The nomenclature. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood: classifying type 1.5 diabetes mellitus
|
|
- Chloe Mariah Blankenship
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood: classifying type 1.5 diabetes mellitus Jay H. Shubrook Jr, DO The nomenclature for diabetes mellitus has changed during the past 40 years. In the 1970s, age was the main characteristic by which diabetes was classified. This classification was based on the concept that type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) affected children with insulin insufficiency but no insulin resistance, whereas type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) affected adults with insulin resistance but no initial insulin insufficiency. December 2009 DOs Against DIABETES AOA Health Watch 21
2 Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Patient Characteristic Patient s Value Reference Range/Goal HgA1c, % TSH/Free T4 1.28/ / Lipid Profile, mg/dl Total cholesterol LDL-C HDL-C Triglycerides Abbreviations: HgA1c, glycosolated hemoglobin; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TSH, thyroid stimulating hormone; T4, thyroxine. Table 2 Results of Patient s Endocrine and Autoimmune Laboratory Tests Characteristic Patient s Value Reference Range/Goal C-peptide, ng/ml Autoantibodies, U/mL GAD Insulin Islet cell Negative Negative Abbreviations: GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase. It later became clear that the incidence of T1DM in patients older than 30 years was greater than previously thought. 1,2 New findings led to the classification of diabetes mellitus by the need to take insulin. Years ago, T1DM was classified as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, and T2DM was classified as noninsulindependent diabetes mellitus. However, this classification was not accurate since most people with T2DM eventually have complete -cell exhaustion and will then need to take insulin. Currently, the classification of diabetes is based on pathogenesis. T1DM is characterized by the destruction of insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas, resulting in severely deficient insulin production or no insulin production at all. If patients with diabetes have measurable autoantibodies, they have type 1A diabetes mellitus. 3 If they have no measurable autoantibodies, they are classified as having type 1B diabetes mellitus. T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, abnormal hepatic glucose production and a relative deficiency in insulin secretion. Approximately 10% of people with newly diagnosed T2DM have autoantibodies directed against pancreatic cells, which will eventually result in absolute insulin insufficiency. 4,5 This reclassification of diabetes led to the designation of latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood (LADA) as a separate clinical entity. 1,5 The term was introduced by Paul Zimmet, MD, PhD, 1 in 1995 to describe cases of adult-onset T1DM in which patients do not have an immediate need for insulin. This condition has also been coined type 1.5 diabetes mellitus or a slowly progressive T1DM. The case presentation reported in this article provides a typical example of a patient with LADA. Case presentation A woman aged 43 years visited her physician to discuss her diabetes mellitus. She had been diagnosed with T2DM three years previously, when she experienced frequent urination and unintentional weight loss. She was found to have a urinary tract infection and was treated for this condition. However, her glucose level at that time was 300 mg per deciliter. As a result, she was told that she had diabetes mellitus as well. After beginning to take glyburide, the patient initially responded well. However, within a couple of months she found that very high glucose levels developed anytime she ate food containing carbohydrates. Her glucose logs revealed that her morning glucose level was usually normal to slightly high ( mg/dl), but the glucose level shot up to the mg/dl range after eating carbohydrate-containing meals. It would then take her the rest of the day to get her glucose levels back within an acceptable range. To help keep her glucose levels under control, she started to eat a diet very low in carbohydrates. The patient was not overweight, with a body mass index of 22. In addition, she had normal results on her physical examination. The patient s medical history consisted of hypothyroidism (resulting from Hashimoto s thyroiditis), which was diagnosed about 10 years previously. She was currently taking levothyroxine (88 mcg daily) and was euthyroid (ie, had normal thyroid gland function) for the past five years. She had no family history of diabetes mellitus. She smoked 1.5 packs of cigarettes daily. She did not drink alcohol or use recreational drugs. She did not get regular exercise. She had not lost weight recently. The patient had no health complaints other than the previously mentioned glucose problems. The patient underwent laboratory tests two weeks prior to her physician s appointment. Results of these tests are shown in Table 1. In light of her history and her laboratory test results, the possibility 22 AOA Health Watch DOs Against DIABETES December 2009
3 Table 3 Comparison of Mean Characteristics of Type 1A Diabetes Mellitus, Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of Adulthood, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Characteristic, T1DM LADA T2DM P value Mean Age, y * C-peptide, ng/ml Fasting years postdiagnosis * BMI HDL-C, mg/dl Triglycerides, mg/dl * LADA vs T1DM LADA vs T2DM Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LADA, latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood; T1DM, type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus. Adapted from Hosszufalusi et al. Diabetes Care. 2003;26: of the patient having LADA was considered. To confirm this diagnosis, additional laboratory tests (for autoantibody and C-peptide levels) were performed. The results of these tests are shown in Table 2. The presence of any one of the autoantibodies listed in Table 2 confirms the presence of an autoimmune process, increasing the likelihood of T1DM. However, the most likely diagnosis was LADA, based on the fact that although the patient had been diagnosed with T2DM three years previously, she still had measurable