table 1. Note that this table deals only with offenses defined by the criminal code and does not cover penalties for other offenses. The penalties for the non-code offenses are those provided by the specific statutes defining those crimes. Note: Every sentence to the Division of Corrections includes a prison term and a conditional release term. Thus, a person sentenced to a ten-year term will, unless paroled earlier, serve seven years and then be on conditional release for three years. The restrictions and control over a person on conditional release are the same as for a person on parole. The result is that there is no more "flat time" and every person coming out of the Division of Corrections will be under supervision. 5

23 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 RANGES OF PUNISHMENT FELONY OFFENSES Class A: Minimum 10 years up to 30 years or Life in MODOC. Class B: Minimum 5 years up to 15 years in MODOC. Class C: 1 day up to 1 year in County Jail, or up to 7 years in MODOC, and/or a fine of $1 up to $5,000. Class D: 1 day up to 1 year in County Jail, or up to 4 years in MODOC, and/or a fine of $1 up to $5,000. MISDEMEANOR OFFENSES Class A: 1 day up to 1 year in County Jail, and/or a fine of $1 up to $1,000 Class B: 1 day up to 6 months in County Jail, and/or a fine of $1 up to $500 Class C: 1 day up to 15 days in County Jail, and/or a fine of $1 up to $300. INFRACTIONS: $1 up to $200 fine 1.14A Extended Terms for Persistent or Dangerous Offenders ( ) The court may sentence a person who has pleaded to or been found guilty of a class B, C or D felony to a term of imprisonment as authorized by , if it finds the defendant is a prior offender, or to an extended term of imprisonment if it finds the defendant is a persistent or dangerous offender. A "prior offender" is one who has pleaded guilty to or been found guilty of one felony. A "persistent offender" is one who has pleaded guilty to or has been found guilty of two or more felonies committed at different times. A "dangerous offender" is one who: 1. is being sentenced for a felony during the commission of which (s)he knowingly murdered or endangered the life of another person or knowingly inflicted or attempted or threatened to inflict serious physical injury on another person; AND 2. has been previously convicted of a class A or B felony or of a dangerous felony. 6

24 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 A persistent misdemeanor offender is one who has pleaded guilty to or been found guilty of two or more class A or B misdemeanors committed at different times. Note: There are a few misdemeanor offenses that do not apply. If the defendant is a "prior offender or persistent misdemeanor offender, the jury does not have a role in sentencing and the court may impose any sentence authorized for that offense under the statute. If the defendant is a "persistent" or "dangerous offender," the jury does not have a role in sentencing. The court may sentence the defendant to an extended term. Section authorizes the following maximum terms of imprisonment for a persistent offender or dangerous offender: 1. Class A felony has no enhanced sentence range; 2. Class B felony is sentenced within the class A felony range; 3. Class C felony is sentenced within the class B felony range; and 4. Class D felony is sentenced within the class C felony range. 1.14B Extended Terms, Minimum Terms for Persistent Sexual Offenders and Predatory Sexual Offenders ( ) A "persistent sexual offender" is one who has been previously convicted of the felony of rape, forcible rape, statutory rape in the first degree, sodomy, forcible sodomy, statutory sodomy in the first degree or attempt to commit any of the aforesaid. The jury has no role in sentencing a person found to be a "persistent sexual offender," and the statute states that the court shall sentence a persistent sexual offender to an extended term of imprisonment, and that any term of imprisonment for a persistent sexual offender shall be not less than 30 years, which term shall be served without probation or parole. A predatory sexual offender is one who has previously been convicted of forcible rape, rape, statutory rape in the first degree, forcible sodomy, sodomy, statutory sodomy in the first degree or an attempt to commit any of the aforesaid offenses or the class B felony of child molestation in the first degree or the class B felony of sexual abuse, or has previously committed an act which would constitute one of the aforesaid offenses whether or not the act resulted in a conviction, or has committed an act or acts against more than one victim which would constitute one of the aforesaid offenses whether or not the defendant was charged with an additional offense or offenses as a result of such act or acts. The court shall sentence a person found to be a predatory sexual offender to life imprisonment, and shall further set the minimum term to be served by such offender before such person is eligible for parole, conditional release or other early release by the department of corrections. One found to be a predatory sexual offender is subject to lifetime parole, and may not be furloughed while serving his sentence. 7

