gi _ imin _ iyaang _ ISHINAAN(G) ni _ igonaan _ iyangid ni _ igomin _ igoyaang ni _ (i)dizomin _ (i)dizoyaang gi _ imin _ iyaang

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1 VTA, Positive (Southwestern Ojibwe) Object Subject me you (sg) ANsg (prx) AN obv 3 or 4 us (excl) us (incl) you (pl) ANpl (prx) I you (sg) ANsg (prx) AN obv 3 or 4 INsg we (excl) we (incl) you (pl) ANpl (prx) INpl someone passive ni (i)diz 1 (i)dizoyaan gi (i) 2 iyan ISHIN ni ig id ni igon igoyaan gi im iyeg ISHIK ni igoog iwaad ni igonan igoyaan ni igoo igooyaan gi in inaan gi (i)diz 1 (i)dizoyan (I)DIZON gi ig ik gi igon igoyan gi igoo igooyan gi igoog ikwaa gi igonan igoyan gi igoo igooyan ni aa ag gi aa ad I 3 (i)dizo (i)dizod o igoon o igon ni aanaan angid gi aanaan ang AADAA gi aawaa eg IK o igonan aa ind ni imaan imag gi imaan imad IM o aan aad (i)dizowan (i)dizonid o igonini igonid ni imaanaan imangid gi imaanaan imang IMAADAA(NIN) gi imaawaan imeg IMIK o aawaan aawaad o igonini igonid imaawan imind gi imin iyaang ISHINAAN(G) ni igonaan iyangid ni igomin igoyaang ni (i)dizomin (i)dizoyaang gi imin iyaang ISHINAAN(G) ni igonaanig iyangidwaa ni igomin igoyaang ni igoomin igooyaang gi igonaan inang gi igomin igoyang gi (i)dizomin (i)dizoyang (I)DIZODAA gi igonaanig inangwaa gi igomin igoyang gi igoomin igooyang gi ininim inagog gi igowaa ineg gi igonaawaa igoyeg gi igoom igooyeg gi (i)dizom (i)dizoyeg (I)DIZOG gi igowaag inegwaa gi igonaawaan igoyeg gi igoom igooyeg ni aag agwaa gi aag adwaa I 2 o igowaan o igonaawaan ni aanaanig angidwaa gi aanaanig angwaa AADAANIG gi aawaag egwaa IK (i)dizowag (i)dizowaad o igonaawaan object object object 4sg pl (an obv) object object object object object aawag indwaa 3 The first line in each cell gives the independent form; the second line (in italics) is the conjunct; the third line (in SMALL CAPS) is the imperative. Light grey boxes indicate reflexive forms (in which subject and object are the same) reflexives inflect as VAI verbs; darker grey boxes indicate non-existing combinations in Ojibwe. Forms from Nichols, John Ojibwe morphology. PhD dissertation, Harvard university. 1 First and second person singular independent order delete the final /o/ of this form by a general rule which deletes word-final short vowels. 2 Theme sign -i is always deleted in this form by a general rule that deletes word-final short vowels. 3 Suffix i is deleted in all cases except where its deletion would produce a word having only one short vowel, as in amwi, eat it (an.)! (root /amw/ eat AN )