insulin production (as shown by her levels of C-peptide, an insulin precursor) and she did not need to take insulin. Case discussion The case reported in this article is unique in a number of ways. Most people with T2DM have a family history of that condition or of obesity. However, this patient had a family history of neither condition nor was she herself obese, unlike the great majority of people with T2DM. Furthermore, she had a personal history of autoimmune disease (Hashimoto s thyroiditis). Autoimmune diseases tend to travel together. Thus, this patient was at increased risk of other autoimmune diseases, such as T1DM. Another clue that this individual may not have had T2DM was the fact that she did not have diabetic dyslipidemia. Diabetic dyslipidemia present in people with insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome and T2DM is characterized by low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and high levels of triglycerides. By contrast, this patient had high levels of HDL-C and normal levels of triglycerides even though she had hyperglycemia. Behaviors that could have raised her HDL-C level were regular exercise and drinking alcohol. She did neither of these. Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood Latent autoimmune diabetes of adulthood is believed to be a form of T1DM resulting from an autoimmune process. Although LADA does not have a single definition, it is most often characterized as a condition in which an adult has autoimmune diabetes mellitus that is not immediately (ie, within six months after diagnosis) insulin dependent. As previously mentionied, this condition is sometimes referred to as type 1.5 diabetes mellitus or slowly progressive T1DM. Most people with T1DM have one or more of the following autoantibodies: tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinomaassociated protein 2 (IA-2); tyrosine phosphatase-like IA-2; glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD); islet cell cytoplasmic; islet cell complementfixing; and insulin antibodies. 6 The autoantibody titer most commonly used to identify LADA in patients is the GAD autoantibody. The presence of GAD autoantibodies has been associated with rapid decline of -cell function, resulting in absolute insulin deficiency. People with T2DM do not exhibit these GAD antibodies and typically can maintain their -cell function for more than 12 years after diagnosis. The antibodies seen in patients with type 1A diabetes mellitus and LADA are believed to be only markers of the disease and not necessarily pathogenic. Fewer than half of patients with LADA have positive results in titers of T1DM autoantibodies raising the question of whether LADA is a unique disease with a separate pathogenesis from T1DM or merely a variant of T1DM. 7 A patient with LADA typically has the phenotype of a person with T1DM. However, the patient may appear to be more like a person with T2DM at clinical presentation, because -cell destruction in LADA is typically slower and more subtle than in T1DM. Unlike most people with T1DM, individuals with LADA do not immediately lose all -cell function. T2DM is most often diagnosed based on results of screening laboratory tests. Symptoms of T2DM are usually nonspecific in nature, such as fatigue or increased rate of infections. Many people first discover that they have T2DM when a complication develops. For example, 30% of people who suffer December 2009 DOs Against DIABETES AOA Health Watch 23
4 from an acute myocardial infarction discover that they have diabetes at the time of the heart attack. 8 Only those individuals with decompensated T2DM and extreme hyperglycemia will have weight loss, polydipsia and polyuria at presentation. This collection of symptoms represents absolute insulin deficiency and is the hallmark of T1DM. Clinical criteria for LADA are loosely defined. The key features are: adult onset, lack of initial need for insulin therapy, low C-peptide levels and the presence of antibodies directed against pancreatic islet cells However, there is no clear age that defines typical age of onset of LADA. Most clinical studies use a mean age of onset of 30 years, 11 but some studies avoid defining a typical age of onset. 1 In addition, the presence of autoantibodies is not specific to T1DM/LADA, because these autoantibodies are also present in other autoimmune disorders. 12,13 Nora Hosszufalusi et al 13 reported significant differences between mean characteristics of patients with T1DM, LADA and T2DM. These differences are highlighted in Table 3. Treatment of patients with LADA Individuals with LADA should ultimately be treated like those with T1DM using insulin as the primary therapy. Studies have demonstrated that residual -cell function in patients with LADA is extended with the use of insulin therapy and shortened with the use of insulin secretagogues. 14 Evidence also suggests that exogenous insulin administration slows the loss of cells by reducing glucose toxicity, 5 providing an important reason for early diagnosis and treatment. Who to screen? Spiros Fourlanos et al 10 suggested a set of clinical criteria for determining which patients should get tested for anti-gad autoantibody titers as a way of screening for LADA. These criteria include diagnosis before age 50 years, acute symptoms of insulin deficiency (ie, the polys ), body mass index less than 25, and a personal or family history of autoimmune disease. If a patient meets two or more of these criteria, it is recommended that he or she be tested for anti-gad autoantibodies. 10 Take home messages It is important to distinguish LADA from T1DM and T2DM. Because LADA may be present in as many as 10% of people with presumed T2DM, a clinician is likely to encounter cases of LADA. Most patients with LADA do not receive the correct diagnosis at initial presentation. Typically, a patient with LADA presents with an episode of the polys that is responsive to intermediate treatment options, such as administration of fluids and correction of hyperglycemia with insulin or oral agents. Such responsiveness, however, is believed to be temporary and can follow a widely variable course. People with LADA are more likely than people with T2DM to have complications at the time of diagnosis, and they may also have microvascular complications earlier in the course of the disease. In addition, people with LADA have an autoimmune disease process and are more likely than people with T2DM to have other autoimmune conditions. If a patient was initially diagnosed with T2DM, he or she may be rediagnosed as having LADA when the condition deteriorates to diabetic ketoacidosis. However, such patients are sometimes considered to have brittle type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which case they may never be properly diagnosed. 24 AOA Health Watch DOs Against DIABETES December 2009