25 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 The minimum terms to be served by a predatory sexual offender are as follows: 1. One convicted of forcible rape, statutory rape in the first degree, forcible sodomy, statutory sodomy in the first degree, or an attempt to commit one of the aforesaid offenses, who has previously been convicted of forcible rape, rape, statutory rape in the first degree, forcible sodomy, sodomy, statutory sodomy in the first degree, or an attempt to commit one of the aforesaid offenses, shall serve a minimum of thirty years. 2. One convicted of forcible rape, statutory rape in the first degree, forcible sodomy or statutory sodomy in the first degree, or an attempt to commit one of the aforesaid offense, and who has previously been convicted of the class B felony of child molestation in the first degree or the class B felony of sexual abuse, shall serve a minimum of fifteen years. 3. One convicted of child molestation in the first degree as a class B felony or sexual abuse as a class B felony who has previously been convicted of forcible rape, rape, statutory rape in the first degree, forcible sodomy, sodomy, statutory sodomy in the first degree or an attempt to commit one of the aforesaid offenses, shall serve a minimum of fifteen years. 4. One convicted of the class B felony of child molestation in the first degree or the class B felony of sexual abuse who has previously been convicted of the class B felony of child molestation in the first degree or the class B felony of sexual abuse, shall serve a minimum of fifteen years. 5. One found to be a predatory sexual offender based upon previous acts, which did not result in a conviction or acts against multiple victims shall serve any terms of years within the range to which the offender could have been sentenced under applicable law if the person was not found to be a predatory sexual offender. 1.14C Minimum Prison Terms for Certain Offenders ( ) Dangerous Felonies: Any person who has been found guilty of a dangerous felony shall serve a minimum of 85% of his/her sentence before becoming eligible for parole. Dangerous felonies are the crimes of: Arson in the first degree; Assault in the first degree; Attempted forcible rape and forcible sodomy if physical injury results; Forcible rape and forcible sodomy; Kidnapping; Murder in the second degree; Assault of a law enforcement officer in the first degree; Domestic assault in the first degree; Elder abuse in the first degree; Robbery in the first degree; Statutory rape and statutory sodomy in the first degree when the victim is a child less than twelve years of age at the time of the act giving rise to the offense; and the class A felony form of child abuse and child kidnapping. Prior Commitments to Prison: Any person who has pleaded guilty to or has been found guilty of a felony, other than an offense under Chapter 195, RSMo., and served time of imprisonment in the Missouri Department of Corrections, or in a penal institution in another state which is equivalent to the Missouri 8

26 Introductory Matters Chapter 1 Department of Corrections, or a federal prison shall be required to serve the following minimum terms: 1. Forty percent of the sentence if the defendant has one previous prison commitment; 2. Fifty percent of the sentence if the defendant has two previous prison commitments; and 3. Eighty percent of the sentence if the defendant has three or more previous prison commitments. For purposes of setting minimum sentences, a life sentence is defined as 30 years. Any sentence either alone or in the aggregate with other consecutive sentences for crimes committed at or near the same time, which is 75 years or more, shall be calculated at 75 years. A prisoner who is at least 70 years of age and has served at least 40% of his sentence shall be eligible for parole. A first-time offender who is sentenced to life imprisonment must serve a minimum of 15 years. A minimum prison term is that amount of time which must be served by the defendant before (s)he is eligible for probation, parole, conditional release, or other early release. Medical parole may be granted when an offender is in need of long term nursing home care. ( ) When an offender has pled guilty to or been convicted of criminal offenses prior to his pending charge(s), there are four major ways the State uses his/her prior criminal history: 1) For persistent offenders, extend the maximum sentence allowed for Class B, C and D felonies, 2) During the prosecution of the pending case, the State can choose to allege the Defendant s prior record, and thereby take the question of punishment away from the jury. Where this occurs, the Jury only decides whether the defendant is guilty as charged. The Judge decides punishment. If the Defendant is not a prior or persistent offender, the Jury decides both guilt and recommends the proper punishment, 3) Depending on the Defendant s prior record of incarceration in the Department of Corrections, his parole date may be extended, 4) If the Defendant takes the witness stand during the trial of his/her pending case, the State may impeach his/her credibility by questions regarding the existence of his prior criminal history. Such questions are limited and only extend to prior pleas of guilty and/or convictions. Definitions: Probation is a period of time, imposed by the Judge, during which the Defendant must comply with certain conditions. If the Defendant successfully completes probation, he/she will not be required to serve additional time in jail 9