Controlling Dust. Dr Claire Holman. London Pollution Study Group 11 th February Brook Cottage Consultants
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1 Controlling Dust Dr Claire Holman London Pollution Study Group 11 th February Brook Cottage Consultants 1
2 Contents AIRUSE Dust Suppression IAQM Guidance AIRUSE EU LIFE+ Project developing measures to meet the PM 10 limit values in 4 southern European cities Birmingham University assessing the efficacy of mitigation measures used in north and central Europe IAQM Institute of Air Quality Management; the professional body representing air quality professionals Photo: Roger Barrowcliffe, Clean Air Thinking Brook Cottage Consultants 2
3 Effects of Construction (Incl. Demolition)Dust Dust deposition soiling of surfaces Annoyance/nuisance Elevated PM 10 PM Heath Effects, WHO, 2013 Exceedences Visible dust plumes Brook Cottage Consultants 3
4 PM 10 Exceedences Per cent of EU-27 Urban Population Resident in Urban Areas with more than 35 days when PM 10 Concentrations Exceeds 50 µg m By 2020 about 90% of road traffic emissions will be from non-exhaust sources (Rexeis and Hausberger, 2009). Brook Cottage Consultants 4
5 PM 10 Construction Impacts: London & SE England Fuller & Green, 2004 Brook Cottage Consultants 5
6 PM 10 Construction impacts: London & SE England Fuller & Green, 2004 Brook Cottage Consultants 6
7 Nordic/Alpine Countries High springtime PM 10 due to snow/ice melting releasing particles due to: Studded tyres Abrasives for traction control e.g. measurement of road dust emissions after road sanding on dry roads 75% increase in PM 10 emissions after 2.5 hours Brook Cottage Consultants 7
8 UK Sources of Road Dust Industrial sources Waste management facilities Mineral sites Other industry Major construction sites Non exhaust emissions Photo: Gary Fuller Kings College London Brook Cottage Consultants 8
9 Marylebone Road Main sources of coarse particles brake dust ~ 55% Tyre dust ~ 11% Resuspension of road dust~ 38% Not possible to estimate the road wear contribution due to the lack of a suitable chemical tracer (Note three components > 100%) Harrison et al, 2012 Brook Cottage Consultants 9
10 Road Dust: Mitigation Street cleaning (sweeping/washing) Application of dust suppressants Planning system Photo: Roger Barrowcliffe Clear Air Thinking Brook Cottage Consultants 10
11 Road Cleaning Depends on: The road dust loading Sweeper efficiency of removing PM 10 from the road surface The ability of the machine to retain the particles Road surface The frequency of sweeping The length of road swept Brook Cottage Consultants 11
12 Road Cleaning Evidence washing > sweeping Vacuum cleaners can PM 10 emissions New street cleaners New German (VDI) test procedure New generation of sweepers look promising Limited on road trials Dulevo 5000 Evolution Road Sweeper (VDI, 2011) Uses Gore tex bag filter to remove PM 10 96% PM % Brook Cottage Consultants 12
13 Bootle, Merseyside Impacts of street cleaning in 2011 Gary Mahoney Sefton Borough Council Brook Cottage Consultants 13
14 Dust Suppressants MgCl 2, CaCl 2, calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), potassium formate (KF), sugar Effective only where there is high PM 10 due to local sources (e.g Barrett et al, 2012) Reduces no days > 50 µg/m 3 Application rate: 10 g m -2 - paved roads g m -2 - unpaved roads, industrial and construction site Brook Cottage Consultants 14
15 Mitigation Through Planning GLA draft Sustainable Design and Construction Construction impact assessment GLA draft Control of Dust and Emissions during Construction and Demolition Air Quality Risk Assessment Based on IAQM 2012 guidance Demolition Earthworks Construction Track-out Brook Cottage Consultants 15
16 Published 4 th February 2014 Brook Cottage Consultants 16
17 Brook Cottage Consultants 17
18 New Approach STEP 1: Screen the Need for a Detailed Assessment STEP 2: Assess the Risk of Dust Impacts Arising STEP 3: Site-specific Mitigation now Included STEP 4: Determine Significant Effects STEP 5: Dust Assessment Report Photo: Daniel Marsh, Kings College London Brook Cottage Consultants 18
19 Sensitivity of Area Specific sensitivities of receptors in the area Proximity and number of those receptors PM 10 background concentration site-specific factors, such as whether there are natural shelters, such as trees, to reduce the risk of wind-blown dust Guidance is non-specific professional judgement to used and justified Brook Cottage Consultants 19
20 Sensitivity People s expectations will vary depending on the existing dust deposition in the area Photo: Daniel Marsh Kings College London Brook Cottage Consultants 20
21 Sensitivity of the Area to Dust Soiling Receptor Sensitivity Number of Receptors Distance from the Source (m) <20 <50 <100 <350 >100 High High Medium Low High High Medium Low Low 1 10 Medium Low Low Low Medium >1 Medium Low Low Low Low >1 Low Low Low Low Brook Cottage Consultants 21
22 Factors to Determine Sensitivity of the Area History of dust generating activities in the area; Likelihood of concurrent dust generating activity on nearby sites; Pre-existing screening between the source and the receptors; Conclusions drawn from analysing local meteorological data which accurately represent the area; and if relevant the season during which the works will take place; Conclusions drawn from local topography; and Known specific receptor sensitivities which are considered go beyond the classifications given in this document. Brook Cottage Consultants 22
23 Step 2C: Define the Risk of Impacts Table 6: Demolition Risk of Dust Impacts Sensitivity of Area Dust Emission Magnitude Large Medium Small High High Risk Medium Risk Medium Risk Medium High Risk Medium Risk Low Risk Low Medium Risk Low Risk Negligible Brook Cottage Consultants 23
24 Less Complex Tables are more self contained, and notes refer to where the assessor needs to look for further guidance Tested by different consultancies Verdict - Easy once you get the hang of it! Photo: Gary Fuller, Kings Collage London Brook Cottage Consultants 24
25 STEP 3: Mitigation Fully integrated into the assessment methodology Enforcement important implementation mechanism e.g. planning condition(s) Photo: Claire Holman Brook Cottage Consultants 25
26 STEP 4: Is Effect Significant or Not? Generally insignificant with correct mitigation If developer will not sign up to mitigation may become significant Photo: Hannah Dalton Ramboll Brook Cottage Consultants 26
27 STEP 5: Dust Assessment Report Report should Have sufficient descriptive text for a 3 rd party to determine how the site risk has been determined. Have a section detailing the mitigation required to ensure insignificant effect. This should be sitespecific and should detail why particular choices have been made. Describe the mechanism for ensuring that the appropriate level of mitigation will be implemented, e.g. through a planning condition. Brook Cottage Consultants 27
28 THANK YOU Claire Holman: Brook Cottage Consultants 28 Photo: Hannah Dalton, Ramboll
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