5 Final notes In summary, the clinician should consider LADA when a patient with presumed diabetes mellitus has any of the following clinical characteristics: age 30 years lack of family history of T2DM personal or immediate family history of autoimmune disorders body mass index 25 lipid panel results not showing diabetic dyslipidemia period during which patient had the polys and weight loss References 1. Zimmet PZ. The pathogenesis and prevention of diabetes in adults Genes, autoimmunity, and demography [review]. Diabetes Care. 1995;18: Harris MI, Robbins DC. Prevalence of adult-onset IDDM in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care. 1994;17: American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl 1):S5-S10. suppl_1/s5.full. Accessed October 10, Niskanen LK, Tuomi T, Karjalainen J, Groop LC, Uusitupa MI. GAD antibodies in NIDDM. Ten-year follow-up from the diagnosis. Diabetes Care. 1995;18: Stenstr m G, Gotts ter A, Bakhtadze E, Berger B, Sundkvist G. Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: definition, prevalence, beta-cell function, and treatment. Diabetes. 2005;54(suppl 2): S68-S72. Available at: journals. org/content/54/suppl_2/s68.long. 6. Groop LC, Bottazzo GF, Doniach D. Islet cell antibodies identify latent type I diabetes in patients aged years at diagnosis. Diabetes. 1986;35: Palmer JP, Hampe CS, Chiu H, Goel A, Brooks-Worrell BM. Is latent autoimmune diabetes in adults distinct from type 1 diabetes or just type 1 diabetes at an older age? Diabetes. 2005;54(suppl 2):S62-S67. Available at: suppl_2/s62.long. 8. Norhammer A, Tenerz A, Nilsson G, Hamsten A, Efendic S, Ryden L, et al. Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction in no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study. Lancet. 2002;359: Pozzilli P, DiMario U. Auotimmune diabetes not requiring insulin at diagnosis (latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult): definition, characterization, and potential prevention. Diabetes Care. 2001;24: Available at: diabetesjournals.org/content/24/8/1460.long. 10. Fourlanos S, Perry C, Stein MS, Stankovich J, Harrison LC, Colman PG. A clinical screening tool identifies autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care. 2006;29: Available at: long. 11. Leslie RD, Williams R, Pozzilli P. Clinical review: Type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults: one end of the rainbow [published online ahead of print February 14, 2006]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91: Rosrio PW, Reis JS, Amim R, Fagundes TA, Calsolari MR, Silva SC, et al. Comparison of clinical and laboratory characteristics between adult-onset type 1 diabetes and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults. Diabetes Care. 2005;28: Available at: journals. org/content/28/7/1803.long. 13. Hosszufalusi N, Vatay A, Rajczy K, Prohaszka Z, Pozsonyi E, Horvath L, et al. Similar genetic features and different islet cell autoantibody pattern of latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) compared with adult-onset type 1 diabetes with rapid progression. Diabetes Care. 2003;26: Available at: org/ content/26/2/452.long. Accessed October 23, Maruyama T, Tanaka S, Shimada A, Funae O, Kasuga A, Kanatsuka A, et al. Insulin intervention in slowly progressive insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus [published online ahead of print April 8, 2008]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93: Available at: cgi/content/full/93/6/2115. Accessed October 23, 2009.HW Jay H. Shubrook Jr, DO, is an associate professor of family medicine and a diabetologist. He serves as the director of clinical research and director of the diabetes fellowship at Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine. He is a fellow of the American College of Osteopathic Family Physicians. He can be reached at HUBROOK@oucom.ohiou.edu. December 2009 DOs Against DIABETES AOA Health Watch 25
1333 Plaza Blvd, Suite E, Central Point, OR 97502 * www.mountainviewvet.net
1333 Plaza Blvd, Suite E, Central Point, OR 97502 * www.mountainviewvet.net Diabetes Mellitus (in cats) Diabetes, sugar Affected Animals: Most diabetic cats are older than 10 years of age when they are
More informationDiagnosis, classification and prevention of diabetes
Diagnosis, classification and prevention of diabetes Section 1 1 of 4 Curriculum Module II 1 Diagnosis, classification and presentation of diabetes Slide 2 of 48 Polyurea Definition of diabetes Slide 3
More informationDepartment Of Biochemistry. Subject: Diabetes Mellitus. Supervisor: Dr.Hazim Allawi & Dr.Omar Akram Prepared by : Shahad Ismael. 2 nd stage.
Department Of Biochemistry Subject: Diabetes Mellitus Supervisor: Dr.Hazim Allawi & Dr.Omar Akram Prepared by : Shahad Ismael. 2 nd stage. Diabetes mellitus : Type 1 & Type 2 What is diabestes mellitus?
More informationCauses, incidence, and risk factors
Causes, incidence, and risk factors Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. To understand diabetes,
More informationTYPE 2 DIABETES IN CHILDREN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY. Ines Guttmann- Bauman MD Clinical Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, OHSU
TYPE 2 DIABETES IN CHILDREN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY Ines Guttmann- Bauman MD Clinical Associate Professor, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, OHSU Objectives: 1. To discuss epidemiology and presentation
More informationStatistics of Type 2 Diabetes
Statistics of Type 2 Diabetes Of the 17 million Americans with diabetes, 90 percent to 95 percent have type 2 diabetes. Of these, half are unaware they have the disease. People with type 2 diabetes often
More informationDouble Diabetes: Definition, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prediction and Prevention.