2 VTA, Negative (Southwestern Ojibwe) Object Subject me you (sg) ANsg (prx) AN obv 3 or 4 us (excl) us (incl) you (pl) ANpl I you (sg) ANsg prx ANobv 3 or 4 INsg we (excl) we (incl) you (pl) ANpl prx INpl ni (i)dizosiin (i)dizosiwaan gi isiin isiwan ISHIKEN ni igosiin isig ni igosiin igosiwaan gi isiim isiweg ISHIKEGON ni igosiig isigwaa ni igosiinan igosiwaan gi isinoon isinowaan gi (i)dizosiin (i)dizosiwan (I)DIZOKEN gi igosiin isinog gi igosiin igosiwan gi igoosiin igoosiwan gi igosiig isinokwaa gi igosiinan igosiwan ni aasiin aasiwag gi aasiin aasiwad AAKEN (i)dizosiin (i)dizosig o igosiin igosig o igosiin igosig ni aasiwaanaan aasiwangid gi aasiwaanaan aasiwang AASIWAADAA gi aasiwaawaa aasiweg AAKEGON o igosiinan igosig ni imaasiin imaasiwag gi imaasiin imaasiwad IMAAKEN o aasiin aasig (i)dizosiiwan (i)dizosinig o igosiinini igosinig ni imaasiwaanaan imaasiwangid gi imaaaasiwaanaan imaasiwang IMAASIWAADAA(NIN) gi imaasiwaawaan imaasiweg IMAAKEGON o aasiwaawaan aasigwaa o igosiinini igosinig gi isiimin isiwaang ISHIKAANGEN ni igosiinaan isiwangid ni igosiimin igosiwaang ni (i)dizosiimin (i)dizosiwaang gi isiimin isiwaang ISHIKAANGEN ni igosiinaanig isiwangidwaa ni igosiimin igosiwaang gi igosiinaan isinowang gi igosiimin igosiwang gi (i)dizosiimin (i)dizosiwang (I)DIZOSIIDAA gi igosiinaanig isinowangwaa gi igosiimin igosiwang gi isinooninim isinowagog gi igosiiwaa isinoweg gi igosiinaawaa igosiweg gi igoosiim igoosiweg gi (i)dizosiim (i)dizosiweg (I)DIZOKEGON gi igosiiwaag isinowegwaa gi igosiinaawaan igosiweg ni aasiig aasiwagwaa gi aasiig aasiwadwaa AAKEN o igosiiwaan igosigwaa o igosiinaawaan igosigwaa ni aasiwaanaanig aasiwangidwaa gi aasiwaanaanig aasiwangwaa AASIWAADAANIG gi aasiwaawaag aasiwegwaa AAKEGON (i)dizosiiwag (i)dizosigwaa o igosiinaawaan igosigwaa someone ni igoosiin gi igoosiin aasiin imaasiiwan ni igoosiimin gi igoosiimin gi igoosiim aasiiwag igoosiwaan igoosiwan aasiwind imaasiwind igoosiwaang igoosiwang igoosiweg aasiwindwaa g object g object g object 4sg pl (an obv) object l object object l object l object

3 VTI Positive and Negative (Southwestern Ojibwe) g g g -am Positive -am Negative -oo Positive -oo Negative g l g l g l g l ni aan amaan gi aan aman AN o aan ang 4 o amini OR 4 l o aanini aminid ni aamin amaang gi aamin amang ANDAA gi aanaawaa ameg AMOK o aanaawaa amowaad aam aming ni aanan gi aanan o aanan ni aamin gi aamin ANDAANIN gi aanaawaan o aanaawaan ni anziin anziwaan gi anziin anziwan ANGEN o anziin anzig o anziinini anzinig ni anziimin anziwaang gi anziimin anziwang ANZIIDAA gi anziinaawaa anziweg ANGEGON o anziinaawaa anzigwaa? anzing ni anziinan gi anziinan o anziinan ANZIIDAANIN gi anziinaawaan o anziinaawaan ni oon ooyaan gi oon ooyan OON o oon ood o oonini OR 1 o ooni oonid ni oomin ooyaang gi oomin ooyang OODAA gi oonaawaa ooyeg OOK G o oonaawaa oowaad oom oong ni oonan gi oonan o oonan ni oomin gi oomin OODAANIN gi oonaawaan o oonaawaan ni oosiin oosiwaan gi oosiin oosiwan OOKEN o oosiin oosig o oosiinini oosinig ni oosiimin oosiwaang gi oosiimin oosiwang OOSIIDAA gi oosiinaawaa oosiweg OOKEGON o oosiinaawaa oosigwaa? oosing The negative particle used with the independent is gaawiin; with conjunct, no negative particle is used; with the imperative, the negative particle is gego. The symbol indicates that the form used with plurals is the same as that with singulars. ni oosiinan gi oosiinan o oosiinan OOSIIDAANIN gi oosiinaawaan o oosiinaawaan 4 The suffix varies in form in the independent, and both variants are listed.