Double Diabetes: Definition, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prediction and Prevention. Professor Paolo Pozzilli University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome Institute of Cell & Molecular Science, Queen Mary, University of
More informationOverview of Diabetes Management. By Cindy Daversa, M.S.,R.D.,C.D.E. UCI Health
Overview of Diabetes Management By Cindy Daversa, M.S.,R.D.,C.D.E. UCI Health Objectives: Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes. From a multiorgan systems viewpoint. Identify the types of diabetes.
More informationPowerPoint Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY. 12a. FOCUS ON Your Risk for Diabetes. Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint Lecture Outlines prepared by Dr. Lana Zinger, QCC CUNY 12a FOCUS ON Your Risk for Diabetes Your Risk for Diabetes! Since 1980,Diabetes has increased by 50 %. Diabetes has increased by 70 percent
More informationAm I at Risk for type 2 Diabetes? Taking Steps to Lower the Risk of Getting Diabetes NATIONAL DIABETES INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE
NATIONAL DIABETES INFORMATION CLEARINGHOUSE Am I at Risk for type 2 Diabetes? Taking Steps to Lower the Risk of Getting Diabetes U.S. Department of Health and Human Services National Institutes of Health
More informationNutrition. Type 2 Diabetes: A Growing Challenge in the Healthcare Setting NAME OF STUDENT
1 Nutrition Type 2 Diabetes: A Growing Challenge in the Healthcare Setting NAME OF STUDENT 2 Type 2 Diabetes: A Growing Challenge in the Healthcare Setting Introduction and background of type 2 diabetes:
More informationDiabetes, Type 2. RelayClinical Patient Education Sample Topic Diabetes, Type 2. What is type 2 diabetes? How does it occur?
What is type 2 diabetes? Type 2 diabetes is a disorder that happens when your body does not make enough insulin or is unable to use its own insulin properly. The inability to use insulin is called insulin
More informationType 2 Diabetes: The Equitable Between Kidney and Body Size
Diabetic Autoimmune Markers in Children and Adolescents With Type 2 Diabetes Eba H. Hathout, MD; Wendy Thomas; Mohamed El-Shahawy, MD, MHA; Fadi Nahab; and John W. Mace, MD ABSTRACT. Background. There
More informationMarkham Stouffville Hospital
Markham Stouffville Hospital Adult Diabetes Education Frequently Asked Questions What is diabetes? Diabetes is a disease in which blood glucose levels are above normal. Most of the food we eat is turned
More information嘉 義 長 庚 醫 院 藥 劑 科 Speaker : 翁 玟 雯
The Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Sodium Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus 嘉 義 長 庚 醫 院 藥 劑 科 Speaker : 翁 玟 雯 Diabetes Mellitus : A group of diseases characterized
More informationHOW TO CARE FOR A PATIENT WITH DIABETES
HOW TO CARE FOR A PATIENT WITH DIABETES INTRODUCTION Diabetes is one of the most common diseases in the United States, and diabetes is a disease that affects the way the body handles blood sugar. Approximately
More informationInsulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both.
Diabetes Definition Diabetes is a chronic (lifelong) disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood. Causes Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused
More informationDR. Trinh Thi Kim Hue
TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DR. Trinh Thi Kim Hue CONTENTS Definition Diagnosis Treatment Comorbidities and Complications Comorbidities and Complications Screening for T2D References DEFINITION
More informationIs Insulin Effecting Your Weight Loss and Your Health?
Is Insulin Effecting Your Weight Loss and Your Health? Teressa Alexander, M.D., FACOG Women s Healthcare Associates www.rushcopley.com/whca 630-978-6886 Obesity is Epidemic in the US 2/3rds of U.S. adults
More informationDiabetes Medications: Insulin Therapy
Diabetes Medications: Insulin Therapy Courtesy Univ Texas San Antonio Eric L. Johnson, M.D. Department of Family and Community Medicine Diabetes and Insulin Type 1 Diabetes Autoimmune destruction of beta
More informationDiabetes Mellitus: Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 1 What is type 1 diabetes mellitus? Type 1 diabetes is a disorder that happens when your body produces little or no insulin. The lack of insulin causes the level of sugar in your
More informationDisability Evaluation Under Social Security
Disability Evaluation Under Social Security Revised Medical Criteria for Evaluating Endocrine Disorders Effective June 7, 2011 Why a Revision? Social Security revisions reflect: SSA s adjudicative experience.
More informationChapter 2 What Is Diabetes?
Chapter 2 What Is Diabetes? TYPE 1 (INSULIN-DEPENDENT) DIABETES Type 1 (also known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus [IDDM] or juvenile or childhood) diabetes is the most common type found in children
More informationDiabetes, hypertension and a lot more `in the elderly` JORIS SCHAKEL INTERNIST- CLINICAL GERIATRICIAN JGSCHAKEL@SEHOS.CW
Diabetes, hypertension and a lot more `in the elderly` JORIS SCHAKEL INTERNIST- CLINICAL GERIATRICIAN JGSCHAKEL@SEHOS.CW IT`S HARD TO GIVE GENERAL ADVICE! ``The Elderly`` Heterogeneous group ;widely varying
More informationLESSON TWO: COMPARE AND CONTRAST TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
LESSON TWO: COMPARE AND CONTRAST TYPE 1 AND TYPE 2 DIABETES FOCUS: Students will be given information on the two major types of diabetes, and they will analyze how the two types compare and contrast. OBJECTIVES:
More informationTreatment of diabetes In order to survive, people with type 1 diabetes must have insulin delivered by a pump or injections.
National Diabetes Statistics What is diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high levels of blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin production, insulin action, or both.
More informationCME Test for AMDA Clinical Practice Guideline. Diabetes Mellitus
CME Test for AMDA Clinical Practice Guideline Diabetes Mellitus Part I: 1. Which one of the following statements about type 2 diabetes is not accurate? a. Diabetics are at increased risk of experiencing
More informationDiabetes Mellitus. Melissa Meredith M.D. Diabetes Mellitus
Melissa Meredith M.D. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood glucose resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both Diabetes is a chronic,
More informationDiabetes mellitus. Lecture Outline
Diabetes mellitus Lecture Outline I. Diagnosis II. Epidemiology III. Causes of diabetes IV. Health Problems and Diabetes V. Treating Diabetes VI. Physical activity and diabetes 1 Diabetes Disorder characterized
More informationAn Overview and Guide to Healthy Living with Type 2 Diabetes
MEETING YOUR GOALS An Overview and Guide to Healthy Living with Type 2 Diabetes MEETING YOUR GOALS This brochure was designed to help you understand the health goals to live a healthy lifestyle with type
More informationWHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS? CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES. Living your life as normal as possible
WHAT IS DIABETES MELLITUS? CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES DEDBT01954 Lilly Deutschland GmbH Werner-Reimers-Straße 2-4 61352 Bad Homburg Living your life as normal as possible www.lilly-pharma.de www.lilly-diabetes.de
More informationManaging Diabetes in the Athletic Population
Managing Diabetes in the Athletic Population Michael Prybicien, LA, ATC, CSCS, CES, PES Athletic Trainer, Passaic High School Overlook Medical Center & Adjunct Faculty, William Paterson University Dedicated
More informationDiabetes epidemics- classification and prevalence Grazyna Sypniewska
Diabetes epidemics- classification and prevalence Grazyna Sypniewska Dept.of Laboratory Medicine, Collegium Medicum N Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland 14th EFLM Postgraduate Course, Dubrovnik 2014
More informationWelcome to Diabetes Education! Why Should I Take Control of My Diabetes?
Welcome to Diabetes Education! Why Should I Take Control of My Diabetes? NEEDS and BENEFITS of SELF-MANAGEMENT You make choices about your life and health Controlling diabetes needs every day decisions
More informationX-Plain Hypoglycemia Reference Summary
X-Plain Hypoglycemia Reference Summary Introduction Hypoglycemia is a condition that causes blood sugar level to drop dangerously low. It mostly shows up in diabetic patients who take insulin. When recognized
More informationDiabetes is a. A case for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
A case for prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus Joseph Cook, DO Diabetes is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions in the United States and around the world. This is troubling because, as bad
More informationMetabolic Syndrome Overview: Easy Living, Bitter Harvest. Sabrina Gill MD MPH FRCPC Caroline Stigant MD FRCPC BC Nephrology Days, October 2007
Metabolic Syndrome Overview: Easy Living, Bitter Harvest Sabrina Gill MD MPH FRCPC Caroline Stigant MD FRCPC BC Nephrology Days, October 2007 Evolution of Metabolic Syndrome 1923: Kylin describes clustering
More informationETIOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION. Type I diabetes Type II diabetes
DIABETES MELLITUS DEFINITION It is a common, chronic, metabolic syndrome characterized by hyperglycemia as a cardinal biochemical feature. Resulting from absolute lack of insulin. Abnormal metabolism of
More informationN E B R A S K A JAIL BULLETIN NUMBER 102 OCTOBER 1993
N E B R A S K A JAIL BULLETIN NUMBER 102 OCTOBER 1993 The Jail Bulletin is a monthly feature of the Crime Commission Update. The Bulletin may be used as a supplement to your jail in-service training program
More informationMANAGEMENT OF TYPE - 1 DIABETES MELLITUS
MANAGEMENT OF TYPE - 1 DIABETES MELLITUS INVESTIGATIONS AND TREATMENT MANSI NAIK VII SEMESTER INVESTIGATIONS FASTING BLOOD SUGAR PLASMA GLUCOSE HEMOGLOBIN A 1c SYMPTOMS OF TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS Polyuria
More informationWhat is Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 Diabetes What is Type 2 Diabetes? Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose in the blood. Our pancreas produces a hormone called insulin. Insulin works to regulate our blood glucose
More informationHypothyroidism clinical features and treatment. 1. The causes of hypothyroidism
Hypothyroidism clinical features and treatment 1. The causes of hypothyroidism The thyroid is a gland in the neck which makes two thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). Thyroxine
More informationDiabetes Mellitus Type 2
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 What is it? Diabetes is a common health problem in the U.S. and the world. In diabetes, the body does not use the food it digests well. It is hard for the body to use carbohydrates
More informationThe Diabetes Epidemic
The Diabetes Epidemic O 2118 Wilshire Blvd. Ste. 723 O Santa Monica, California 90403 O www.susandopart.com O susan@susandopart.com What to look for and how you can help your clients O 310-828-4476 Trends
More informationTuberculosis And Diabetes. Dr. hanan abuelrus Prof.of internal medicine Assiut University
Tuberculosis And Diabetes Dr. hanan abuelrus Prof.of internal medicine Assiut University TUBERCULOSIS FACTS More than 9 million people fall sick with tuberculosis (TB) every year. Over 1.5 million die
More informationDeakin Research Online
Deakin Research Online This is the published version: Cameron, Adrian J., Shaw, J.E. and Zimmet, P.Z. 2003, Diabetes, in Diabetes and kidney disease : time to act, nternational Diabetes Federation, Brussels,
More informationKansas Behavioral Health Risk Bulletin
Kansas Behavioral Health Risk Bulletin Kansas Department of Health and Environment November 7, 1995 Bureau of Chronic Disease and Health Promotion Vol. 1 No. 12 Diabetes Mellitus in Kansas Diabetes mellitus
More informationClinical Research on Lifestyle Interventions to Treat Obesity and Asthma in Primary Care Jun Ma, M.D., Ph.D.