4 VII, Positive and Negative (Southwestern Ojibwe) Vowel-Stem Pos Vowel-Stem Neg d-stem Pos d-stem Neg Nasal-Stem Pos Nasal-Stem Neg g (n) 5 l 0obv Sg 0obv Pl g wan g ni nig niwan nig sinoon sinog sinoon sinog sinini sininig sininiwan sininig k oon k ini inig iniwan inig sinoon sinog sinoon sinog sinini sininig sininiwan sininig g oon g ini ininig iniwan inig zinoon zinog zinoon zinog zinini zininig zininiwan zininig Vowel-Stem (the first two columns above) refers to any VII that ends in a vowel, e.g., michaa, be big ; d-stem (the second two columns) refers to any VII verb that ends in «d», e.g., zanagad, be difficult ; Nasal-stem (the last two columns) refers to any VII verb that ends in «n» (except see footnote), e.g., bangisin, fall. Note that d-stems drop final «d» before any suffix beginning with a consonant («k» or «s»). Actually, we could say that the /d/ of the stem merges with the first consonant of the suffix, making it hard if it is not already so. So, for example, mino-giizhigad, be a nice day, produces mino-giizhigak, that/when it s a nice day (conjunct), from the structure /mino-giizhigad+g/. Note that several VII verbs that end in short vowels /i/ or /o/ take a suffix / n/ in the independent order positive, but not in the negative or the conjunct, so they pattern with Vowel-Stem verbs rather than Nasal-Stem. Here are some examples: Independent Conjunct Meaning dagwaagin dagwaagig be autumn onaagoshin onaagoshig be evening zoogipon zoogipog snow However, many VII verb stems end in /n/ that is not due to this process, and those /n/ s show up even in the conjunct and negative. Here are some examples: Independent Conjunct Meaning bangisin bangising fall down minogin minoging grow well onizhishin onizhishing be nice, be pretty 5 Note that several VII verbs that end in short vowels take a suffix n in the independent order, but that this n is not present in negatives or in conjunct forms. Nichols and Nyholm 1995 list such forms as follows: zoogipon /zoogipo/ vii snow. The fact that the basic form (within slashes) has no /n/ on the end tells you that this is what I call short vowel-n for lack of a better term.

5 VAI, Positive and Negative (Southwestern Ojibwe) V-Final Positive g ni 6 g gi 5 g yaan yan N d 4 wan l nid ni min yaang gi min yang DAA gi m yeg K, G, YOG wag waad m ng V-Final Negative Nasal-Final Positive Nasal Final Negative ni siin ni ni ziin siwaan aan ziwaan gi anziin gi gi ziin siwan an ziwan KEN IN GEN siin ziin sig g zig siiwan oon ziiwan sinig inid zinig ni siimin ni imin ni ziimin siwaang yaang ziwaang gi siimin gi imin gi ziimin siwang ang ziwang SIIDAA DAA ZIIDAA gi siim gi im gi ziim siweg eg ziweg KEGON OK GEGON siiwag oog ziiwag sigwaa owaad zigwaa siim im ziim sing ing zing? 6 Stems that end in a short vowel (/i/ or /o/) lose the vowel in the and independent positive forms. For example, niimi, dance, has niniim, I dance, and giniim, you (sg.) dance.

Index. 344 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8

Index. 344 Grammar and Language Workbook, Grade 8 Index Index 343 Index A A, an (usage), 8, 123 A, an, the (articles), 8, 123 diagraming, 205 Abbreviations, correct use of, 18 19, 273 Abstract nouns, defined, 4, 63 Accept, except, 12, 227 Action verbs,