Clinical Research on Lifestyle Interventions to Treat Obesity and Asthma in Primary Care Jun Ma, M.D., Ph.D. Associate Investigator Palo Alto Medical Foundation Research Institute Consulting Assistant
More informationOrdering and interpreting thyroid tests in children. Paul Kaplowitz, MD, PhD Children s National Medical Center, Washington, DC
Ordering and interpreting thyroid tests in children Paul Kaplowitz, MD, PhD Children s National Medical Center, Washington, DC Objectives To review indications for thyroid testing To discuss which tests
More informationImproving cardiometabolic health in Major Mental Illness
Improving cardiometabolic health in Major Mental Illness Dr. Adrian Heald Consultant in Endocrinology and Diabetes Leighton Hospital, Crewe and Macclesfield Research Fellow, Manchester University Metabolic
More informationDiabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that occurs as a result of problems with the production and/or action of insulin in the body.
International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Background Information Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that occurs as a result of problems with the production and/or action of insulin in the body.
More informationObesity in the United States Workforce. Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) III and 1999-2000
P F I Z E R F A C T S Obesity in the United States Workforce Findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) III and 1999-2000 p p Obesity in The United States Workforce One
More informationPrevention of and the Screening for Diabetes Part I Insulin Resistance By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner January 19, 2012
Prevention of and the Screening for Diabetes Part I Insulin Resistance By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner January 19, 2012 In 2002, SETMA began a relationship with Joslin Diabetes
More informationDiabetes Fundamentals
Diabetes Fundamentals Prevalence of Diabetes in the U.S. Undiagnosed 10.7% of all people 20+ 23.1% of all people 60+ (12.2 million) Slide provided by Roche Diagnostics Sources: ADA, WHO statistics Prevalence
More informationRegulation of Metabolism. By Dr. Carmen Rexach Physiology Mt San Antonio College
Regulation of Metabolism By Dr. Carmen Rexach Physiology Mt San Antonio College Energy Constant need in living cells Measured in kcal carbohydrates and proteins = 4kcal/g Fats = 9kcal/g Most diets are
More informationTYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: NEW HOPE FOR PREVENTION. Robert Dobbins, M.D. Ph.D.
TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS: NEW HOPE FOR PREVENTION Robert Dobbins, M.D. Ph.D. Learning Objectives Recognize current trends in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. Learn differences between type 1 and type
More informationDiabetes and Stroke. Understanding the connection between diabetes and the increased risk of stroke
Diabetes and Stroke Understanding the connection between diabetes and the increased risk of stroke Make the Connection Almost 26 million people in the U.S. roughly 8 percent of the population have diabetes.
More informationCASE B1. Newly Diagnosed T2DM in Patient with Prior MI
Newly Diagnosed T2DM in Patient with Prior MI 1 Our case involves a gentleman with acute myocardial infarction who is newly discovered to have type 2 diabetes. 2 One question is whether anti-hyperglycemic
More informationType 2 diabetes Definition
Type 2 diabetes Definition Type 2 diabetes is a lifelong (chronic) disease in which there are high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood. Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes. Causes Diabetes
More informationType 1 Diabetes ( Juvenile Diabetes)
Type 1 Diabetes W ( Juvenile Diabetes) hat is Type 1 Diabetes? Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile-onset diabetes, is one of the three main forms of diabetes affecting millions of people worldwide.
More informationDiabetes The Basics. What is Diabetes? How does sugar get into your cells? Type 1 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes. Why control Diabetes?
Diabetes The Basics What is Diabetes? Diabetes is when there is too much sugar in your blood. Sugar from food you eat and drink stays in your blood instead of going into the cells in your body. The cells
More informationAntipsychotic Medications and the Risk of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Antipsychotic Medications and the Risk of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease Patient Tool #1 Understanding Diabetes and Psychiatric Illness: A Guide for Individuals, Families, and Caregivers Type 2 Diabetes,
More informationDiabetes Brief. Pre diabetes occurs when glucose levels are elevated in the blood, but are not as high as someone who has diabetes.
Diabetes Brief What is Diabetes? Diabetes mellitus is a disease of abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in which the level of blood glucose, or blood sugar, is above normal. The disease occurs when the body
More informationDiabetes and Heart Disease
Diabetes and Heart Disease Diabetes and Heart Disease According to the American Heart Association, diabetes is one of the six major risk factors of cardiovascular disease. Affecting more than 7% of the
More informationUnderstanding Diabetes
Understanding Diabetes What is diabetes? Diabetes is a condition where there is too much glucose (a type of sugar) in your blood. Your blood glucose level is regulated with the help of insulin, a hormone
More informationUnderstanding diabetes Do the recent trials help?
Understanding diabetes Do the recent trials help? Dr Geoffrey Robb Consultant Physician and Diabetologist CMO RGA UK Services and Partnership Assurance AMUS 25 th March 2010 The security of experience.
More informationProtein Intake in Potentially Insulin Resistant Adults: Impact on Glycemic and Lipoprotein Profiles - NPB #01-075
Title: Protein Intake in Potentially Insulin Resistant Adults: Impact on Glycemic and Lipoprotein Profiles - NPB #01-075 Investigator: Institution: Gail Gates, PhD, RD/LD Oklahoma State University Date
More information6.4 Diabetes. 6 Priority diseases and reasons for inclusion. Background. Developments since 2004. See Background Paper 6.4 (BP6_4DM.
6 Priority diseases and reasons for inclusion 6.4 Diabetes See Background Paper 6.4 (BP6_4DM.pdf) Background Diabetes and diabetes-related illnesses place an enormous burden on the health care systems
More informationHigh Blood Sugar. Printable Materials
Printable Materials Activity Card #1 Symptoms of High Blood Sugar or Pre-Diabetes Symptoms People often don t know they have high blood sugar or pre-diabetes. There are no symptoms and pre-diabetes can
More informationRole of Body Weight Reduction in Obesity-Associated Co-Morbidities
Obesity Role of Body Weight Reduction in JMAJ 48(1): 47 1, 2 Hideaki BUJO Professor, Department of Genome Research and Clinical Application (M6) Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University Abstract:
More informationEndocrine Causes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)/Chronic Fatigue Immune. Deficiency Syndrome (CFIDS):
1 Endocrine Causes of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)/Chronic Fatigue Immune Deficiency Syndrome (CFIDS): A Brief Guide for Patients and Primary Care Physicians Theodore C. Friedman and Camille Kimball
More informationHow To Treat Dyslipidemia
An International Atherosclerosis Society Position Paper: Global Recommendations for the Management of Dyslipidemia Introduction Executive Summary The International Atherosclerosis Society (IAS) here updates
More informationStatins and Risk for Diabetes Mellitus. Background
Statins and Risk for Diabetes Mellitus Kevin C. Maki, PhD, FNLA Midwest Center for Metabolic & Cardiovascular Research and DePaul University, Chicago, IL 1 Background In 2012 the US Food and Drug Administration
More informationDiabetes 101: A Brief Overview of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association What Happens When We Eat?
Diabetes 101: A Brief Overview of Diabetes and the American Diabetes Association What Happens When We Eat? After eating, most food is turned into glucose, the body s main source of energy. 1 Normal Blood
More informationDiabetes for CNAs. This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on January 31, 2017.
Diabetes for CNAs This course has been awarded two (2.0) contact hours. This course expires on January 31, 2017. Copyright 2005 by RN.com. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction and distribution of these materials
More informationDISCLOSURES RISK ASSESSMENT. Stroke and Heart Disease -Is there a Link Beyond Risk Factors? Daniel Lackland, MD
STROKE AND HEART DISEASE IS THERE A LINK BEYOND RISK FACTORS? D AN IE L T. L AC K L AN D DISCLOSURES Member of NHLBI Risk Assessment Workgroup RISK ASSESSMENT Count major risk factors For patients with
More informationGlycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Vol. 28, No. 3, September 2006 Glycemic Control of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Majeda Fikree* Baderuldeen Hanafi** Zahra Ali Hussain** Emad M Masuadi*** Objective: To determine the
More informationHEALTH UPDATE. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
HEALTH UPDATE PO Box 800760 Charlottesville, VA 22908 Gynecology: (434) 924-2773 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) What is it? An endocrine (hormonal) disorder. Because there is such variability in how
More informationYOUR LAST DIET IDEAL PROTEIN
YOUR LAST DIET IDEAL PROTEIN OBJECTIVES Explain the science and history that supports the Ideal Protein Diet method. Describe the risks and benefits of diet participation. Give you the details of what
More informationIntroduction. We hope this guide will aide you and your staff in creating a safe and supportive environment for your students challenged by diabetes.
Introduction Diabetes is a chronic disease that affects the body s ability to metabolize food. The body converts much of the food we eat into glucose, the body s main source of energy. Glucose is carried
More informationDIABETES MELLITUS. By Tracey Steenkamp Biokineticist at the Institute for Sport Research, University of Pretoria
DIABETES MELLITUS By Tracey Steenkamp Biokineticist at the Institute for Sport Research, University of Pretoria What is Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus (commonly referred to as diabetes ) is a chronic medical
More informationGuidance for Industry Diabetes Mellitus Evaluating Cardiovascular Risk in New Antidiabetic Therapies to Treat Type 2 Diabetes
Guidance for Industry Diabetes Mellitus Evaluating Cardiovascular Risk in New Antidiabetic Therapies to Treat Type 2 Diabetes U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center
More informationEndocrine issues in FA SUSAN R. ROSE CINCINNATI CHILDREN S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER
Endocrine issues in FA SUSAN R. ROSE CINCINNATI CHILDREN S HOSPITAL MEDICAL CENTER 80% of children and adults with FA have an endocrine abnormality Endocrine cells make a hormone (message) Carried in bloodstream
More informationPrevalence and Characteristics of Low Serum Testosterone Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Naïve to Injectable Therapy
Prevalence and Characteristics of Low Serum Testosterone Levels in Men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Naïve to Injectable Therapy International Society for Sexual Medicine 2014 Presenter: Felipe Borges
More informationUnraveling non-type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood
Unraveling non-type 1 diabetes mellitus in childhood Shazhan Amed, MD, The Hospital for Sick Children Heather Dean, MD, Winnipeg Children s Hospital Jill Hamilton, MD, The Hospital for Sick Children Recently,
More informationInfluence of Family History of Diabetes on Incidence and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult
Epidemiology/Health Services Research O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Influence of Family History of Diabetes on Incidence and Prevalence of Latent Autoimmune Diabetes of the Adult Results from the Nord-Trøndelag
More informationSCHOOL DISTRICT #22 VERNON DIABETES POLICY
SCHOOL DISTRICT #22 VERNON DIABETES POLICY A student with diabetes does not automatically qualify for additional support. The student may qualify as a temporary D category (chronic health) after diagnosis
More informationAbdulaziz Al-Subaie. Anfal Al-Shalwi
Abdulaziz Al-Subaie Anfal Al-Shalwi Introduction what is diabetes mellitus? A chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose level caused by insulin deficiency and sometimes accompanied
More informationResidual insulin secretion in type 1 diabetes contributes to. Insulin Intervention in Slowly Progressive Insulin- Dependent (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Endocrine Care Insulin Intervention in Slowly Progressive Insulin- Dependent (Type 1) Diabetes Mellitus Taro Maruyama,* Shoichiro Tanaka,* Akira Shimada, Osamu Funae, Akira Kasuga, Azuma
More informationDIABETIC EDUCATION MODULE ONE GENERAL OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT AND SAFETY
DIABETIC EDUCATION MODULE ONE GENERAL OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT AND SAFETY First Edition September 17, 1997 Kevin King R.N., B.S., C.C.R.N. Gregg Kunder R.N., B.S.N., C.C.T.C. 77-120 CHS UCLA Medical Center
More informationThe Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes: Practical Points to Consider in Developing Prevention and Treatment Strategies
CLINICAL DIABETES VOL. 18 NO. 2 Spring 2000 PRACTICAL POINTERS The Natural History of Type 2 Diabetes: Practical Points to Consider in Developing Prevention and Treatment Strategies Barbara A. Ramlo-Halsted,
More informationType 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin resistance syndrome in Children
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Insulin resistance syndrome in Children Anil R Kumar MD Pediatric Endocrinology MCV/VCU, Richmond VA Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2 DM) has increased in children
More informationCardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Part XII Insulin Resistance By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner September 15, 2005
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Part XII By James L. Holly, MD Your Life Your Health The Examiner September 15, 2005 As we approach the end of our extended series on cardiovascular disease risk factors,
More informationCardiovascular Disease Risk Factors
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Risk factors are traits and life-style habits that increase a person's chances of having coronary artery and vascular disease. Some risk factors cannot be changed or
More informationEducation. Panel. Triglycerides & HDL-C
Triglycerides & HDL-C Thomas Dayspring, MD, ACP Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey Attending in Medicine: St Joseph s s Hospital, Paterson, NJ Certified
More informationPost-Transplant Diabetes: What Every Patient Needs to Know
Post-Transplant Diabetes: What Every Patient Needs to Know International Transplant Nurses Society What is Diabetes? Diabetes is an illness that effects how your body makes and uses a hormone called insulin.
More informationINTRODUCTION Thrombophilia deep vein thrombosis DVT pulmonary embolism PE inherited thrombophilia
INTRODUCTION Thrombophilia (Hypercoagulability) is a condition in which a person forms blood clots more than normal. Blood clots may occur in the arms or legs (e.g., deep vein thrombosis DVT), the lungs
More informationASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INSULIN USAGE IN TYPE 2 DIABETICS ACCORDING TO DIABETES TYPE DISTRIBUTION AMONG INSULIN-TREATED PATIENTS IN UKRAINE
1 Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kiev, Ukraine 2 Institute of Gerontology, Kiev, Ukraine Scientific Paper Received: April 26, 2007 Accepted: May 17, 2007 ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT INSULIN USAGE
More informationBaskets of Care Diabetes Subcommittee
Baskets of Care Diabetes Subcommittee Disclaimer: This background information is not intended to be a comprehensive scientific discussion of the topic, but rather an attempt to provide a baseline level
More informationMale New Patient Package
Male New Patient Package The contents of this package are your first step to restore your vitality. Please take time to read this carefully and answer all the questions as completely as possible. Thank
More information